With the proliferation of data analytics in the field of accounting, educators need resources to enhance their curricula with analytics projects. This paper provides educators with a robust tool that generates large, unique revenue-cycle transaction data with certain realistic properties. The datasets can be used by educators to teach accounting-based data analytic procedures in accounting information systems, auditing, fraud, and data analytics classes. Additionally, multiple potential implementation opportunities for the datasets are proposed and a comprehensive example case is provided. Data Availability: The data generator can be accessed at: https://mplholt.shinyapps.io/GADGET/
{"title":"GADGET: An Accounting Data Generator","authors":"M. Holt, Bradley Lang","doi":"10.2308/jeta-2020-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-2020-035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the proliferation of data analytics in the field of accounting, educators need resources to enhance their curricula with analytics projects. This paper provides educators with a robust tool that generates large, unique revenue-cycle transaction data with certain realistic properties. The datasets can be used by educators to teach accounting-based data analytic procedures in accounting information systems, auditing, fraud, and data analytics classes. Additionally, multiple potential implementation opportunities for the datasets are proposed and a comprehensive example case is provided.\u0000 Data Availability: The data generator can be accessed at: https://mplholt.shinyapps.io/GADGET/","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47573617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are changing the way financial and business records are created and stored. New approaches to collaboration within and across industries enabled by this technology will increasingly result in new opportunities for data analysis and enable fundamental changes in accounting and auditing. The importance of this technology is increasing and “CPAs will need to learn, adjust, and adapt to emerging uses of blockchain” (AICPA 2020). This paper presents a pencil-and-paper activity that can help students unfamiliar with blockchain-related technologies understand these systems, the inter-organizational databases that result from their use, and their potential impacts for the accounting profession. We include optional reference materials that can be used as background reading for faculty members unfamiliar with blockchain or that can be integrated into a course.
{"title":"Blockchain and the Future of Business Data Analytics","authors":"Stanton Heister, Matthew Kaufman, Kristi Yuthas","doi":"10.2308/jeta-2020-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-2020-053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are changing the way financial and business records are created and stored. New approaches to collaboration within and across industries enabled by this technology will increasingly result in new opportunities for data analysis and enable fundamental changes in accounting and auditing. The importance of this technology is increasing and “CPAs will need to learn, adjust, and adapt to emerging uses of blockchain” (AICPA 2020). This paper presents a pencil-and-paper activity that can help students unfamiliar with blockchain-related technologies understand these systems, the inter-organizational databases that result from their use, and their potential impacts for the accounting profession. We include optional reference materials that can be used as background reading for faculty members unfamiliar with blockchain or that can be integrated into a course.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is essential for academics to integrate current and emerging technologies into accounting curriculums in order to provide students with the appropriate knowledge and skill sets necessary to succeed in the accounting profession. This paper presents a case study that documents our experiences relating to the integration of current and emerging technologies into the existing undergraduate accounting curriculum. Details of the curriculum changes made in order to meet the challenges brought about by new technologies are provided. This paper also includes examples of classroom resources that are available for academics to integrate technologies into the curriculum. A brief glossary of current and emerging technologies is also provided.
{"title":"Integrating Emerging Accounting Digital Technologies and Analytics into an Undergraduate Accounting Curriculum—A Case Study","authors":"Ralph S. Polimeni, Jacqueline A. Burke","doi":"10.2308/jeta-2020-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-2020-042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is essential for academics to integrate current and emerging technologies into accounting curriculums in order to provide students with the appropriate knowledge and skill sets necessary to succeed in the accounting profession. This paper presents a case study that documents our experiences relating to the integration of current and emerging technologies into the existing undergraduate accounting curriculum. Details of the curriculum changes made in order to meet the challenges brought about by new technologies are provided. This paper also includes examples of classroom resources that are available for academics to integrate technologies into the curriculum. A brief glossary of current and emerging technologies is also provided.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41675215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-05DOI: 10.2308/jeta-19-10-13-41
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, V. Bhadauria, A. Gurung
Although Database skills are essential skills required for accounting students, a substantial gap exists between available and required skill levels in the industry. The significant changes in accounting information systems in modern enterprises require revisions to the accounting curriculum. When addressing this gap, researchers have identified a hands-on approach as the preferred method for learning Information Technology (IT) related skills such as in databases. The industry prefers students with hands-on learning projects mimicking real-life situations involving fixing problems rather than following steps. To this end, we develop a problemsolving based approach to enhance hands-on learning in database design. In this teaching module, students fix a partially completed database with defects intentionally placed by theinstructor. By involving in active thinking to fix and enhance the database, students not only gain confidence in working with databases but also learn valuable concepts in database design.
{"title":"A Problem-Solving Based Teaching Approach to Database Design","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar Singh, V. Bhadauria, A. Gurung","doi":"10.2308/jeta-19-10-13-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-10-13-41","url":null,"abstract":"Although Database skills are essential skills required for accounting students, a substantial gap exists between available and required skill levels in the industry. The significant changes in accounting information systems in modern enterprises require revisions to the accounting curriculum. When addressing this gap, researchers have identified a hands-on approach as the preferred method for learning Information Technology (IT) related skills such as in databases. The industry prefers students with hands-on learning projects mimicking real-life situations involving fixing problems rather than following steps. To this end, we develop a problemsolving based approach to enhance hands-on learning in database design. In this teaching module, students fix a partially completed database with defects intentionally placed by theinstructor. By involving in active thinking to fix and enhance the database, students not only gain confidence in working with databases but also learn valuable concepts in database design.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43556332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-05DOI: 10.2308/jeta-19-11-01-43
K. Church, Sean Stein Smith, Ethan Kinory
Blockchain technology, commonly associated with bitcoin cryptocurrency, attracted large amounts of investment, attention, and analysis. In addition to attracting the attention of investors, speculators, and regulators, implications for financial practitioners and organizations are increasingly apparent. Financial transactions, property transfers, audit and attestation services, supply chains, and numerous other areas of industry are continuing to integrate blockchains into operations. This paper bridges the gap between the technical concept of blockchain andrelevance to the accounting field. By distilling technical components of blockchain into understandable components, practitioners and other users of this research are poised to better understand, explain, and apply salient concepts. This paper proposes a Hyperledger Composer use case method through which practitioners and researchers can familiarize themselves withblockchain concepts using an interactive demonstration of an accounting integration for intangible assets. Addressing the growing need for increased awareness, this paper builds anecessary skillset with blockchain technology and applications.
{"title":"Accounting Implications of Blockchain - A Hyperledger Composer Use Case for Intangible Assets","authors":"K. Church, Sean Stein Smith, Ethan Kinory","doi":"10.2308/jeta-19-11-01-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-11-01-43","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology, commonly associated with bitcoin cryptocurrency, attracted large amounts of investment, attention, and analysis. In addition to attracting the attention of investors, speculators, and regulators, implications for financial practitioners and organizations are increasingly apparent. Financial transactions, property transfers, audit and attestation services, supply chains, and numerous other areas of industry are continuing to integrate blockchains into operations. This paper bridges the gap between the technical concept of blockchain andrelevance to the accounting field. By distilling technical components of blockchain into understandable components, practitioners and other users of this research are poised to better understand, explain, and apply salient concepts. This paper proposes a Hyperledger Composer use case method through which practitioners and researchers can familiarize themselves withblockchain concepts using an interactive demonstration of an accounting integration for intangible assets. Addressing the growing need for increased awareness, this paper builds anecessary skillset with blockchain technology and applications.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49227459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.2308/jeta-19-03-23-10
Kyunghee Yoon, T. Pearce
To avoid problems caused by moderate or weak substantive analytical procedures (SAPs), audit firms tend to focus more on tests of details than SAPs, especially for large income statement accounts such as revenues. Based on findings from previous studies, this commentary study attempts to: 1) summarize the outcomes of SAPs developed by advanced analytics models (e.g., regression and time series models), and 2) respond to the question of SAP use by evaluating the limitations and benefits if one test replaces the other. The outcomes of prior studies generally show that SAPs developed by advanced analytical models do not provide a high level of assurance for revenue. Since SAPs and audit sampling present different risks and unique benefits, they are often complementary. Without the careful consideration of conditions related to the risks and benefits of each test, simply avoiding SAPs could reduce the effectiveness of substantive tests.
{"title":"Can Substantive Analytical Procedures with Data and Data Analytics Replace Sampling as Tests of Details?","authors":"Kyunghee Yoon, T. Pearce","doi":"10.2308/jeta-19-03-23-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-03-23-10","url":null,"abstract":"To avoid problems caused by moderate or weak substantive analytical procedures (SAPs), audit firms tend to focus more on tests of details than SAPs, especially for large income statement accounts such as revenues. Based on findings from previous studies, this commentary study attempts to: 1) summarize the outcomes of SAPs developed by advanced analytics models (e.g., regression and time series models), and 2) respond to the question of SAP use by evaluating the limitations and benefits if one test replaces the other. The outcomes of prior studies generally show that SAPs developed by advanced analytical models do not provide a high level of assurance for revenue. Since SAPs and audit sampling present different risks and unique benefits, they are often complementary. Without the careful consideration of conditions related to the risks and benefits of each test, simply avoiding SAPs could reduce the effectiveness of substantive tests.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46965108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.2308/jeta-18-12-29-28
Chengzhang Wu, Richard B. Dull
The IRS Form 990 provides a rich set of financial and nonfinancial information about nonprofit organizations. Historically, these returns were available to researchers in PDF format, or partial data were available through information aggregators. Beginning in 2011, the forms were e-filed in an XML format, and those files are made available to the public at no monetary cost. To date over 2.6 million of these returns have been filed and are currently available online. This study uses the design science paradigm to describe the process of accessing the forms from AWS (Amazon Web Services), examining XML structures, transforming the data, and loading that data into an updatable database. The resulting database is then used to demonstrate the artifact's effectiveness through a variety of inquiries. The process extends researchers' capabilities to use newly available data to investigate accounting, governance, and other questions that were not previously feasible to consider. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; M48; M49.
{"title":"Accessing Cloud Data to Expand Research and Analytical Opportunities: An Example using IRS/AWS Data for Nonprofit Organizations","authors":"Chengzhang Wu, Richard B. Dull","doi":"10.2308/jeta-18-12-29-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-18-12-29-28","url":null,"abstract":"The IRS Form 990 provides a rich set of financial and nonfinancial information about nonprofit organizations. Historically, these returns were available to researchers in PDF format, or partial data were available through information aggregators. Beginning in 2011, the forms were e-filed in an XML format, and those files are made available to the public at no monetary cost. To date over 2.6 million of these returns have been filed and are currently available online. This study uses the design science paradigm to describe the process of accessing the forms from AWS (Amazon Web Services), examining XML structures, transforming the data, and loading that data into an updatable database. The resulting database is then used to demonstrate the artifact's effectiveness through a variety of inquiries. The process extends researchers' capabilities to use newly available data to investigate accounting, governance, and other questions that were not previously feasible to consider.\u0000 Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.\u0000 JEL Classifications: M41; M48; M49.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45815860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.2308/jeta-19-09-02-36
D. Tinkelman, M. Gomaa
We argue that, to be complete, financial reports should provide information to users about all “material” items. It is therefore desirable that all material effects in financial graphs should be visible to users. If small, word-size graphics are calibrated improperly, users may overlook visually small but numerically material effects. Prior literature does not provide adequate design guidance. We test subjects' ability to detect differing absolute and relative size effects in sparklines. We expand the concept of cognitive fit to include minimum relative and absolute visual sizes of key effects. Consistent with the legibility literature, we find accounting student participants' ability to detect patterns and anomalies over certain approximate minimum relative and absolute size thresholds is robust. Two examples illustrate how our findings on approximate relative and absolute size thresholds apply to financial accounting applications. JEL Classifications: M41; M40.
{"title":"Calibrating Word-Sized Graphics for Financial Accounting Applications: Evidence and Examples","authors":"D. Tinkelman, M. Gomaa","doi":"10.2308/jeta-19-09-02-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jeta-19-09-02-36","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We argue that, to be complete, financial reports should provide information to users about all “material” items. It is therefore desirable that all material effects in financial graphs should be visible to users. If small, word-size graphics are calibrated improperly, users may overlook visually small but numerically material effects. Prior literature does not provide adequate design guidance. We test subjects' ability to detect differing absolute and relative size effects in sparklines. We expand the concept of cognitive fit to include minimum relative and absolute visual sizes of key effects. Consistent with the legibility literature, we find accounting student participants' ability to detect patterns and anomalies over certain approximate minimum relative and absolute size thresholds is robust. Two examples illustrate how our findings on approximate relative and absolute size thresholds apply to financial accounting applications.\u0000 JEL Classifications: M41; M40.","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43226992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coronavirus crisis has seen numerous well-known businesses fail, contradicting what they wrote in their own 2019 financial statements 10-K risk disclosures now are largely boilerplate lists, failing to provide any information about what really matters to stakeholders: the nature of the risks that the business faces, what are their probabilities, how management is mitigating those risks and, therefore, what is the residual risk of the business On the other hand, it is only a matter of time before risk disclosures are tagged in detail using XBRL, as the rest of the 10-K has progressively become The process of creating a XBRL risk taxonomy is an opportunity to introduce a standardized language that will enable companies to disclose voluntarily better information to stakeholders The process of creating a truly comprehensive XBRL risk taxonomy can fill the gap left by the absence of "generally accepted principles" for risk measurement and disclosure
{"title":"Using the Creation of an XBRL Risk Taxonomy as a Driver to Improve Post-Coronavirus 10-K Risk Disclosures","authors":"Michael G. Alles","doi":"10.2308/JETA-2020-057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/JETA-2020-057","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus crisis has seen numerous well-known businesses fail, contradicting what they wrote in their own 2019 financial statements 10-K risk disclosures now are largely boilerplate lists, failing to provide any information about what really matters to stakeholders: the nature of the risks that the business faces, what are their probabilities, how management is mitigating those risks and, therefore, what is the residual risk of the business On the other hand, it is only a matter of time before risk disclosures are tagged in detail using XBRL, as the rest of the 10-K has progressively become The process of creating a XBRL risk taxonomy is an opportunity to introduce a standardized language that will enable companies to disclose voluntarily better information to stakeholders The process of creating a truly comprehensive XBRL risk taxonomy can fill the gap left by the absence of \"generally accepted principles\" for risk measurement and disclosure","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This proposal applies measurement science (accounting), assurance science (auditing), and machine learning predictive analytics to epidemic research It utilizes accounting frameworks, such as Continuous Monitoring, to establish a system that can assess the realistic parameters and continuously monitor the evolution of COVID-19 by using exogenous variables Continuous Intelligent Pandemic Monitoring (CIPM) can generate alerts following risk assessments from the time series, machine learning models, and cross-sectional analytics CIPM provides policy guidance based on epidemic simulations The goal is to validate the epidemic related numbers and to provide guidance to policymakers so that sufficient resources can be allocated to the upcoming high risk areas in order to control the spread and lower the impact of the disease Through this study, we hope to provide different knowledge and perspectives to COVID-19 analysis and a different pandemic measurement and data validation approach
{"title":"Continuous Intelligent Pandemic Monitoring (CIPM)","authors":"H. Duan, Hanxin Hu","doi":"10.2308/JETA-2020-061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/JETA-2020-061","url":null,"abstract":"This proposal applies measurement science (accounting), assurance science (auditing), and machine learning predictive analytics to epidemic research It utilizes accounting frameworks, such as Continuous Monitoring, to establish a system that can assess the realistic parameters and continuously monitor the evolution of COVID-19 by using exogenous variables Continuous Intelligent Pandemic Monitoring (CIPM) can generate alerts following risk assessments from the time series, machine learning models, and cross-sectional analytics CIPM provides policy guidance based on epidemic simulations The goal is to validate the epidemic related numbers and to provide guidance to policymakers so that sufficient resources can be allocated to the upcoming high risk areas in order to control the spread and lower the impact of the disease Through this study, we hope to provide different knowledge and perspectives to COVID-19 analysis and a different pandemic measurement and data validation approach","PeriodicalId":45427,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42865571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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