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Audit in Europe – A Comparison of Access Requirements into the Audit Profession Across the European Union 欧洲审计——欧盟审计行业准入要求的比较
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2205867
Philipp Jahn, Thomas R. Loy
ABSTRACT Within the EU, various measures have been taken to harmonize access to the audit profession. Nevertheless, only minimum access requirements are defined by EU regulation. Our results show considerable remaining differences between the member states. They are the basis for an Access Requirements Index (ARI) which makes it possible to easily assess and compare requirements placed on prospective auditors. In further analyzes, we show that the EU member states form five clusters based on the underlying parameters of the index. Our paper provides a basis for future research on possible consequences of these differences and gives an overview to regulators and the professions in the EU about the status of harmonization of access requirements.
在欧盟内部,已经采取了各种措施来协调审计行业的准入。然而,欧盟法规只规定了最低接入要求。我们的结果显示,各成员国之间仍存在相当大的差异。它们是访问需求索引(ARI)的基础,它可以很容易地评估和比较对未来审核员提出的需求。在进一步的分析中,我们发现欧盟成员国根据该指数的基本参数形成了五个集群。我们的论文为未来对这些差异可能产生的后果的研究提供了基础,并概述了欧盟监管机构和行业对准入要求协调的现状。
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引用次数: 1
A Commentary on Who ‘Owns’ the University Accounting Curriculum?: And on Why That ‘Ownership’ Matters 谁“拥有”大学会计课程以及为什么“所有权”很重要
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-29 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2206522
W. Buijink
Abstract The issue raised in this commentary is: who determines, who owns, the accounting curriculum in universities, and does it matter who does? The question has a clear answer. But the answer is not what you would expect it to be. The accounting professoriate does not ‘own’ the accounting curriculum. Professional accountants and auditor organizations, the accounting profession, as well as accounting and auditing regulators and oversight bodies do. The problem with the domination of the accounting profession and regulators of the university accounting curriculum is that it prevents the professional quality of accountants and auditors from reaching its full potential. I argue in this commentary that this will only happen when the accounting professoriate takes full charge of curriculum design. This commentary is a call for that to happen.
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引用次数: 0
The Value Relevance of Accounting Numbers in Presence of the Equity Method Before and After IFRS 11: Evidence from France IFRS 11前后权益法下会计数字的价值相关性——来自法国的证据
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2192235
Frédéric Pourtier, Frédérique Bardinet-Evraert, V. Darmendrail
ABSTRACT This article studies the effects of IFRS 11 on the value relevance of accounting numbers (VRAN) in France. In 2014, IFRS 11 made the equity method (EM) mandatory to account for joint ventures (JVs) and disallowed proportionate consolidation, the method previously preferred by French groups. Panel method regressions are used to examine the evolution of value relevance in listed groups’ financial statements over a long period (2007–2020). Generalization of the EM reallocates the VRAN, and post-IFRS 11 EM-related numbers are significantly and negatively linked to market value, raising questions about their faithfulness. These results concern all groups using the EM, whatever method they previously used for JVs. This study also looks at the standard-setters’ proposed integral/non-integral classification of net income from JVs and associates, which is found to be non-value relevant. These results have implications at standard-setting level for improving the quality of financial reporting, and for investors.
摘要本文研究了《国际财务报告准则第11号》对法国会计数字价值相关性的影响。2014年,《国际财务报告准则第11号》强制要求对合资企业采用权益法,并禁止按比例合并,这是法国集团以前首选的方法。面板法回归用于检验上市集团财务报表中价值相关性在长期(2007-2020)内的演变。EM的泛化重新分配了VRAN,《国际财务报告准则》第11号之后的EM相关数字与市场价值显著负相关,这引发了对其忠诚度的质疑。这些结果涉及到所有使用EM的小组,无论他们以前对JVM使用什么方法。本研究还考察了标准制定者提出的合资企业和联营企业净收入的积分/非积分分类,发现该分类与价值无关。这些结果对提高财务报告质量和投资者具有标准制定层面的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Arm's Length Principle vs. Formulary Apportionment in BEPS Action 13: Stakeholders’ Perspectives BEPS行动13中的公平原则与公式分配:利益相关者的视角
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2192356
Z. Akhand, Amin Mawani
ABSTRACT This paper analyses comment-letter lobbying by different stakeholders to influence OECD’s documentation rules on transfer pricing within the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project. Using a content analysis of stakeholders’ comments to a discussion draft on documentation requirements of Action 13 of OECD’s BEPS policies, we offer some evidence that professional accounting firms may have viewed the new documentation requirements as a stealth paradigm shift away from the arm’s length principle (ALP) to formulary allocation (FA). Our analysis suggests that other stakeholders from academia and civil society were sceptical of the comments expressed by the professional tax firms, regarding them as a means to resist changes in transfer pricing documentation. We suggest that professional accounting firms’ comments may have represented implicit lobbying against changes to the ALP regime that may have been considered beneficial to taxpayers in reducing their aggregate tax burden despite its implementation and rule complexity.
摘要本文分析了不同利益相关者的意见信游说,以影响经合组织在税基侵蚀和利润转移(BEPS)项目中转让定价的文件规则。通过对利益相关者对OECD BEPS政策第13项行动要求的讨论草案的意见进行内容分析,我们提供了一些证据,表明专业会计师事务所可能将新的文件要求视为一种从公平原则(ALP)到公式分配(FA)的隐形范式转变。我们的分析表明,来自学术界和民间社会的其他利益相关者对专业税务公司所表达的意见持怀疑态度,将其视为抵制转让定价文件变化的一种手段。我们认为,专业会计师事务所的评论可能代表了对ALP制度变化的隐性游说,尽管其实施和规则复杂,但可能被认为有利于纳税人减少其总税负。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability Reporting: Is Convergence Possible? 可持续发展报告:融合可能吗?
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2189016
Hervé Stolowy, Luc Paugam
Abstract In this essay, we discuss the factors influencing the likelihood of convergence in corporate sustainability reporting. We identify several factors that negatively influence the probability of convergence in the short term. The first factor is the heterogeneity of concepts and definitions surrounding sustainability (e.g. ESG, CSR). This heterogeneity of definitions is pervasive at three levels: (1) across organizations claiming legitimacy in sustainability reporting standard-setting, (2) within standard-setting organizations over time, and (3) across firms reporting about their activities. A second factor is the large number of organizations claiming legitimacy in sustainability reporting. A third factor is related to a diversity of reporting requirements among three influential international standard setters (i.e. EFRAG, ISSB, SEC), leading to various corporate reporting choices. A fourth factor is the diversity in the objectives of standard-setting organizations. Overall, we believe that due to these sources of diversity, the probability of convergence in sustainability reporting appears limited, at least in the short term, although we identify progress in carbon emissions reporting.
摘要在本文中,我们讨论了影响企业可持续性报告趋同可能性的因素。我们确定了几个在短期内对收敛概率产生负面影响的因素。第一个因素是围绕可持续性的概念和定义的异质性(例如ESG、CSR)。这种定义的异质性在三个层面上普遍存在:(1)在声称可持续性报告标准制定合法性的组织之间,(2)随着时间的推移,在标准制定组织内部,以及(3)在报告其活动的公司之间。第二个因素是大量组织声称可持续性报告具有合法性。第三个因素与三个有影响力的国际标准制定者(即EFRAG、ISSB和SEC)的报告要求的多样性有关,导致了各种公司报告选择。第四个因素是标准制定组织目标的多样性。总的来说,我们认为,由于这些多样性来源,可持续性报告趋同的可能性似乎有限,至少在短期内是这样,尽管我们确定了碳排放报告的进展。
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引用次数: 1
The Italian depreciation suspension policy during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequences on private firms’ borrowing capacity COVID-19大流行期间意大利暂停贬值政策:对私营企业借贷能力的影响
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2174444
M. Mattei, Matteo Merlo, E. Monaco
ABSTRACT We investigate the consequences of adopting a new accrual-based relief mechanism on private firms’ borrowing capacity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Italian government implemented a temporary change in accounting rules that allowed firms to suspend up to the entire amount of their depreciation and amortisation charges. Using a sample of Italian firms from 2018 to 2021 and a difference-in-differences model, we show that the depreciation and amortisation suspension policy (DASP) adopters, compared to non-adopters, access larger loans and negotiate a lower cost of debt than in the pre-DASP period. Our results are robust to additional tests for potential endogeneity and confounding factors such as earnings management and the adoption of other accounting-based relief mechanisms. We provide evidence that accrual-based relief mechanisms have real economic effects and are effective measures to support firms in managing a systemic shock.
我们研究了采用一种新的权责发生制救济机制对私营企业借贷能力的影响。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,意大利政府对会计规则进行了临时修改,允许企业暂停支付其折旧和摊销费用的全部金额。使用2018年至2021年的意大利公司样本和差异中的差异模型,我们表明,与未采用折旧和摊销暂停政策(DASP)的人相比,采用DASP的人获得了更多的贷款,并谈判了比DASP前时期更低的债务成本。我们的结果对于潜在的内生性和混淆因素(如盈余管理和采用其他基于会计的救济机制)的额外测试是稳健的。我们提供的证据表明,基于权责发生制的救济机制具有实际的经济效应,是支持企业管理系统性冲击的有效措施。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple Capitals Disclosure in European Companies’ Integrated Reports: The Role of Organisational Complexity 欧洲公司综合报告中的多资本披露:组织复杂性的作用
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2022.2150979
Abubakar Ahmed, Mutalib Anifowose, Suleiman Salami, Nuhu Abubakar
ABSTRACT This paper examines the association between organisational complexity and the extent of multiple capital disclosure in European companies’ integrated reports. The study uses content analysis to collect data from 81 European companies that adopted the integrated reporting framework for the period 2014–2020. We proxy the extent of multiple capital disclosure by an aggregate score of natural, human, social, intellectual, manufactured, and financial capital disclosure. We analyse two forms of organisational complexity: industrial (related to the different product segments) and geographical (linked with conduction operations beyond the domestic market). The results show that industrial complexity has a significant positive association with the extent of multiple capitals disclosure, whereas geographical complexity has an insignificant positive relationship. The study concludes that organisational complexity explains the variability in the extent of multiple capitals disclosure.
摘要本文研究了欧洲公司综合报告中组织复杂性与多重资本披露程度之间的关系。该研究使用内容分析收集了81家采用2014-2020年综合报告框架的欧洲公司的数据。我们通过自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、智力资本、制造资本和金融资本披露的总分来代表多重资本披露的程度。我们分析了两种形式的组织复杂性:工业(与不同的产品细分相关)和地理(与国内市场以外的传导操作相关)。结果表明,产业复杂程度与多资本披露程度呈显著正相关,而地域复杂程度与多资本披露程度呈不显著正相关。研究得出结论,组织复杂性解释了多重资本披露程度的可变性。
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引用次数: 1
Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Europe: A Scoping Review 欧洲企业可持续发展报告:范围审查
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2022.2149345
Tami Dinh, A. Husmann, G. Melloni
ABSTRACT This paper provides a scoping review of European sustainability reporting studies. Previous sustainability studies do not offer a comprehensive discussion of features key to the European setting. Despite their important role in the European economy, research on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and financial institutions (i.e. insurers and banks) is limited. Furthermore, regions in southern and particularly eastern Europe, which are critical given regulators’ objectives for European Union-wide and global sustainability standards, are neglected. Finally, studies on non-financial effects of sustainability reporting are also limited, and only a few studies differentiate between stakeholder- and shareholder-oriented countries. This is needed for a holistic view on sustainability beyond financial performance. Based on material issues identified for the European context, our study provides a research agenda based on comprehensive and rigorous scientific evidence on the state of the art of sustainability research in Europe.
摘要本文对欧洲可持续性报告研究进行了范围界定综述。以前的可持续性研究没有对欧洲环境的关键特征进行全面的讨论。尽管它们在欧洲经济中发挥着重要作用,但对中小企业和金融机构(即保险公司和银行)的研究有限。此外,鉴于监管机构对欧盟范围和全球可持续性标准的目标,南欧地区,特别是东欧地区至关重要,却被忽视了。最后,关于可持续性报告的非财务影响的研究也很有限,只有少数研究区分了以利益相关者为导向和以股东为导向的国家。这对于财务业绩之外的可持续性的整体观点是必要的。基于为欧洲背景确定的实质性问题,我们的研究提供了一个基于欧洲可持续发展研究现状的全面而严格的科学证据的研究议程。
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引用次数: 8
Revisiting Constituents’ Reflections on the Incorporation of Day-one Losses into IFRS 9 重新审视成分股对将首日损失纳入IFRS 9的看法
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2022.2130703
Selina Orthaus, Daniel Rugilo
ABSTRACT IFRS 9 requires the recognition of expected credit losses from the inception of a financial instrument, resulting in so-called day-one losses. The incorporation of day-one losses caused considerable controversy among the IASB members and its constituents. With a focus on the constituents’ positions and reasoning, this study portrays the discussions held in the comment letters received by the IASB during the drafting process. We find that most constituents initially rejected day-one losses as conceptually unsound and/or as inappropriately affecting investors’ and preparers’ decision-making. Despite these continuing concerns, the majority of constituents eventually accepted day-one losses as a pragmatic approximation of expected credit losses in the absence of superior alternatives. Considering the technical and political nature of standard setting, our analysis provides insights into the constituents’ assessment of departures from the Conceptual Framework and the constituents’ views on the standard setters’ responsibilities regarding financial stability after the financial crisis.
摘要国际财务报告准则第9号要求从金融工具成立之日起确认预期信贷损失,即所谓的第一天损失。将第一天的损失计算在内,在国际会计准则理事会成员及其成员中引起了相当大的争议。本研究侧重于组成部分的立场和推理,描绘了国际会计准则理事会在起草过程中收到的评论信中进行的讨论。我们发现,大多数选民最初认为第一天的损失在概念上不健全和/或不适当地影响了投资者和准备者的决策。尽管存在这些持续的担忧,但大多数选民最终接受了第一天的损失,认为这是在没有更好的替代方案的情况下预期信贷损失的务实近似值。考虑到标准制定的技术和政治性质,我们的分析深入了解了选民对偏离概念框架的评估,以及选民对金融危机后标准制定者在金融稳定方面的责任的看法。
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引用次数: 1
Blockholder Heterogeneity and Audit Fees: Does Private Information Matter? 股东异质性与审计费用:私有信息重要吗?
IF 2.8 Q2 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2022-07-24 DOI: 10.1080/17449480.2022.2091465
Raúl Barroso, Chiraz Ben Ali, C. Lesage, D. Oyón
ABSTRACT We analyze the impact of Small Blockholders’ (SBH – with 5% to 10% of voting rights) heterogeneity and their access to private information on the demand for audit services. By promoting enhanced audit services, we expect SBH to have a moderating effect on the relation between Large Blockholders (LBH – more than 10% of voting rights) and audit fees in a context of low shareholder protection. Drawn on Swiss public firm data over the 2002–2019 period, our results show that the presence of SBH flattens the concave relation between ownership concentration and audit fees found in prior studies. This moderating effect is mainly driven by the uninformed SBH, who given their lower – compared with informed SBH – access to private channels of information, are more likely to rely on audited public financial statements. Our findings contribute to the literature on the role of SBH in the company’s corporate governance.
摘要我们分析了小型区块持有人(SBH——拥有5%至10%的投票权)的异质性及其对私人信息的访问对审计服务需求的影响。通过促进增强审计服务,我们预计SBH将在股东保护率较低的情况下,对大型区块持有人(LBH–超过10%的投票权)和审计费用之间的关系产生缓和作用。根据2002年至2019年期间瑞士上市公司的数据,我们的研究结果表明,SBH的存在使先前研究中发现的所有权集中度和审计费用之间的凹关系趋于平缓。这种调节效应主要是由不知情的SBH驱动的,与知情的SBH.相比,他们对私人信息渠道的访问权限较低,更有可能依赖经审计的公共财务报表。我们的研究结果有助于研究SBH在公司治理中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Accounting in Europe
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