Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2135263
Marie Bencomo, P. Jardón
ABSTRACT Throughout prehistoric times, woodworking was an essential activity. We know this because of the existence of preserved wooden objects, as well as the use-wear traces recorded on lithic tools. In general terms, functional studies and experimental programs have aimed to analyze and understand the use-wear traces generated by green and dry wood. However, some of the wood remains preserved across time show signs of thermal alteration caused by fire. For this reason, we have carried out an experimental program in which green, dry and thermoaltered wood have been worked in order to study the traces generated on the lithic tools. The results show significant differences between the use-wear traces generated by green and dry woods, and thermally altered wood. This indicates that it would be possible to recognize signs of work with thermoaltered wood on archaeological lithic tools and, therefore, to better understand the working processes of past populations.
{"title":"Using Fire for Woodworking: An Experimental Exploration of Use-Wear on Lithic Tools","authors":"Marie Bencomo, P. Jardón","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2135263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2135263","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Throughout prehistoric times, woodworking was an essential activity. We know this because of the existence of preserved wooden objects, as well as the use-wear traces recorded on lithic tools. In general terms, functional studies and experimental programs have aimed to analyze and understand the use-wear traces generated by green and dry wood. However, some of the wood remains preserved across time show signs of thermal alteration caused by fire. For this reason, we have carried out an experimental program in which green, dry and thermoaltered wood have been worked in order to study the traces generated on the lithic tools. The results show significant differences between the use-wear traces generated by green and dry woods, and thermally altered wood. This indicates that it would be possible to recognize signs of work with thermoaltered wood on archaeological lithic tools and, therefore, to better understand the working processes of past populations.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"194 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46435142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2136419
J. Shea
ABSTRACT This paper asks why we expect to find standardization among prehistoric stone tools. It argues this expectation results from early archaeologists’ experience living in industrialized societies, a wild mismatch with the world their Pleistocene forebears inhabited. It further argues that in searching for evidence of lithic standardization, archaeologists must be alert for “mirages,” things that can create the illusion of standardization. Pre-industrial lithic standardization seems most likely to have emerged from attaching stone tools to handles (“hafting”), and from using stone tools as “passive lithic social media.”
{"title":"Chasing Mirages: Seeking Standardization among Prehistoric Stone Tools","authors":"J. Shea","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2136419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2136419","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper asks why we expect to find standardization among prehistoric stone tools. It argues this expectation results from early archaeologists’ experience living in industrialized societies, a wild mismatch with the world their Pleistocene forebears inhabited. It further argues that in searching for evidence of lithic standardization, archaeologists must be alert for “mirages,” things that can create the illusion of standardization. Pre-industrial lithic standardization seems most likely to have emerged from attaching stone tools to handles (“hafting”), and from using stone tools as “passive lithic social media.”","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"270 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46378767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2113699
J. Paige, Charles Perreault
ABSTRACT How surprising are the contents of lithic assemblages? If an archeologist excavated an archeological site somewhere in Eurasia and uncovered evidence of Levallois core technology, how surprising would it be? The surprise in the content of a new assemblage is a function of what is underground as well as our prior knowledge about prehistory. How improved is our understanding of the past when another site is excavated? The answer is a measure of the information contained in lithic assemblages. We present a primer on information theory, which provides tools necessary to conceptualize, measure, and analyze information. We then apply the theory by measuring the information contained in a large comparative dataset describing the presence or absence of technological modes across Late Pleistocene modern human assemblages. We find that technological modes tend to have little conditional dependency with one another, suggesting that lithic assemblages do have relatively high information content.
{"title":"How Surprising are Lithic Reduction Strategies? The Information Entropy of the Modes A-I Framework","authors":"J. Paige, Charles Perreault","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2113699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2113699","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How surprising are the contents of lithic assemblages? If an archeologist excavated an archeological site somewhere in Eurasia and uncovered evidence of Levallois core technology, how surprising would it be? The surprise in the content of a new assemblage is a function of what is underground as well as our prior knowledge about prehistory. How improved is our understanding of the past when another site is excavated? The answer is a measure of the information contained in lithic assemblages. We present a primer on information theory, which provides tools necessary to conceptualize, measure, and analyze information. We then apply the theory by measuring the information contained in a large comparative dataset describing the presence or absence of technological modes across Late Pleistocene modern human assemblages. We find that technological modes tend to have little conditional dependency with one another, suggesting that lithic assemblages do have relatively high information content.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"237 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46340785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2125670
Alastair J. M. Key, J. Gowlett
ABSTRACT We report here on an intercomparison between two large handaxe sets – one from a million-year-old site in Africa, the other a modern set made for experimental purposes. Our investigation was designed primarily to determine whether ancient handaxe series have measurable characteristics which tend not to appear in replica sets (and vice versa). We also wished to compare the fields of form variation in the two sets. The particular comparison was chosen because the two sets present similar numbers of handaxes (∼500) from well-defined cultural and raw material contexts, experimental and ancient. We conclude that modern replica sets can approximate ancient material well, offering meaningful “toolkits” for experimental work, but some differences also suggest that original Acheulean sets were influenced by functional and cultural factors which are not immediately obvious. Some allometric shifts present in the ancient set were found to occur also in the replica set, whereas others did not. Some of these variations can be emulated and incorporated in future experimental work.
{"title":"Intercomparison of Form, Size and Allometry in a Million-year-old and Modern Replicated Handaxe Set","authors":"Alastair J. M. Key, J. Gowlett","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2125670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2125670","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We report here on an intercomparison between two large handaxe sets – one from a million-year-old site in Africa, the other a modern set made for experimental purposes. Our investigation was designed primarily to determine whether ancient handaxe series have measurable characteristics which tend not to appear in replica sets (and vice versa). We also wished to compare the fields of form variation in the two sets. The particular comparison was chosen because the two sets present similar numbers of handaxes (∼500) from well-defined cultural and raw material contexts, experimental and ancient. We conclude that modern replica sets can approximate ancient material well, offering meaningful “toolkits” for experimental work, but some differences also suggest that original Acheulean sets were influenced by functional and cultural factors which are not immediately obvious. Some allometric shifts present in the ancient set were found to occur also in the replica set, whereas others did not. Some of these variations can be emulated and incorporated in future experimental work.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"253 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46427554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2123296
G. C. Yeşilova
ABSTRACT This brief review paper is about the latest work of Brian Hayden, which is titled Understanding chipped stone tools. The book provides a summary of his previous works for students. Brian Hayden is a Professor Emeritus in the Archaeology Department at Simon Fraser University-Burnaby and University of British Columbia-Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He has worked with leading researchers on lithic technology. His ethnographic field works, particularly in Australia, have made pioneering contributions to the functions of lithic elements.
{"title":"Understanding Chipped Stone Tools","authors":"G. C. Yeşilova","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2123296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2123296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This brief review paper is about the latest work of Brian Hayden, which is titled Understanding chipped stone tools. The book provides a summary of his previous works for students. Brian Hayden is a Professor Emeritus in the Archaeology Department at Simon Fraser University-Burnaby and University of British Columbia-Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He has worked with leading researchers on lithic technology. His ethnographic field works, particularly in Australia, have made pioneering contributions to the functions of lithic elements.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"207 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43163479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2109354
Liesbeth Messiaen, H. Vandendriessche, P. Crombé
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the results of a detailed analysis of the lithic assemblages from four key sites in the Lower-Scheldt basin of NW Belgium in the context of the Neolithization process beyond the agro-pastoral frontier of the European loess area. The study demonstrates both continuity and change in raw material use, lithic technology and the toolkit throughout the 5th and early 4th millennium cal BC, supporting the theory of acculturation of indigenous hunter-gatherers under the influence of southern farming groups.
{"title":"The Neolithization Process in the Lower-Scheldt Basin (Belgium, mid-6th to mid-4th Millennium cal BC) from a Lithic Technological Perspective","authors":"Liesbeth Messiaen, H. Vandendriessche, P. Crombé","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2109354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2109354","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper discusses the results of a detailed analysis of the lithic assemblages from four key sites in the Lower-Scheldt basin of NW Belgium in the context of the Neolithization process beyond the agro-pastoral frontier of the European loess area. The study demonstrates both continuity and change in raw material use, lithic technology and the toolkit throughout the 5th and early 4th millennium cal BC, supporting the theory of acculturation of indigenous hunter-gatherers under the influence of southern farming groups.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"168 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48490493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-05DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2108276
Marta Navazo, C. Santamaría, M. Santamaría
ABSTRACT The life of tools in lithic assemblages from European Middle Paleolithic sites reveal different processes of dilation, such as ramification (the use of a flake as a production matrix, from which a second and sometimes even a third tool is produced) and tool on core (TOC), core on tool (COT) and core on flake (COF) processes, with the presence of resharpening tools and the presence of double patinas as further evidence. Technological studies suggest that items in a lithic assemblage have gone through function changes (through reuse or recycling), but only use-wear analysis can demonstrate what these changes of function have been. Of particular interest is the recycling of cores, which often become tools (retouched or non). In this paper, we analyze several cores recovered in Level 4 of Prado Vargas, in which we demonstrate what their use was after the first function as matrixes of exploitation and flake-production.
{"title":"Using Cores as Tools: Use-wear Analysis of Neanderthal Recycling Processes in Level 4 at Prado Vargas (Cornejo, Merindad de Sotoscueva, Burgos, Spain)","authors":"Marta Navazo, C. Santamaría, M. Santamaría","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2108276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2108276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The life of tools in lithic assemblages from European Middle Paleolithic sites reveal different processes of dilation, such as ramification (the use of a flake as a production matrix, from which a second and sometimes even a third tool is produced) and tool on core (TOC), core on tool (COT) and core on flake (COF) processes, with the presence of resharpening tools and the presence of double patinas as further evidence. Technological studies suggest that items in a lithic assemblage have gone through function changes (through reuse or recycling), but only use-wear analysis can demonstrate what these changes of function have been. Of particular interest is the recycling of cores, which often become tools (retouched or non). In this paper, we analyze several cores recovered in Level 4 of Prado Vargas, in which we demonstrate what their use was after the first function as matrixes of exploitation and flake-production.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"149 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46167663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-29DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2103297
Alessandro Aleo
ABSTRACT Use-wear traces are considered to be material specific. The use of an appropriate reference collection is thus fundamental for interpreting tools' function. To test whether a flint reference collection can be used to interpret the function of non-flint tools, I conducted experiments using chert, dolerite, and quartz endscrapers and flakes. I compared wear traces obtained during the experiment with use-wear on experimental flint tools exposed to the same variables (motion, contact material, time). The results highlighted strong similarities in the characteristics and distribution of traces on chert and flint. Dolerite and quartz differ from flint, especially regarding the distribution and appearance of use-polish. However, shared traits were observed in all the raw materials involved in this experiment, demonstrating a certain degree of comparability between use-wear traces on flint and non-flint rocks. Based on the data, a flint reference collection can allow a basic interpretation of use-wear also on different rocks.
{"title":"Comparing the Formation and Characteristics of Use-Wear Traces on Flint, Chert, Dolerite and Quartz","authors":"Alessandro Aleo","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2103297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2103297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Use-wear traces are considered to be material specific. The use of an appropriate reference collection is thus fundamental for interpreting tools' function. To test whether a flint reference collection can be used to interpret the function of non-flint tools, I conducted experiments using chert, dolerite, and quartz endscrapers and flakes. I compared wear traces obtained during the experiment with use-wear on experimental flint tools exposed to the same variables (motion, contact material, time). The results highlighted strong similarities in the characteristics and distribution of traces on chert and flint. Dolerite and quartz differ from flint, especially regarding the distribution and appearance of use-polish. However, shared traits were observed in all the raw materials involved in this experiment, demonstrating a certain degree of comparability between use-wear traces on flint and non-flint rocks. Based on the data, a flint reference collection can allow a basic interpretation of use-wear also on different rocks.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"130 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41446776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2103290
Antoine Muller, Chris Clarkson
ABSTRACT Standardization can be applied to a lithic assemblage via raw material selection, blank production, blank selection, and/or retouch. Here we explore the baseline level of morphological standardization achievable through blank production alone. By quantifying how little morphological variability is inherently involved in different blank-producing lithic technologies that span much of the Stone Age, we seek to gain a long-term perspective on the evolution of lithic standardization. 728 flakes were knapped from 26 cores of 7 different lithic technologies: bipolar, multiplatform, discoidal, Levallois, direct percussion prismatic blade, indirect percussion prismatic blade, and pressure prismatic blade. Using generalized Procrustes analyses of blank outlines, we observed three noticeable jumps in shape standardization: between bipolar and free-hand flaking, between flake and blade technologies, and between the percussive blade and pressure blade technologies. Technologies that involve more skill and more investment in core preparation appear to create a more standardized set of blanks.
{"title":"Filling in the Blanks: Standardization of Lithic Flake Production Throughout the Stone Age","authors":"Antoine Muller, Chris Clarkson","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2103290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2103290","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Standardization can be applied to a lithic assemblage via raw material selection, blank production, blank selection, and/or retouch. Here we explore the baseline level of morphological standardization achievable through blank production alone. By quantifying how little morphological variability is inherently involved in different blank-producing lithic technologies that span much of the Stone Age, we seek to gain a long-term perspective on the evolution of lithic standardization. 728 flakes were knapped from 26 cores of 7 different lithic technologies: bipolar, multiplatform, discoidal, Levallois, direct percussion prismatic blade, indirect percussion prismatic blade, and pressure prismatic blade. Using generalized Procrustes analyses of blank outlines, we observed three noticeable jumps in shape standardization: between bipolar and free-hand flaking, between flake and blade technologies, and between the percussive blade and pressure blade technologies. Technologies that involve more skill and more investment in core preparation appear to create a more standardized set of blanks.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"222 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46983164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-16DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2097811
A. Eixea, C. Roldán, V. Villaverde, Isabel Días, I. Prudêncio, Rosa Marques, D. Russo, K. Gméling, G. Cavallo, Sonia Murcia
ABSTRACT This paper presents the geochemical and petrographic characterization, along with the macroscopic observations, of several cherts from the central region of the Mediterranean Iberia. To determine the microfacies and microtextural features, thin-section samples were analyzed using polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDX). Geochemical analyses were performed using instrumental neutron activation analyses (INAA). With the data, multivariate statistical analysis by means of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the chemical variables to identify clusters among the chert samples. The results showed different geochemical features between cherts concerning major, minor, and trace elements. Archaeological samples from different sites demonstrated lithic raw material circulation and, thus, human mobility in the central region of Mediterranean Iberia during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.
{"title":"Geochemical and Petrographic Analyses on Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Cherts from the Central Region of Mediterranean Iberia","authors":"A. Eixea, C. Roldán, V. Villaverde, Isabel Días, I. Prudêncio, Rosa Marques, D. Russo, K. Gméling, G. Cavallo, Sonia Murcia","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2097811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2097811","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents the geochemical and petrographic characterization, along with the macroscopic observations, of several cherts from the central region of the Mediterranean Iberia. To determine the microfacies and microtextural features, thin-section samples were analyzed using polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDX). Geochemical analyses were performed using instrumental neutron activation analyses (INAA). With the data, multivariate statistical analysis by means of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the chemical variables to identify clusters among the chert samples. The results showed different geochemical features between cherts concerning major, minor, and trace elements. Archaeological samples from different sites demonstrated lithic raw material circulation and, thus, human mobility in the central region of Mediterranean Iberia during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"93 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：