Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.005
M. Gaare, C. Grover
The aim of present study was to assess the potentials of enhancing the inhibitory effect of combined application of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral on the growth of food spoilage yeasts using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index in laboratory media and time-kill assay in a food model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral were 0.125, 0.5 and 0.5 µL/mL, respectively. The FIC indices of combinations assessed showed that cinnamaldehyde and citral combination exhibit synergistic interaction and no difference was found among other combinations tested. The combined effect observed was validated in skim milk and Lassi against the most common yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The tested mixture demonstrated stronger anti-yeast activity by completely inhibiting of the growth when compared to control. These results demonstrated potential of green chemistry as an alternate to chemical preservative to prevent yeast spoilage of milk and fermented milk products to improve microbiological stability of dairy products useful to meet expectations of consumers.
{"title":"Evaluation of synergistic preservative effect of cinnamaldehyde and citralagainst yeast in milk and Lassi","authors":"M. Gaare, C. Grover","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.005","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of present study was to assess the potentials of enhancing the inhibitory effect of combined application of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral on the growth of food spoilage yeasts using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index in laboratory media and time-kill assay in a food model. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and citral were 0.125, 0.5 and 0.5 µL/mL, respectively. The FIC indices of combinations assessed showed that cinnamaldehyde and citral combination exhibit synergistic interaction and no difference was found among other combinations tested. The combined effect observed was validated in skim milk and Lassi against the most common yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The tested mixture demonstrated stronger anti-yeast activity by completely inhibiting of the growth when compared to control. These results demonstrated potential of green chemistry as an alternate to chemical preservative to prevent yeast spoilage of milk and fermented milk products to improve microbiological stability of dairy products useful to meet expectations of consumers.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45602879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.007
Navav Singh, Sanjita Sharma, Vishnu Sharma, Sitakshi Gupta, G. S. Dhakad, S. K. Yadav
The present experiment was conducted to study the milk quality of indigenous cattle which are important for farmers, manufactures and consumers. For this study, we have collected 150 milk samples of three different indigenous cattle breeds viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal, and Rathi from semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India. The samples were evaluated for the milk fat, protein, lactose, solid not fat (SNF), somatic cell count (SCC), pH, electric conductivity and freezing point, and observed the relationship of breed, stage of lactation, parity and body condition score (BCS) with their milk constituents and freezing point. Total Protein, freezing point and electric conductivity of milk differed significantly (P<0.01) among the breeds. Freezing point, fat and protein contents of milk were significantly affected by parity and body condition score of the cattle. From this study it can be concluded that the milk constituents differs among the breeds of indigenous cattle and affected by many non genetic factors, therefore these are the factors which influences the quality of milk in different Zebu cattle breeds.
{"title":"Association of breed and non-genetic factors with freezing point and milkattributes of Zebu cattle","authors":"Navav Singh, Sanjita Sharma, Vishnu Sharma, Sitakshi Gupta, G. S. Dhakad, S. K. Yadav","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.007","url":null,"abstract":"The present experiment was conducted to study the milk quality of indigenous cattle which are important for farmers, manufactures and consumers. For this study, we have collected 150 milk samples of three different indigenous cattle breeds viz. Kankrej, Sahiwal, and Rathi from semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India. The samples were evaluated for the milk fat, protein, lactose, solid not fat (SNF), somatic cell count (SCC), pH, electric conductivity and freezing point, and observed the relationship of breed, stage of lactation, parity and body condition score (BCS) with their milk constituents and freezing point. Total Protein, freezing point and electric conductivity of milk differed significantly (P<0.01) among the breeds. Freezing point, fat and protein contents of milk were significantly affected by parity and body condition score of the cattle. From this study it can be concluded that the milk constituents differs among the breeds of indigenous cattle and affected by many non genetic factors, therefore these are the factors which influences the quality of milk in different Zebu cattle breeds.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48643636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.013
Harpreet Kaur, Inderpreet Kaur, Varinder Pal Singhand, Nitin Wakchaure
Value addition has particular importance for dairy producers in especially where the producers have limited access to the raw milk market or where the value of milk is economically less than the value of value-added milk and milk products. Keeping in view the benefits of the value addition of milk, the present study was designed to assess the economic feasibility of the value addition of milk at farm level which could be considered as the best alternative in order to sustain and increase the income level of the dairy farmers. Out of total 50 farm households, 19 small farmers, 16 medium farmers and 15 large farmers selected from 8 districts of Punjab in 2018-19. Out of total 50 farm households, the maximum number i.e. 15 (30 per cent) farm households engaged in manufacturing dahi, followed by lassi and ghee (30 per cent). Each 22 per cent of the sample households were involved in manufacturing paneer and khoya. Season-wise most of the medium farmers in the summer season and large farmers in the winter season utilized liquid milk for the preparation of value-added milk products. The value addition of milk could be generated about 62 per cent more income as against the sale of liquid milk on small farmers, while medium and large producers earned 68.67 and 58.88 per cent more income from the value addition of milk as against the sale of liquid milk. The value addition of milk has been generating higher income than that of the sale of liquid milk and therefore, the study strongly recommends the value addition of milk at the farm level for earning sustaining income from dairy farming in the Punjab state.
{"title":"Economic analysis of different milk products manufacture at farms in PunjabState","authors":"Harpreet Kaur, Inderpreet Kaur, Varinder Pal Singhand, Nitin Wakchaure","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.013","url":null,"abstract":"Value addition has particular importance for dairy producers in especially where the producers have limited access to the raw milk market or where the value of milk is economically less than the value of value-added milk and milk products. Keeping in view the benefits of the value addition of milk, the present study was designed to assess the economic feasibility of the value addition of milk at farm level which could be considered as the best alternative in order to sustain and increase the income level of the dairy farmers. Out of total 50 farm households, 19 small farmers, 16 medium farmers and 15 large farmers selected from 8 districts of Punjab in 2018-19. Out of total 50 farm households, the maximum number i.e. 15 (30 per cent) farm households engaged in manufacturing dahi, followed by lassi and ghee (30 per cent). Each 22 per cent of the sample households were involved in manufacturing paneer and khoya. Season-wise most of the medium farmers in the summer season and large farmers in the winter season utilized liquid milk for the preparation of value-added milk products. The value addition of milk could be generated about 62 per cent more income as against the sale of liquid milk on small farmers, while medium and large producers earned 68.67 and 58.88 per cent more income from the value addition of milk as against the sale of liquid milk. The value addition of milk has been generating higher income than that of the sale of liquid milk and therefore, the study strongly recommends the value addition of milk at the farm level for earning sustaining income from dairy farming in the Punjab state.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.011
K. Parveen, Akhiesh Gupta, S. Mumtaz, Aabid Khan, Aakanksha Rathore
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of temperature humidity index (THI) and indicator of heat stress on reproductive performance i.e. calving interval, conception rate and pregnancy rate of Sahiwal cows maintained under Livestock Research Center, National Dairy Research Center, Karnal. A total calving record pertaining to 3000 lactations of 847 Sahiwal cows, spread over 26 years from 1990 to 2015 from were considered for the present study. The daily ambient temperature and relative humidity records were collected from Central Soil Salinity and Research Institute, Karnal and NICRA center (Climate Resilient Livestock Research Center), NDRI, Karnal. All statistical procedures were performed using SAS Statistical Package. A univariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the effect of independent variable THI on the dependent variables conception and pregnancy status. A distinct relationship between THI and calving interval was observed in the present study, the cows had a significant longer calving interval at high THI as compared with low THI. It was observed that the average calving interval was increased by 2 days with per unit increase in THI value. Pregnancy rate and Conception rate of Sahiwal animals was significantly reduced from 35% at low THI to 18% at high THI and from 55% at low THI to 26% at high THI respectively with decreasing odd ratio. In conclusion high environmental temperature reduces the reproductive performance of animals and significantly influences the animal productivity.
{"title":"Impact of heat stress on reproductive performance of Sahiwal cows","authors":"K. Parveen, Akhiesh Gupta, S. Mumtaz, Aabid Khan, Aakanksha Rathore","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.011","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of temperature humidity index (THI) and indicator of heat stress on reproductive performance i.e. calving interval, conception rate and pregnancy rate of Sahiwal cows maintained under Livestock Research Center, National Dairy Research Center, Karnal. A total calving record pertaining to 3000 lactations of 847 Sahiwal cows, spread over 26 years from 1990 to 2015 from were considered for the present study. The daily ambient temperature and relative humidity records were collected from Central Soil Salinity and Research Institute, Karnal and NICRA center (Climate Resilient Livestock Research Center), NDRI, Karnal. All statistical procedures were performed using SAS Statistical Package. A univariate logistic regression model was fitted to assess the effect of independent variable THI on the dependent variables conception and pregnancy status. A distinct relationship between THI and calving interval was observed in the present study, the cows had a significant longer calving interval at high THI as compared with low THI. It was observed that the average calving interval was increased by 2 days with per unit increase in THI value. Pregnancy rate and Conception rate of Sahiwal animals was significantly reduced from 35% at low THI to 18% at high THI and from 55% at low THI to 26% at high THI respectively with decreasing odd ratio. In conclusion high environmental temperature reduces the reproductive performance of animals and significantly influences the animal productivity.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44644035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.012
G. Manju, D. Nagalakshmi, V. Nagabhushana, M. Venkateswarlu, N. Rajanna
A study of 90 days duration was conducted on 18 multiparous crossbred cows (363±14kg, body weight; in II or III lactation; 3,000-4,500kg milk yield per lactation) randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 animals in each group in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of two slow release non protein nitrogen (SRNPN) products on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, blood biochemical parameters and cost economics. The concentrate mixture for control group was formulated with maize, gram husk, ground nut cake, wheat bran, deoiled rice bran, salt and mineral mixture. The other two experimental concentrate mixtures were prepared by totally replacing ground nut cake with calcium salts of fatty acid coated urea (CFCU) and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose coated urea (HMCCU) at 2.42%. The cows were offered fixed quantity of Napier green fodder (10kg/cow/day) and ad libitum paddy straw. The daily allowance of respective concentrate mixture offered to each cow was calculated based on body weight, previous week milk yield and roughage intake to meet the nutrient requirements of as per ICAR (2013). Incorporation of either of the coated urea products in concentrate mixtures did not affect the total DM intake, milk yield (13.94 to 14.11kg/d), milk composition (Milk fat, Protein, SNF and Lactose) and blood biochemical (Blood urea nitrogen, Glucose and total protein). Though non significant, the average daily cost of feeding (Rs/d) was lowered in CFCU (228.14) and HMCCU (215.98) diet fed cows compared to control group cows (237.08) by 3.77 and 8.89% respectively. Whereas, the cost of feeding (Rs) per kg milk production differed significantly (P<0.01) with highest in control diet fed group (16.80) while in CFCU (15.43) and HMCCU (15.49) fed group it was lower. CFCU and HMCCU can be included at 1% of dry matter or 2.42% in the concentrate replacing the conventional protein sources, without affecting the milk yield and its composition in cross bred cows and reducing the feed cost per kg milk production.
{"title":"Effect of feeding slow release non protein nitrogen sources on milk productionand milk quality parameters in Cross bred dairy cows","authors":"G. Manju, D. Nagalakshmi, V. Nagabhushana, M. Venkateswarlu, N. Rajanna","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.012","url":null,"abstract":"A study of 90 days duration was conducted on 18 multiparous crossbred cows (363±14kg, body weight; in II or III lactation; 3,000-4,500kg milk yield per lactation) randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 animals in each group in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of two slow release non protein nitrogen (SRNPN) products on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, blood biochemical parameters and cost economics. The concentrate mixture for control group was formulated with maize, gram husk, ground nut cake, wheat bran, deoiled rice bran, salt and mineral mixture. The other two experimental concentrate mixtures were prepared by totally replacing ground nut cake with calcium salts of fatty acid coated urea (CFCU) and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose coated urea (HMCCU) at 2.42%. The cows were offered fixed quantity of Napier green fodder (10kg/cow/day) and ad libitum paddy straw. The daily allowance of respective concentrate mixture offered to each cow was calculated based on body weight, previous week milk yield and roughage intake to meet the nutrient requirements of as per ICAR (2013). Incorporation of either of the coated urea products in concentrate mixtures did not affect the total DM intake, milk yield (13.94 to 14.11kg/d), milk composition (Milk fat, Protein, SNF and Lactose) and blood biochemical (Blood urea nitrogen, Glucose and total protein). Though non significant, the average daily cost of feeding (Rs/d) was lowered in CFCU (228.14) and HMCCU (215.98) diet fed cows compared to control group cows (237.08) by 3.77 and 8.89% respectively. Whereas, the cost of feeding (Rs) per kg milk production differed significantly (P<0.01) with highest in control diet fed group (16.80) while in CFCU (15.43) and HMCCU (15.49) fed group it was lower. CFCU and HMCCU can be included at 1% of dry matter or 2.42% in the concentrate replacing the conventional protein sources, without affecting the milk yield and its composition in cross bred cows and reducing the feed cost per kg milk production.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":"26 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41331246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.006
R. B, Prabha R, M. H
From forty lactic acid bacterial isolates obtained from fifteen domestic dahi samples of dahi, thirteen were found to possess probiotic characteristics such as acid and bile tolerance . These acid and bile tolerant lactobacilli isolates further, were identified phenotypically and genotypically as Lb.rhamnosus (5 Nos). Lb. fermentum (3 Nos), Lb. plantarum (3 Nos) and Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (2 Nos). The identified cultures were subjected for the antibiotic test using the disc diffusion technique against Penicillin (10µg), Gentamycin (10µg), Streptomycin (10µg), Chloramphinicol (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg) Erythtomycin (15µg) and Bacitracin (10 µg). All the five strains of Lb.rhamnosus strains were susceptible to all the seven antibiotics tested as they showed more than 10 mm diameter inhibitory zone. Similarly all the three strains of Lb.plantarum, Lb.fermentum and Lb.delbruckii ssp. bulgaricus were susceptible to all the antibiotics to varying degrees. In this study the results clearly demonstrate the susceptible nature of the probiotic Lactobacilli isolates against the commonly used antibiotics.
{"title":"Antibiotic spectrum of characterized Lactic Acid Bacteria obtained fromdomestic Dahi samples","authors":"R. B, Prabha R, M. H","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.006","url":null,"abstract":"From forty lactic acid bacterial isolates obtained from fifteen domestic dahi samples of dahi, thirteen were found to possess probiotic characteristics such as acid and bile tolerance . These acid and bile tolerant lactobacilli isolates further, were identified phenotypically and genotypically as Lb.rhamnosus (5 Nos). Lb. fermentum (3 Nos), Lb. plantarum (3 Nos) and Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (2 Nos). The identified cultures were subjected for the antibiotic test using the disc diffusion technique against Penicillin (10µg), Gentamycin (10µg), Streptomycin (10µg), Chloramphinicol (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg) Erythtomycin (15µg) and Bacitracin (10 µg). All the five strains of Lb.rhamnosus strains were susceptible to all the seven antibiotics tested as they showed more than 10 mm diameter inhibitory zone. Similarly all the three strains of Lb.plantarum, Lb.fermentum and Lb.delbruckii ssp. bulgaricus were susceptible to all the antibiotics to varying degrees. In this study the results clearly demonstrate the susceptible nature of the probiotic Lactobacilli isolates against the commonly used antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49590420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.003
A. Malik, M. D. Baig, G. Malik, B. S. Khatkar
In the present study different proportion of synthetic milk (2, 4, 8 10 and 15 %) was blended with natural milk and tested for detergent qualitatively as well as quantitatively successfully using Rhodamine 6G dye and Toluene solvent. In positive milk samples, the colour of the solvent changed from transparent to pink, and the intensity of colour increased with an increase in detergent concentration. In contrast, the colour of the solvent layer in the control milk sample remained transparent. Quantity of detergent determined by uptake of benzethonium chloride. This new method was sensitive enough to detect as low as 16 mg of detergent per 100 ml of adulterated milk.
{"title":"Detection and quantification of anionic detergent in milk using rhodamine 6gdye and toluene solvent","authors":"A. Malik, M. D. Baig, G. Malik, B. S. Khatkar","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.003","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study different proportion of synthetic milk (2, 4, 8 10 and 15 %) was blended with natural milk and tested for detergent qualitatively as well as quantitatively successfully using Rhodamine 6G dye and Toluene solvent. In positive milk samples, the colour of the solvent changed from transparent to pink, and the intensity of colour increased with an increase in detergent concentration. In contrast, the colour of the solvent layer in the control milk sample remained transparent. Quantity of detergent determined by uptake of benzethonium chloride. This new method was sensitive enough to detect as low as 16 mg of detergent per 100 ml of adulterated milk.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47567242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.001
R. Datir, M. R. Ravindra, M. Manjunatha, Monika Sharma, Rajasekhar Tellabati
Consumption of the fermented milk is on the rise due to its therapeutic benefits to human health. Several processes and technologies evolved to further enrich the fermented foods. In the present study, an Indian fermented milk product Lassi (sweet stirred curd) was selected for the experimental trials and optimized for the different process conditions. Lassi was prepared by adding sugar and water in curd and mixing them in the prefabricated mixing vessel. Three different impellers were tested in the preparation of Lassi. Two independent factors, namely off-bottom clearance (OBC) and impeller speed (IS) were selected to optimize the process conditions to yield a uniform good quality product. The quality of the finished product was assessed by sensorial and rheological attributes. Performance of the impeller was estimated by evaluating the mixing time, mixing index and power consumption. Three levels of OBC (3, 6, 9 cm) and IS (300, 400, 500 rpm) respectively were selected. Experiments were designed as per response surface methodology and accordingly trials were conducted. Constraints were optimized by setting up the goal for each of them. Based upon the solutions provided by the software, the product was prepared keeping the impeller positioned at 4.8 cm OBC and rotational speed of 389 rpm. The prepared product was validated against the experimental values and found no significant difference between theoretical and experimental values. Results indicated that the multivane churn impeller was found to be suitable for the preparation of good quality lassi. Mixing time and power consumption were optimized at 160±17.32 and 34.21±0.70, respectively. Overall acceptability of the product was 8.16±0.153 on 9-point hedonic scale. It can be concluded that the developed unit and impeller was able to deliver a uniform quality product with minimum mixing time and power consumption.
由于对人体健康有益，发酵乳的消费量正在上升。一些工艺和技术的发展进一步丰富了发酵食品。本研究以印度发酵乳制品Lassi(甜搅拌凝乳)为实验对象，对不同的工艺条件进行了优化。Lassi是在凝乳中加入糖和水，在预制的搅拌容器中混合而成的。在Lassi的制备过程中对三种不同的叶轮进行了试验。选取离底间隙(OBC)和叶轮转速(IS)两个独立因素对工艺条件进行优化，以获得均匀、优质的产品。通过感官和流变特性来评价成品的质量。通过对搅拌时间、搅拌指标和能耗的评价来评价叶轮的性能。OBC(3、6、9 cm)和IS(300、400、500 rpm)分别为3、6、9 cm。根据响应面法设计试验并进行试验。通过为每个约束设置目标来优化约束。根据软件提供的解决方案，将叶轮定位在4.8 cm OBC位置，转速为389 rpm，制备产品。根据实验值对制备的产物进行了验证，发现理论值与实验值无显著差异。结果表明，多叶片搅拌叶轮适用于制备高质量的液体。混合时间和功耗分别为160±17.32和34.21±0.70。产品总体可接受度为8.16±0.153(9分制)。结果表明，所研制的装置和叶轮能够以最小的混合时间和功耗提供均匀质量的产品。
{"title":"Optimization studies on mixing of curd and ingredients during Lassi (StirredCurd) manufacturing","authors":"R. Datir, M. R. Ravindra, M. Manjunatha, Monika Sharma, Rajasekhar Tellabati","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of the fermented milk is on the rise due to its therapeutic benefits to human health. Several processes and technologies evolved to further enrich the fermented foods. In the present study, an Indian fermented milk product Lassi (sweet stirred curd) was selected for the experimental trials and optimized for the different process conditions. Lassi was prepared by adding sugar and water in curd and mixing them in the prefabricated mixing vessel. Three different impellers were tested in the preparation of Lassi. Two independent factors, namely off-bottom clearance (OBC) and impeller speed (IS) were selected to optimize the process conditions to yield a uniform good quality product. The quality of the finished product was assessed by sensorial and rheological attributes. Performance of the impeller was estimated by evaluating the mixing time, mixing index and power consumption. Three levels of OBC (3, 6, 9 cm) and IS (300, 400, 500 rpm) respectively were selected. Experiments were designed as per response surface methodology and accordingly trials were conducted. Constraints were optimized by setting up the goal for each of them. Based upon the solutions provided by the software, the product was prepared keeping the impeller positioned at 4.8 cm OBC and rotational speed of 389 rpm. The prepared product was validated against the experimental values and found no significant difference between theoretical and experimental values. Results indicated that the multivane churn impeller was found to be suitable for the preparation of good quality lassi. Mixing time and power consumption were optimized at 160±17.32 and 34.21±0.70, respectively. Overall acceptability of the product was 8.16±0.153 on 9-point hedonic scale. It can be concluded that the developed unit and impeller was able to deliver a uniform quality product with minimum mixing time and power consumption.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.009
Avinesh Sharma, Chander Datt, J. Kumar, Kuldeep Dudi, Ms. Shambhvi, V. Mani, S. Lathwal
Eighteen crossbred cows were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each based on milk yield, body weight, parity and days in milk to study the effect of supplementation of K. alvarezii based SWP on feed consumption, milk production and composition for a period of 150 days. The cows in group T1 were fed rations as per their nutrient requirements (ICAR, 2013). The cows in groups T2 and T3 were fed the similar rations as in control group (T1), however, the diets were supplemented with 1.5 and 3% of K. alvarezii based SWP (K. alvarezii powder: Gracilaria salicornia powder: K. alvarezii sap powder in 1: 1: 1 ratio) on DM basis through concentrate mixture in groups T2 and T3, respectively. Daily feed consumption, milk composition and organoleptic appraisal of milk were not influenced by SWP supplementation, however, persistency of lactation seemed to be better in group 3 supplemented with 3% SWP in the ration of crossbred cows particularly post  5th fortnight after start of the experiment.
{"title":"Supplementary effect of K. alvarezii baesd seaweed product on milk production,its composition and organoleptic appraisal in crossbred cows","authors":"Avinesh Sharma, Chander Datt, J. Kumar, Kuldeep Dudi, Ms. Shambhvi, V. Mani, S. Lathwal","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.009","url":null,"abstract":"Eighteen crossbred cows were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each based on milk yield, body weight, parity and days in milk to study the effect of supplementation of K. alvarezii based SWP on feed consumption, milk production and composition for a period of 150 days. The cows in group T1 were fed rations as per their nutrient requirements (ICAR, 2013). The cows in groups T2 and T3 were fed the similar rations as in control group (T1), however, the diets were supplemented with 1.5 and 3% of K. alvarezii based SWP (K. alvarezii powder: Gracilaria salicornia powder: K. alvarezii sap powder in 1: 1: 1 ratio) on DM basis through concentrate mixture in groups T2 and T3, respectively. Daily feed consumption, milk composition and organoleptic appraisal of milk were not influenced by SWP supplementation, however, persistency of lactation seemed to be better in group 3 supplemented with 3% SWP in the ration of crossbred cows particularly post  5th fortnight after start of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45140642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.010
C. Uppal, B. Sunil Kumar, D. Deka, Ramneek Verma, R. Sethi
Mastitis and metritis are the common inflammatory diseases of buffalo and result huge economic losses to the small-scale farmers. Neutrophils are recruited during inflammation and cleared from site of inflammation by apoptosis to prevent further tissue damage. However, data are lacking on this aspect in buffalo. Hence, the study was aimed to determine the viability and apoptosis of neutrophils of buffalo during mastitis and metritis. Peripheral blood samples were collected from healthy, mastitis and metritis group (n=5, each group). Neutrophils were isolated and maintained up to 48 hr in RPMI-1640. The viability of neutrophils at different time intervals (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr) was determined using trypan blue dye exclusion method. DNA Laddering, light microscopy, caspase-3 and caspase-9 colorimetric assays were used to observe the apoptosis. Freshly isolated neutrophils showed ≥ 97% purity and ≥ 92% viability. Healthy group showed decrease (p<0.05) in viable neutrophils 12hr and onwards post-incubation. The number of apoptotic neutrophils was lower (p<0.05) at 36hr and onwards post-incubation in mastitis group and at 48hr post-incubation in metritis group as compared to control group. DNA fragmentation was observed after 24hr post-incubation in healthy group and was absent in mastitis and metritis groups suggesting the delayed apoptosis during mastitis and metritis. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity did not show any change in healthy group, however, there was significant increase at 24hr and 36hr post-incubation in mastitis and metritis group. Taken together, data suggest delayed apoptosis in mastitis and metritis.
{"title":"Delayed apoptosis of buffalo neutrophil during mastitis and metritis","authors":"C. Uppal, B. Sunil Kumar, D. Deka, Ramneek Verma, R. Sethi","doi":"10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33785/ijds.2022.v75i02.010","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis and metritis are the common inflammatory diseases of buffalo and result huge economic losses to the small-scale farmers. Neutrophils are recruited during inflammation and cleared from site of inflammation by apoptosis to prevent further tissue damage. However, data are lacking on this aspect in buffalo. Hence, the study was aimed to determine the viability and apoptosis of neutrophils of buffalo during mastitis and metritis. Peripheral blood samples were collected from healthy, mastitis and metritis group (n=5, each group). Neutrophils were isolated and maintained up to 48 hr in RPMI-1640. The viability of neutrophils at different time intervals (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr) was determined using trypan blue dye exclusion method. DNA Laddering, light microscopy, caspase-3 and caspase-9 colorimetric assays were used to observe the apoptosis. Freshly isolated neutrophils showed ≥ 97% purity and ≥ 92% viability. Healthy group showed decrease (p<0.05) in viable neutrophils 12hr and onwards post-incubation. The number of apoptotic neutrophils was lower (p<0.05) at 36hr and onwards post-incubation in mastitis group and at 48hr post-incubation in metritis group as compared to control group. DNA fragmentation was observed after 24hr post-incubation in healthy group and was absent in mastitis and metritis groups suggesting the delayed apoptosis during mastitis and metritis. Caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity did not show any change in healthy group, however, there was significant increase at 24hr and 36hr post-incubation in mastitis and metritis group. Taken together, data suggest delayed apoptosis in mastitis and metritis.","PeriodicalId":45524,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47414271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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