Psicologia Educativa最新文献

In this paper we approach perception and construction of death within preschool context. Despite the importance of providing our children with coping strategies, this issue has not been attended since death has become a social and educational taboo. We address theoretically this topic and propose some action lines. The action protocol of loss and grief encompasses both preventive and palliative measures, for which a good death education is paramount.

The predictive value of a developmental scale used during the first year of life is of great interest when planning early interventions. The predictive value of an instrument is the probability of hitting the diagnosis of disorder or developmental delay of a child. The cut-off point between normal and disability development recommended by the Merrill-Palmer-R Scale (MP-R) is the mean - 1 σ, assuming a normal distribution. The MP-R scores in a sample of 291 children under one year old from the Valencian community were analysed. Even though the distribution of the MP-R scale in this sample was not normal, the forecast results were good. Additionally, the development scores using a new version of the scale were assessed using the Rasch model. Comparing the predictive value of the MP-R using two calculated cut-off points, both methods achieved good predictive values. We discuss if the cut-off point scores based on criteria should be used instead of typical scores.

The high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evidenced in recent years and its impact on the socio-educational and family environments led us to question about the underlying causal factors for this increase. In a systematic review, we found different methodologies in use for obtaining data, as well as different diagnostic criteria. Also of significance is the medicalization of ADHD, which has increased not only as a result of clinical judgment, but also as a result of pressure by pharmaceutical companies to prescribe certain medications.

This study was aimed at identifying factors involved in the academic performance of children of Mexican immigrants living in New York. Data from 142 parent-student dyads were collected. The sample consisted of immigrant parents and children born in the US. Results show that a higher perception of English language proficiency among children and their parents, reading and writing training by parents, and the absence of learning problems among the children predicted on the whole higher levels of academic performance. Additionally, a higher student exposure to US culture, a higher perception of English language proficiency by the child, reading and writing training by parents, bilingual training of children, and the absence of learning problems among children and the parents predict a higher likelihood of children to belong to the higher academic performance group. Implications of these results are discussed.

Divergent thinking tests do not generally address the complex nature of creativity but rather focus on the final product or solution of a problem, overlooking the previous stages of the creative process such as the discovery and formulation of a problem. The present study adopts the lrsquo;problem finding’ model and presents a new measure of creativity in children in primary education (6-12 years old). This paper presents the theoretical foundations as well as the process of designing, developing, and validating the test through different studies. The Child Creativity Test (TCI in Spanish) evaluates the creative process through a task structured in two stages: formulation and solution of a problem. The test considers not only the final output (a drawing), but also the previous phases that lead to it. Results show satisfactory validity and reliability of the test scores. It is concluded that the TCI has robust psychometric properties and can be a useful tool to predict creative behavior in primary school children.

Studies have examined the relationship between positive and negative emotions with self-efficacy, but we consider that some theoretical and methodological aspects are missing. In this study, the difficulties in participants’ emotional regulation were included as a co-variable. We analyzed factors undergoing the absence of affective congruity. An experimental design taking the type of induced emotions (positive vs. negative) as independent variable was carried out. The manipulation of this variable was effected with the combined exhibition of movie/music. The results suggest that the induction of positive and negative mood states increases and decreases respectively, the levels of self-efficacy. This was only observed in participants in a condition of intense or raised mood and in atypical or slightly accurate items of character. We concluded that the induction of positive and negative mood states increases and decreases respectively the levels of academic self-efficacy in college students and that the difficulty in the emotional regulation modulates the effect of inductions of mood states.

Despite the growing diffusion of cyberbullying among students and the numerous studies in the literature, to date relatively little is known about its relationship with school bullying. This article seeks to understand if there is an overlap between the roles of bullies and victims in traditional and electronic bullying. In order to investigate this, 5,058 Italian middle and high school students were surveyed about their experiences of cyberbullying and cybervictimisation, looking also at their involvement in school bullying. The results highlighted a significant overlap between school bullying and cyberbullying, with 12.1% of all students who bullied others at least sometimes being also cyberbullies. Similarly, there was a significant overlap between school victimisation and cybervictimisation, with 7.4% of all students who were victimised at school at least sometimes being also cybervictimised. Our findings confirm the existence of an overlap between school bullying and cyberbullying. We discuss useful intervention programs to reduce or prevent cyberbullying.

Bullying is a phenomenon of unjustified aggression which actually takes place in two formats: face to face and as a behavior that is carried out through digital devices (cyberbullying). Both have been widely studied, though currently there is little knowledge about the homogeneity of both phenomena and we do not have measuring instruments for evaluating their two dimensions: aggression and cyber-aggression, victimization and cyber-victimization. This paper presents the validation of the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, that assess respectively the involvement in bullying and cyberbullying. Both have been administered to 792 high school students and have achieved good fit and good psychometric properties. The use of a structural equations modelling has allowed us to evaluate the concurrence and the relations between the two phenomena, finding the influence of bullying on cyberbullying, but not vice versa. These results show the suitability of the two instruments to assess together bullying and cyberbullying, given their important relationship and similarity, which makes them good tools for educational intervention to prevent and reduce both phenomena.

Research on cyberbullying started at the beginning of the 21^st century and the number of studies on the topic is increasing very rapidly. Nevertheless, the criteria used to define the phenomenon and evaluation strategies are still under debate. Therefore, it is still difficult to compare the findings among the studies or to describe their prevalence in different geographic areas or time points. Thus, the current systematic review has been conducted with the objective of describing the studies on the phenomenon in Spain taking into account its different definitions and evaluation strategies in relation to its prevalence. After conducting systematic searches and applying the inclusion criteria, 29 articles reporting the results of 21 different studies were included. It was found that the number of studies on the topic in Spain is growing and that most of the definitions include the criteria of repetition, intention, and power imbalance. It was also found that timeframes and cut-off points varied greatly among the studies. All the studies used self-reports with one-item or multi-item instruments. The prevalence also varied depending on the evaluation strategies and when assessed with multi-item instruments it was about twice as high as when assessed with one-item instruments. It is suggested that specific instruments should be chosen depending on the research questions posed in each investigation and that it could be useful to unify the criteria for further advancement of the field.

The present study investigates possible individual characteristics associated with traditional and cyber-bullying/victimization among 146 Greek junior high school students and their contribution in the prediction of the phenomena. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire, measuring online disinhibition, personality traits, social skills, and relations, as well as Internet use. Results indicated that although some students participated with the same role in traditional and cyber-bullying/victimization and shared common characteristics, most of them participated in either one or both phenomena with opposite roles. In terms of predictive factors, cyber-bullying was predicted by being a male, online disinhibition, online activity and psychopathic traits, while traditional bullying was predicted by being a male, online disinhibition and sensation seeking. Cyber-victimization was predicted by online disinhibition, assertion, and few peer relations, while traditional victimization by Internet skills and impulsive-irresponsible traits. Findings are discussed in terms of common and differentiated prevention and intervention practices.