{"title":"Teaching Francophone African literature in the American Academy","authors":"S. Gadjigo","doi":"10.2307/3182532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3182532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3182532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68992537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching Francophone literature: Remarks from two continents","authors":"A. Koné","doi":"10.2307/3182535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3182535","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3182535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68992622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What, if anything, is a Belgian?","authors":"P. V. D. Craen","doi":"10.2307/3090590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090590","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The silence of Belgium: Taboo and trauma in Belgian memory","authors":"A. V. D. Braembussche","doi":"10.2307/3090591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colonial memories in Belgian and Congolese literature","authors":"Antoine Tshitungu Kongolo, Catherine Labio","doi":"10.2307/3090594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090594","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Landscapes for Whom? The Twentieth-Century Remaking of Brussels","authors":"A. B. Murphy","doi":"10.2307/3090600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090600","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68739118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belgian First World War literature (whether fiction or semifiction, memoirs, poetry, or drama) was, in its early phase, and like much of European war literature, overwhelmingly written in the heroic mode. This heroic mode represented the war as meaningful (if terrible), a crusade for civilization in which Belgium's role was an emblematically valorous one, that of civilization's first champion and martyr in 1914. But the heroic momentum proved hard to sustain over four years of attrition and mass death; and the end of the war proved a bitter anticlimax. The heroic mode gave way to a disillusioned mode of writing about the war, a mode that emphatically rejected the confident use of "1914" shibboleths (such as, precisely, civilization). The war-both trench warfare and life under military occupation-now came to be represented as a degrading experience. The disillusioned representation reached a peak around 1930. This was the time of the "war boom" in Western European literature generally, with disenchantment the dominant mode everywhere. Other Western European literatures however, replacing the heroic with the tragic, were able to persuasively recrystallize around the theme of the condemned generation. Belgian war literature was not. It never quite succeeded in formulating a lasting, compelling vision of doomed Belgian youth. Two factors-one international, one domestic in nature-may account for this elusiveness. The international element is Belgium's loss of status in postwar Europe. Belgium's relatively low death toll provided a jarring contrast to the argument of Belgian victimization that had bolstered the European mobilization rhetoric of 1914-a rhetoric that was now hotly repudiated. Belgium, as a result, utterly lost its tragic aura. The domestic factor is language. In postwar Flemish representation, the "war genera-
{"title":"Death Is Elsewhere: The Shifting Locus of Tragedy in Belgian Great War Literature","authors":"S. D. Schaepdrijver","doi":"10.2307/3090595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090595","url":null,"abstract":"Belgian First World War literature (whether fiction or semifiction, memoirs, poetry, or drama) was, in its early phase, and like much of European war literature, overwhelmingly written in the heroic mode. This heroic mode represented the war as meaningful (if terrible), a crusade for civilization in which Belgium's role was an emblematically valorous one, that of civilization's first champion and martyr in 1914. But the heroic momentum proved hard to sustain over four years of attrition and mass death; and the end of the war proved a bitter anticlimax. The heroic mode gave way to a disillusioned mode of writing about the war, a mode that emphatically rejected the confident use of \"1914\" shibboleths (such as, precisely, civilization). The war-both trench warfare and life under military occupation-now came to be represented as a degrading experience. The disillusioned representation reached a peak around 1930. This was the time of the \"war boom\" in Western European literature generally, with disenchantment the dominant mode everywhere. Other Western European literatures however, replacing the heroic with the tragic, were able to persuasively recrystallize around the theme of the condemned generation. Belgian war literature was not. It never quite succeeded in formulating a lasting, compelling vision of doomed Belgian youth. Two factors-one international, one domestic in nature-may account for this elusiveness. The international element is Belgium's loss of status in postwar Europe. Belgium's relatively low death toll provided a jarring contrast to the argument of Belgian victimization that had bolstered the European mobilization rhetoric of 1914-a rhetoric that was now hotly repudiated. Belgium, as a result, utterly lost its tragic aura. The domestic factor is language. In postwar Flemish representation, the \"war genera-","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belgium: sixty kilometers of dunes where the summers were mild and the sea was gray or green, never blue (horrid Mediterranean blue, light without imagination). We didn't travel abroad yet. Only rich children did that. We were children of the north, neither poor nor rich, keen on a North Sea that was welcoming and rowdy, cold and rebellious. We loved the great movement of its tides, with its strong smell of seaweed and mussels. Protected by the breakwaters, it surrendered and recaptured right at our feet vast expanses of dreams. How do you exile yourself from a happy childhood? Yes, when vacation time arrived, Flanders, with its sixty kilometers of beaches, was sweet for the Belgian children of the interior, who, drunk on salty green horizons, came-if they were children of the bourgeoisie-to build castles doomed to magnificent collapse. My homeland: a federation of fine sand castles, Flemish and Walloon fortresses, side by side, in a make-believe nation, confronting the gray and green sea that laughed at our shouts and our varied accents, covering them with its immense murmur. This was the time when the great Belgian champions-Romain and Sylvere Maes-were on their way to winning three Tours de France. So, all the Belgian children on vacation at the North Sea became Belgians against the French. I also remember the nails that were (allegedly) thrown somewhere in France under the tires of our champions with the same agitation as I do the Nazi flag I saw hoisted over the Royal Palace of Brussels, where a few moments earlier the black, yellow, and red flag had still waved in the cruel blue sky of the spring of 1940. To cure chauvinism, that childhood disease, and avert patriotism,
{"title":"Ceci n'est pas la Belgique","authors":"L. D. Heusch","doi":"10.2307/3090589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090589","url":null,"abstract":"Belgium: sixty kilometers of dunes where the summers were mild and the sea was gray or green, never blue (horrid Mediterranean blue, light without imagination). We didn't travel abroad yet. Only rich children did that. We were children of the north, neither poor nor rich, keen on a North Sea that was welcoming and rowdy, cold and rebellious. We loved the great movement of its tides, with its strong smell of seaweed and mussels. Protected by the breakwaters, it surrendered and recaptured right at our feet vast expanses of dreams. How do you exile yourself from a happy childhood? Yes, when vacation time arrived, Flanders, with its sixty kilometers of beaches, was sweet for the Belgian children of the interior, who, drunk on salty green horizons, came-if they were children of the bourgeoisie-to build castles doomed to magnificent collapse. My homeland: a federation of fine sand castles, Flemish and Walloon fortresses, side by side, in a make-believe nation, confronting the gray and green sea that laughed at our shouts and our varied accents, covering them with its immense murmur. This was the time when the great Belgian champions-Romain and Sylvere Maes-were on their way to winning three Tours de France. So, all the Belgian children on vacation at the North Sea became Belgians against the French. I also remember the nails that were (allegedly) thrown somewhere in France under the tires of our champions with the same agitation as I do the Nazi flag I saw hoisted over the Royal Palace of Brussels, where a few moments earlier the black, yellow, and red flag had still waved in the cruel blue sky of the spring of 1940. To cure chauvinism, that childhood disease, and avert patriotism,","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Victor Horta: Vicissitudes of a work","authors":"F. Aubry, Barbara Harshav","doi":"10.2307/3090599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68739039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perasma: A Novel","authors":"Pierre Mertens, Barbara Harshav","doi":"10.2307/3090593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3090593","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45911,"journal":{"name":"YALE FRENCH STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3090593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68738523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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