{"title":"Book Reviews","authors":"Jay A. Soled","doi":"10.2308/jata-2023-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-2023-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44128748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summaries of Papers In This Issue","authors":"","doi":"10.2308/jata-2023-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-2023-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Existing studies find that tax avoidance affects the cost of debt and equity in different ways but does not examine the consequences of these associations. This study examines a direct and important implication of the effect of tax avoidance on the cost of debt and equity: capital structure choices. Using logit regressions, we find that tax avoidance is positively associated with the probability of issuing equity rather than debt. We use mediation (i.e., path) analyses to provide evidence that the effects of overall tax avoidance and risky tax avoidance on pre-corporate tax cost of equity and debt partially explain our main effects. For stronger identification, we exploit a plausibly exogenous Ninth Circuit decision to implement a difference-in-differences design. Finally, we find indirect evidence that managerial focus on GAAP effective tax rate to estimate the after-tax cost of debt (Graham, Hanlon, Shevlin, and Shroff 2017), partially explaining our main results.
现有研究发现，避税以不同的方式影响债务和股权成本，但没有研究这些关联的后果。本研究考察了避税对债务和股权成本影响的一个直接而重要的含义:资本结构选择。使用logit回归，我们发现避税与发行股票而不是债券的概率呈正相关。我们使用中介(即路径)分析来提供证据，证明整体避税和风险避税对公司税前股权和债务成本的影响部分解释了我们的主要影响。为了更强的识别，我们利用合理的外生第九巡回法院的决定来实施差异中的差异设计。最后，我们发现间接证据表明，管理层关注GAAP有效税率来估计税后债务成本(Graham, Hanlon, Shevlin, and Shroff 2017)，部分解释了我们的主要结果。
{"title":"The Effect of Tax Avoidance on Capital Structure Choices","authors":"Yoojin Lee, Terry Shevlin, Aruhn Venkat","doi":"10.2308/jata-19-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-19-049","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Existing studies find that tax avoidance affects the cost of debt and equity in different ways but does not examine the consequences of these associations. This study examines a direct and important implication of the effect of tax avoidance on the cost of debt and equity: capital structure choices. Using logit regressions, we find that tax avoidance is positively associated with the probability of issuing equity rather than debt. We use mediation (i.e., path) analyses to provide evidence that the effects of overall tax avoidance and risky tax avoidance on pre-corporate tax cost of equity and debt partially explain our main effects. For stronger identification, we exploit a plausibly exogenous Ninth Circuit decision to implement a difference-in-differences design. Finally, we find indirect evidence that managerial focus on GAAP effective tax rate to estimate the after-tax cost of debt (Graham, Hanlon, Shevlin, and Shroff 2017), partially explaining our main results.","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135594058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.e
{"title":"Editorial Policy","authors":"","doi":"10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.i
{"title":"Covers and Front Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/0198-9073-45.1.i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Most recent tax research examines the level of firms’ effective tax rates (ETRs), focusing on tax avoidance. However, theoretical work and research on book-tax tradeoffs and reputational costs indicate that some firms have other tax planning goals. Moreover, anecdotal evidence suggests that consistent tax outcomes are important; therefore, the volatility of ETRs may be an alternative aspect of firms’ tax planning. In this study, I find that some firms utilize a second, distinct approach to tax strategy—maintaining low ETR volatility—by documenting systematic differences in firm characteristics associated with each tax strategy approach and a predictable shift in characteristics when firms change tax strategies. In combination, these results identify at least two distinct approaches to tax strategy. I also find that firms exhibiting low ETR volatility earn significantly higher median buy-and-hold returns than firms exhibiting low ETR levels, consistent with benefits to alternative tax strategies. Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the paper. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49.
{"title":"Examining Tax Strategy Choice","authors":"Stevanie S. Neuman","doi":"10.2308/jata-19-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-19-035","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Most recent tax research examines the level of firms’ effective tax rates (ETRs), focusing on tax avoidance. However, theoretical work and research on book-tax tradeoffs and reputational costs indicate that some firms have other tax planning goals. Moreover, anecdotal evidence suggests that consistent tax outcomes are important; therefore, the volatility of ETRs may be an alternative aspect of firms’ tax planning. In this study, I find that some firms utilize a second, distinct approach to tax strategy—maintaining low ETR volatility—by documenting systematic differences in firm characteristics associated with each tax strategy approach and a predictable shift in characteristics when firms change tax strategies. In combination, these results identify at least two distinct approaches to tax strategy. I also find that firms exhibiting low ETR volatility earn significantly higher median buy-and-hold returns than firms exhibiting low ETR levels, consistent with benefits to alternative tax strategies. Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the paper. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49.","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135742777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We exploit a quasi-experimental setting with high internal validity to measure the effect of adopting an intellectual property (IP) box on innovative activity and tax benefits. We document innovative activity increases, including patent applications, grants, and highly skilled employment, at the expense of patent quality. Domestic firms drive this effect. We also provide evidence that firms with patents, on average, enjoy up to 7.0 percent lower effective tax rates, with the most significant tax benefits accruing to multinational firms compared to domestic firms. We use the Belgium IP box that limits tax benefits to patent income. Prior IP box literature analyzes heterogeneous IP boxes and provides evidence of substantial increases in patent applications in response to IP box adoption. Our results suggest the patent-income only IP box leads to a modest increase in innovative activity by a maximum of 5.1 percent, with multinationals benefitting relatively more from a financial perspective.
{"title":"The Effect of Intellectual Property Boxes on Innovative Activity & Tax Benefits","authors":"T. Bornemann, S. Laplante, Benjamin Osswald","doi":"10.2308/jata-2021-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-2021-013","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit a quasi-experimental setting with high internal validity to measure the effect of adopting an intellectual property (IP) box on innovative activity and tax benefits. We document innovative activity increases, including patent applications, grants, and highly skilled employment, at the expense of patent quality. Domestic firms drive this effect. We also provide evidence that firms with patents, on average, enjoy up to 7.0 percent lower effective tax rates, with the most significant tax benefits accruing to multinational firms compared to domestic firms. We use the Belgium IP box that limits tax benefits to patent income. Prior IP box literature analyzes heterogeneous IP boxes and provides evidence of substantial increases in patent applications in response to IP box adoption. Our results suggest the patent-income only IP box leads to a modest increase in innovative activity by a maximum of 5.1 percent, with multinationals benefitting relatively more from a financial perspective.","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45541383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Federal Taxation: Comprehensive Topics","authors":"H. Adler","doi":"10.2308/jata-10816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-10816","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48253796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannon Chen, M. Erickson, Michelle Harding, Bridget Stomberg, Junwei Xia
We use the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as a setting to offer new insights into companies’ tax accruals. We examine companies’ estimates of the mandatory one-time transition tax on previously untaxed foreign earnings. We exploit the one-year measurement period provided by SAB 118 during which companies could adjust their initial transition tax estimates to examine how companies’ information gathering and processing costs affect these estimates. We find more accurate initial estimates for companies (1) with political access, (2) with less busy financial statement auditors, and (3) who previously accrued estimated incremental U.S. tax on foreign earnings. Finally, we find companies with incentives to manage external perceptions that they pay their “fair share” of tax are more likely to overstate their initial transition tax estimates. Our study provides evidence of cross-sectional differences in companies’ financial reporting of income taxes during a politically sensitive time.
{"title":"Companies’ Initial Estimates of the One-Time Transition Tax Imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act","authors":"Shannon Chen, M. Erickson, Michelle Harding, Bridget Stomberg, Junwei Xia","doi":"10.2308/jata-2021-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-2021-021","url":null,"abstract":"We use the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as a setting to offer new insights into companies’ tax accruals. We examine companies’ estimates of the mandatory one-time transition tax on previously untaxed foreign earnings. We exploit the one-year measurement period provided by SAB 118 during which companies could adjust their initial transition tax estimates to examine how companies’ information gathering and processing costs affect these estimates. We find more accurate initial estimates for companies (1) with political access, (2) with less busy financial statement auditors, and (3) who previously accrued estimated incremental U.S. tax on foreign earnings. Finally, we find companies with incentives to manage external perceptions that they pay their “fair share” of tax are more likely to overstate their initial transition tax estimates. Our study provides evidence of cross-sectional differences in companies’ financial reporting of income taxes during a politically sensitive time.","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41452002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accounting for income tax (AFIT) problems are among the most common and persistent of accounting problems. We examine boards’ reactions to AFIT accounting problems compared to reactions to problems originating from other areas of accounting. Specifically, we investigate executive turnover decisions surrounding announcements of control weaknesses and restatements in AFIT compared to turnover decisions around announcements of control weaknesses and restatements in other accounts. We find that CFO and CEO turnover are not statistically different around AFIT control weaknesses compared to other control weaknesses. We also find that CFO and CEO turnover is higher around AFIT restatements compared to other restatements. We find no similar pattern with auditor turnover or around other types of control weaknesses or restatements. Overall, our study suggests boards hold top executives accountable for problems occurring in AFIT differently than problems occurring in other areas of accounting.
{"title":"Boards’ Reactions to Problems in Accounting for Income Taxes","authors":"Adam Olson, Paul Ordyna","doi":"10.2308/jata-2020-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/jata-2020-021","url":null,"abstract":"Accounting for income tax (AFIT) problems are among the most common and persistent of accounting problems. We examine boards’ reactions to AFIT accounting problems compared to reactions to problems originating from other areas of accounting. Specifically, we investigate executive turnover decisions surrounding announcements of control weaknesses and restatements in AFIT compared to turnover decisions around announcements of control weaknesses and restatements in other accounts. We find that CFO and CEO turnover are not statistically different around AFIT control weaknesses compared to other control weaknesses. We also find that CFO and CEO turnover is higher around AFIT restatements compared to other restatements. We find no similar pattern with auditor turnover or around other types of control weaknesses or restatements. Overall, our study suggests boards hold top executives accountable for problems occurring in AFIT differently than problems occurring in other areas of accounting.","PeriodicalId":45477,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Taxation Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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