Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909234
Yuniu Li, Zhigang Sun, Tian Qiu, Jiujiang Bai, Wan Huang
abstract: Four iron smelting related sites were discovered in Zouma Town, western Chongqing, China. Among these sites, two (Luduizi and Tieshazitu) were dated to the end of the Ming Dynasty in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries a.d. and the other two (Gaoluchang and Nianmigou) were dated to the Late Qing Dynasty in the nineteenth century. Large amounts of smelting-related materials were excavated from these sites. Ten metallographic samples collected from excavated slags, a furnace wall, and iron ore were prepared and analyzed. This article reports the first scientific analysis of smelting-related materials in the area. The results provide a preliminary understanding of iron production technology in Chongqing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
{"title":"Iron Production Industry in Western Chongqing During the Late Ming Dynasty: A Perspective from Smelting Related Materials","authors":"Yuniu Li, Zhigang Sun, Tian Qiu, Jiujiang Bai, Wan Huang","doi":"10.1353/asi.2023.a909234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.a909234","url":null,"abstract":"abstract: Four iron smelting related sites were discovered in Zouma Town, western Chongqing, China. Among these sites, two (Luduizi and Tieshazitu) were dated to the end of the Ming Dynasty in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries a.d. and the other two (Gaoluchang and Nianmigou) were dated to the Late Qing Dynasty in the nineteenth century. Large amounts of smelting-related materials were excavated from these sites. Ten metallographic samples collected from excavated slags, a furnace wall, and iron ore were prepared and analyzed. This article reports the first scientific analysis of smelting-related materials in the area. The results provide a preliminary understanding of iron production technology in Chongqing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":45931,"journal":{"name":"Asian Perspectives-The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909239
Ian C. Freestone
Reviewed by: Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections ed. by Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux Ian C. Freestone Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections. Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux, eds. Singapore: Springer, 2021. xxvi + 557 pp., 59 b&w + 245 colour illustrations. Hardcover US $160, ISBN 9789811636554; softcover US $140, ISBN 9789811636578; ebook US $109, ISBN 9789811636561. The marked expansion in the archaeometry of glass which took place in the first decade of the twenty-first century has led to an explosion of interest in glass beads and bangles. Desirable, robust, and portable, they hold important information on trade and connectivity which can be revealed by the analysis of their chemical constituents. While this potential of chemical analysis has been understood for decades (e.g., Basa et al. 1991; Brill 1987; Singh 1989), it is only recently that it has been fully realized, largely due to the application of the technique of laser ablation inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (LAICP-MS). This method allows a rapid, accurate, and precise analysis of around 60 elements in glass artifacts and, critically, is essentially non-destructive, leaving only a sub-millimetre scar on the surface of the artifact. Where earlier typological work inferred likely long-distance connections (Francis 1990), chemistry has confirmed them. The resultant growth in understanding has served to emphasise the important role of the Indian sub-continent, which was arguably the major producer of glass beads in the last two millennia. Indian beads are found as far afield as eastern Africa and northwestern Europe and are also widely distributed in southeastern and southern Asia. Furthermore, the continuation into the modern period of traditional methods of making and working with [End Page 257] glass and glazes allows important insights into the methods and organization of the production of glass ornaments through ethnographic observation and literary accounts. The present book brings together recent and ongoing work on the archaeology, archaeometry, and ethnoarchaeology of South Asian glass, edited by two leading researchers in their respective areas. The chapters are developed from lectures delivered by the eminent list of authors at a conference in Gandhinagar in 2019 and may be considered a good reflection of the state of the art. However, this substantial 550-page book is far from a standard conference volume. It strives not only to provide a comprehensive coverage of its subject matter, but also to serve as an introduction to the study of glass by including a number of chapters by established researchers on broader issues; by and large, it is very successful. The book opens with several chapters providing introductory and background information. Rehren opens with a summary of the current state of play in our understanding of the origins of glass in Egypt and Mesopotamia. In th
{"title":"Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections ed. by Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux (review)","authors":"Ian C. Freestone","doi":"10.1353/asi.2023.a909239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.a909239","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections ed. by Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux Ian C. Freestone Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections. Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux, eds. Singapore: Springer, 2021. xxvi + 557 pp., 59 b&w + 245 colour illustrations. Hardcover US $160, ISBN 9789811636554; softcover US $140, ISBN 9789811636578; ebook US $109, ISBN 9789811636561. The marked expansion in the archaeometry of glass which took place in the first decade of the twenty-first century has led to an explosion of interest in glass beads and bangles. Desirable, robust, and portable, they hold important information on trade and connectivity which can be revealed by the analysis of their chemical constituents. While this potential of chemical analysis has been understood for decades (e.g., Basa et al. 1991; Brill 1987; Singh 1989), it is only recently that it has been fully realized, largely due to the application of the technique of laser ablation inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (LAICP-MS). This method allows a rapid, accurate, and precise analysis of around 60 elements in glass artifacts and, critically, is essentially non-destructive, leaving only a sub-millimetre scar on the surface of the artifact. Where earlier typological work inferred likely long-distance connections (Francis 1990), chemistry has confirmed them. The resultant growth in understanding has served to emphasise the important role of the Indian sub-continent, which was arguably the major producer of glass beads in the last two millennia. Indian beads are found as far afield as eastern Africa and northwestern Europe and are also widely distributed in southeastern and southern Asia. Furthermore, the continuation into the modern period of traditional methods of making and working with [End Page 257] glass and glazes allows important insights into the methods and organization of the production of glass ornaments through ethnographic observation and literary accounts. The present book brings together recent and ongoing work on the archaeology, archaeometry, and ethnoarchaeology of South Asian glass, edited by two leading researchers in their respective areas. The chapters are developed from lectures delivered by the eminent list of authors at a conference in Gandhinagar in 2019 and may be considered a good reflection of the state of the art. However, this substantial 550-page book is far from a standard conference volume. It strives not only to provide a comprehensive coverage of its subject matter, but also to serve as an introduction to the study of glass by including a number of chapters by established researchers on broader issues; by and large, it is very successful. The book opens with several chapters providing introductory and background information. Rehren opens with a summary of the current state of play in our understanding of the origins of glass in Egypt and Mesopotamia. In th","PeriodicalId":45931,"journal":{"name":"Asian Perspectives-The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909235
Richard Pearson
abstract: This article summarizes the results of archaeological research on some 20 Japanese garden sites dating from the fourth to twelfth centuries a.d., emphasizing the site plan, remains of structures, stone groupings, and ponds. Associated plant remains from five sites are tabulated and briefly discussed. I introduce some early Chinese and Korean antecedents and provide historical context. Gardens with rectangular ponds were introduced from the continent in the Asuka Period (a.d. 538–710). From the Nara Period (a.d. 710–794), garden making was naturalized in a Japanese asymetrical curving style in which structures were located away from the central axis. The gardens discussed here represent a small sample of the original gardens. They include two early examples of an adopted continental style (i.e., Uenomiya and Furumiya), a garden from an imperial palace site, gardens enclosing Heian Period shinden type architecture (raised residence with side wings) and its adapted Pure Land form, and a garden associated with the palace of a retired emperor. Plantings show a combination of flowering trees and shrubs, many introduced from the continent, combined with native deciduous and evergreen trees. Continental examples of gardens with rectangular ponds belong to royal palaces and were symbols of royal authority, as were the examples dated to the Asuka Period. In the Heian Period, state gardens such as Shinsen'en were used for state functions and required ample space and simple organization, while gardens sponsored by elite courtiers such as the Fujiwara show the expression of Buddhist belief. In the Toba Rikyū, built by retired emperors under a complex insei (retirement) system, imperial mausolea shared the landscape with mansions, Buddhist temples, and chapels. Groupings of stones, curving streams, dry landscapes, and low waterfalls probably all occurred as early as the Nara Period.
{"title":"The Archaeology of Ancient Japanese Gardens","authors":"Richard Pearson","doi":"10.1353/asi.2023.a909235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.a909235","url":null,"abstract":"abstract: This article summarizes the results of archaeological research on some 20 Japanese garden sites dating from the fourth to twelfth centuries a.d., emphasizing the site plan, remains of structures, stone groupings, and ponds. Associated plant remains from five sites are tabulated and briefly discussed. I introduce some early Chinese and Korean antecedents and provide historical context. Gardens with rectangular ponds were introduced from the continent in the Asuka Period (a.d. 538–710). From the Nara Period (a.d. 710–794), garden making was naturalized in a Japanese asymetrical curving style in which structures were located away from the central axis. The gardens discussed here represent a small sample of the original gardens. They include two early examples of an adopted continental style (i.e., Uenomiya and Furumiya), a garden from an imperial palace site, gardens enclosing Heian Period shinden type architecture (raised residence with side wings) and its adapted Pure Land form, and a garden associated with the palace of a retired emperor. Plantings show a combination of flowering trees and shrubs, many introduced from the continent, combined with native deciduous and evergreen trees. Continental examples of gardens with rectangular ponds belong to royal palaces and were symbols of royal authority, as were the examples dated to the Asuka Period. In the Heian Period, state gardens such as Shinsen'en were used for state functions and required ample space and simple organization, while gardens sponsored by elite courtiers such as the Fujiwara show the expression of Buddhist belief. In the Toba Rikyū, built by retired emperors under a complex insei (retirement) system, imperial mausolea shared the landscape with mansions, Buddhist temples, and chapels. Groupings of stones, curving streams, dry landscapes, and low waterfalls probably all occurred as early as the Nara Period.","PeriodicalId":45931,"journal":{"name":"Asian Perspectives-The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909232
Sarah Pleuger, Bastian Breitenfeld, Altanbayar Zoljargal, Albert Russell Nelson, William Honeychurch, Chunag Amartuvshin
abstract: Today's image of people inhabiting the vast steppe landscapes of Mongolia is inseparably linked to mobile animal herding. Indeed, archaeologists have confirmed that human-animal communities comprised of human herders and domestic livestock roamed across Mongolia's grassland environment and utilized semi-arid to arid regions such as the Gobi steppe desert for thousands of years. However, it is much rarer to catch a glimpse of the time before the advent of pastoralism in this part of the world. During the Neolithic (ca. 6000–1800 b.c.), the Gobi was much less of a desert than it is today. Sparsely scattered archaeological sites testify to the presence of hunter-gatherer groups that successfully exploited rich wetland environments. As a result of the pedestrian survey carried out by the Dornod Mongol Survey in the greater region of Delgerkhaan Uul, we discovered in situ remains of a Neolithic habitation site. Excavations at the Margal site uncovered a stratified hearth and a lithic assemblage embedded in a habitation layer and accompanied by a few faunal bone fragments. Our finds correspond with the Oasis 2 stage (ca. 6000–3000 b.c.) of the scheme established by Janz and colleagues dividing the Mongolian Neolithic into phases based on habitation, as well as subsistence patterns and technology. However, some typical Oasis 2 markers such as pottery and grinding tools are missing from the small assemblage uncovered from test excavations in 2017 and 2018. Margal likely belonged to a regional network of extended hunter-gatherer occupation relying on wild plant and faunal resources. The site represents the first of its kind in the region and has potential to shed light on hunter-gatherer subsistence and habitation decisions. In concert with adjacent archaeological surface scatters and contextualized in the supraregional network of hunter-gatherer habitation, it will contribute to refining current models of lifeways and transformations in Mongolian prehistory.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909236
Dougald O'Reilly
Reviewed by: Digging Deep: A Journey into Southeast Asia's Past by Charles Higham Dougald O'Reilly Digging Deep: A Journey into Southeast Asia's Past. Charles Higham. Bangkok: River Books, 2021. 256 pp., 226 photographs. Paperback ฿850, ISBN 97886164510586. Autobiographies penned by archaeologists are rare finds indeed and with his book Digging Deep: A Journey into Southeast Asia's Past, Professor Charles Higham joins the august ranks of Sir Mortimer Wheeler and W. M. Flinders Petrie in penning a reckoning of his distinguished career in the field. Over 14 chapters, Higham takes us through the arc of his life, beginning with a childhood recounted in remarkable detail thanks to the author's habit of keeping a daily journal throughout his life. The first four chapters of Digging Deep cover Higham's formative years. Born in 1939, Higham was educated in South London. He developed a passion for archaeology at an early age, due in part to Mortimer Wheeler's appearance on British television. Higham and his brother first volunteered in the 1955 excavations of the Bronze Age site of Snail Down in Wiltshire before broadening their horizons by working on the digs at Arcy sur Cure in France. Higham studied for two years at the Institute of Archaeology, London University, with a focus on the archaeology of the western Roman provinces. He was privileged to have the opportunity to excavate in the United Kingdom at the Roman-era site of Verulamium and in France at an Iron Age site, Camp du Charlat. In 1959, he took up an offer from Cambridge University, where he studied the European Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron ages. In Digging Deep, these early years read like a Boy's Own adventure, including an early trip to excavate in the fabulously named Grotte de L'Hyène in France and being awoken from siesta by Mongolian bagpipes played by the excavation director. A highlight of Higham's time at Cambridge was being selected for the university's rugby side and playing before a crowd of nearly 70,000 spectators and later being selected as an England triallist. A rugby career was not to be and Higham embarked on a doctorate focused on the prehistoric economic history of Switzerland and Denmark. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 1966. In the late 1960s, antipodean universities were eager to attract academic talent and recruited many Cambridge graduates. Higham was offered a lecturing position at the University of Otago in New Zealand the year he completed his doctorate. He was appointed Foundation Professor of Anthropology only two years later, at the age of 29. An American graduate student, Donn Bayard, later to have a long and distinguished career himself at Otago, introduced Higham to Southeast Asian archaeology. This area of study was largely overlooked at the time, but was brought to prominence by a number of astonishing claims including what was dubbed the 'WOST', World's Oldest Socketed Tool, which was dated at the time to the fourth millennium b.c. (Solheim 1968). Higham's wo
书评:查尔斯·海厄姆·道格拉斯·奥莱利的《深入挖掘:东南亚过去之旅》。查尔斯·海厄姆。曼谷:River Books, 2021。256页，226张照片。平装本฿850,ISBN 97886164510586。由考古学家撰写的自传确实是罕见的发现，查尔斯·海厄姆教授在他的《深挖:东南亚过去之旅》一书中加入了莫蒂默·惠勒爵士和w·m·弗林德斯·皮特里的崇高行列，对他在这一领域的杰出职业生涯进行了回顾。在超过14章的篇幅里，海厄姆带我们走过了他的人生轨迹，从童年开始，作者每天都写日记的习惯让我们对他的童年进行了细致入微的叙述。《深挖》的前四章讲述了海厄姆成长的岁月。海厄姆出生于1939年，在伦敦南部接受教育。他在很小的时候就对考古学产生了热情，部分原因是莫蒂默·惠勒在英国电视上的露面。1955年，海厄姆和他的兄弟首先在威尔特郡的青铜时代遗址蜗牛洞的挖掘工作中担任志愿者，然后在法国阿尔西苏尔库尔的挖掘工作中扩大了他们的视野。海厄姆在伦敦大学考古研究所学习了两年，主要研究西罗马行省的考古。他有幸有机会在英国挖掘罗马时代的Verulamium遗址，在法国挖掘铁器时代的Camp du Charlat。1959年，他接受了剑桥大学的邀请，在那里他研究了欧洲新石器时代、青铜时代和铁器时代。在《深挖》中，他早年的经历读起来就像一个男孩自己的冒险，包括早年在法国奇妙的hy洞穴(Grotte de L’hy)进行挖掘，以及被挖掘主管演奏的蒙古风笛从午睡中吵醒。海厄姆在剑桥的一个亮点是被选入大学橄榄球队，在近7万名观众面前比赛，后来又被选入英格兰选拔赛。海厄姆不打算从事橄榄球职业，于是他开始攻读博士学位，研究方向是瑞士和丹麦的史前经济史。他于1966年获得博士学位。在20世纪60年代末，澳大利亚的大学渴望吸引学术人才，并招募了许多剑桥大学的毕业生。在海厄姆完成博士学位的那一年，他得到了新西兰奥塔哥大学的一个讲师职位。仅仅两年后，29岁的他就被任命为人类学基础教授。美国研究生唐·贝亚德(Donn Bayard)后来在奥塔哥大学(Otago)度过了漫长而杰出的职业生涯，他向海厄姆介绍了东南亚考古学。这一领域的研究在当时很大程度上被忽视了，但由于一些令人惊讶的说法，包括被称为“WOST”的东西，即世界上最古老的嵌套工具，它的年代可以追溯到公元前四千年(Solheim 1968)。海厄姆和贝亚德在泰国Non Nok Tha遗址的工作让他认识了另一位传说中的东南亚专家切特·戈尔曼(Chet Gorman)，海厄姆被告知他“有点疯狂，对非法兴奋剂有点太感兴趣”;事实上，海厄姆讲述了在他们的一次挖掘中，有人向他提供了一些“看起来像草本植物的东西”，戈尔曼称之为“Sakhon Nakon致残剂”(第91页)。戈尔曼和海厄姆在泰国北部的偏远丛林里一起挖掘，一边听着收音机里关于在不太遥远的越南北部被击落的B-52轰炸机的报道，一边追寻农业的起源。他们在泰国东北部著名的班清遗址继续合作。这些在泰国的早期经历使海厄姆相信理解东南亚人类发展弧线的重要性，他开始了自己的研究，详见第七章。海厄姆与泰国研究人员建立了良好的关系，其中许多人将与他一起在新西兰学习，海厄姆将他的注意力集中在“一个遗址的小宝石”班纳迪，而戈尔曼则继续在班蒋进行研究(第98页)。就在这里……
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909238
Christophe Sand
Reviewed by: Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania ed. by Patrick Vinton Kirch Christophe Sand Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania. Patrick Vinton Kirch, ed. Monumenta Archaeological 47. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2021. xxvi + 558 pp., 337 figures, 90 tables, bibliography, index. Hardback US $120, ISBN 9781950446179. What a book! In its nearly 600 pages, contained within a hard black cover with only the "Lapita God" as front illustration, Patrick V. Kirch has granted Pacific archaeologists with a long awaited synthesis of the unique finds of the Lapita sites of the Mussau Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago that were excavated in the mid-1980s. This book has been published 20 years after what was then presented as the first of a three-volume synthesis on the excavations fulfilled in the Mussau Islands (Kirch 2001). While it might look like a surprise to some archaeologists, this book is the first to publish up-to-date results from one of the major Lapita sites in Island Melanesia, Talepakemalai (ECA), in a single volume. Numerous data on various aspects of dentate-stamped decorated pottery, associated lithic artifacts and shell ornaments, or remains of shells and bones have been published by colleagues over the past decades on specific sites across the Lapita region, but only the Lapita sites excavated on a small scale have been published completely (e.g., Anson et al. 2005; Clark and Anderson 2009; Specht and Attenbrow 2007). This volume thus sets the stage for what could be achieved for other important sites in the Bismarck Archipelago, southeast Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Aside from a preface and acknowledgements, this edited volume contains 18 chapters, more than half of them authored or co-authored by Kirch, including the introduction and conclusion. The long introduction sets the scene by presenting an overview of Lapita archaeology and the context of the Lapita Homeland Project organized by Jim Allen in 1985, of which the Mussau Project was one component. Kirch addressed a series of major themes on Mussau, including Lapita origins, economy, long-distance exchange, society, and Late Lapita transformations. Three field seasons (i.e., 1985, 1986, 1988) were dedicated to excavations of the Talepakemalai site and other Lapita sites located in surrounding islands. The main phases of each season are presented in this book, as well the outcomes of the first laboratory studies. Chapter 2 summarizes the main natural characteristics of the Mussau Islands, focusing especially on the small uplifted outer islands that dot the southern end of Mussau in a reef and lagoon environment. To address the forthcoming analysis of the unique stratigraphic fills excavated, a section is devoted to coastal geomorphology and sea-level fluctuations during the Holocene. The next two chapters detail the excavations completed over the thre
由Patrick Vinton Kirch Christophe主编的Talepakemalai:近大洋洲musau群岛的Lapita及其转变。Patrick Vinton Kirch主编，《古迹考古》47。洛杉矶:加州大学洛杉矶分校科特森考古研究所出版社，2021。Xxvi + 558页，337图，90表，参考书目，索引。精装本120美元，ISBN 9781950446179。多好的一本书啊!在这本将近600页的书中，帕特里克·v·基尔希(Patrick V. Kirch)给太平洋考古学家们带来了期待已久的对俾斯麦群岛穆索群岛(Mussau Islands)拉皮塔遗址独特发现的综合分析，这些发现是在20世纪80年代中期挖掘出来的。书中硬硬的黑色封面上只有“拉皮塔神”(Lapita God)的正面插图。这本书已经出版了20年之后，然后提出了第一个三卷综合在穆索群岛完成的挖掘(Kirch 2001)。虽然这对一些考古学家来说可能是一个惊喜，但这本书是第一本在单卷中发表美拉尼西亚岛塔勒帕克马莱(ECA)的一个主要拉皮塔遗址的最新结果的书。在过去的几十年里，同事们在拉皮塔地区的特定遗址上发表了大量关于齿状印记装饰陶器、相关石器制品和贝壳饰品或贝壳和骨头遗骸的各个方面的数据，但只有小规模挖掘的拉皮塔遗址得到了完整的发表(例如，Anson et al. 2005;Clark and Anderson 2009;Specht and Attenbrow 2007)。因此，本书为俾斯麦群岛、所罗门群岛东南部、瓦努阿图和新喀里多尼亚的其他重要地点奠定了基础。除了序言和致谢之外，这本经过编辑的书共有18章，其中一半以上是Kirch自己或与人合著的，包括引言和结论。这篇长长的引言介绍了拉皮塔考古的概况，以及1985年由吉姆·艾伦组织的拉皮塔家园项目的背景，其中穆索项目是其中的一个组成部分。Kirch讲述了一系列关于musau的主题，包括拉皮塔人的起源、经济、长途交换、社会和拉皮塔人晚期的转变。三个实地季节(即1985年、1986年和1988年)专门用于挖掘Talepakemalai遗址和位于周围岛屿的其他Lapita遗址。本书介绍了每个季节的主要阶段，以及第一次实验室研究的结果。第2章总结了穆索群岛的主要自然特征，特别关注点缀在穆索岛南端珊瑚礁和泻湖环境中的凸起的小外岛。为了解决即将进行的独特地层填充物的分析，一节专门用于全新世期间的海岸地貌和海平面波动。接下来的两章详细介绍了穆索三个季节完成的挖掘工作。第3章专注于Talepakemalai的主要Lapita遗址的挖掘，该遗址被标记为ECA，位于Eloaua岛全新世中期的沙堆上，当地的机场跑道就建在那里。本章详细介绍了1985年野外季节的考古策略，其主要目标是澄清1970年代调查的初步结果。发现了一个保存完好的浸水Lapita矿床，其中包含相邻的装饰碎片和保存完好的高脚屋木桩，这是后续两个实地季节的主要理由。这一章非常详细地介绍了地层观测和原位层中遗迹的空间布局，然后提出了对构成塔勒帕克马莱拉皮塔年代学的500多年沉积年代学过程的解释。该遗址的三个主要挖掘区域揭示了在这一阶段建造的两座高跷房屋。第四章由马歇尔·i·韦斯勒和尼克·阿拉霍共同撰写，总结了该计划期间完成的其他挖掘工作。其中大多数位于埃洛瓦岛及其周围隆起的小岛上;只有5个发掘点位于最大的岛屿musau。为了澄清长期以来关于拉皮塔人在俾斯麦群岛出现的古老历史及其长度的争论，第五章……
{"title":"Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania ed. by Patrick Vinton Kirch (review)","authors":"Christophe Sand","doi":"10.1353/asi.2023.a909238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.a909238","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania ed. by Patrick Vinton Kirch Christophe Sand Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania. Patrick Vinton Kirch, ed. Monumenta Archaeological 47. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2021. xxvi + 558 pp., 337 figures, 90 tables, bibliography, index. Hardback US $120, ISBN 9781950446179. What a book! In its nearly 600 pages, contained within a hard black cover with only the \"Lapita God\" as front illustration, Patrick V. Kirch has granted Pacific archaeologists with a long awaited synthesis of the unique finds of the Lapita sites of the Mussau Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago that were excavated in the mid-1980s. This book has been published 20 years after what was then presented as the first of a three-volume synthesis on the excavations fulfilled in the Mussau Islands (Kirch 2001). While it might look like a surprise to some archaeologists, this book is the first to publish up-to-date results from one of the major Lapita sites in Island Melanesia, Talepakemalai (ECA), in a single volume. Numerous data on various aspects of dentate-stamped decorated pottery, associated lithic artifacts and shell ornaments, or remains of shells and bones have been published by colleagues over the past decades on specific sites across the Lapita region, but only the Lapita sites excavated on a small scale have been published completely (e.g., Anson et al. 2005; Clark and Anderson 2009; Specht and Attenbrow 2007). This volume thus sets the stage for what could be achieved for other important sites in the Bismarck Archipelago, southeast Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Aside from a preface and acknowledgements, this edited volume contains 18 chapters, more than half of them authored or co-authored by Kirch, including the introduction and conclusion. The long introduction sets the scene by presenting an overview of Lapita archaeology and the context of the Lapita Homeland Project organized by Jim Allen in 1985, of which the Mussau Project was one component. Kirch addressed a series of major themes on Mussau, including Lapita origins, economy, long-distance exchange, society, and Late Lapita transformations. Three field seasons (i.e., 1985, 1986, 1988) were dedicated to excavations of the Talepakemalai site and other Lapita sites located in surrounding islands. The main phases of each season are presented in this book, as well the outcomes of the first laboratory studies. Chapter 2 summarizes the main natural characteristics of the Mussau Islands, focusing especially on the small uplifted outer islands that dot the southern end of Mussau in a reef and lagoon environment. To address the forthcoming analysis of the unique stratigraphic fills excavated, a section is devoted to coastal geomorphology and sea-level fluctuations during the Holocene. The next two chapters detail the excavations completed over the thre","PeriodicalId":45931,"journal":{"name":"Asian Perspectives-The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Horrocks, Adina Brown, John Brown, Bronwen Presswell
The study of Māori agriculture in New Zealand is hindered by lack of direct evidence in the form of plant remains and on Auckland Isthmus also by lack of excavation sites due to extensive urbanization. Recent demolition and earthworks for the construction of an apartment complex at Newmarket on the isthmus exposed a Māori shell midden. The midden was analyzed for plant (pollen, phytoliths, and starch) and parasite microfossils to shed light on Māori activity on the isthmus. The plant microfossil and 14C results show large-scale landscape disturbance by people and the discovery of pollen from the Māori-introduced cultigens Colocasia esculenta (taro), Cordyline cf. fruticosa (tīpore), and possibly Broussonetia papyrifera (aute, paper mulberry) demonstrates agricultural activity. In addition, phytoliths of B. papyrifera and starch and xylem of cf. C. esculenta and cf. Ipomoea batatas (kūmara, sweet potato) were identified. The parasitological analysis identified egg packets of Dipylidium caninum, a dog parasite that would have adversely affected dogs and people on the isthmus. These microfossil types and their affinities are described in detail and discussed with reference to archaeological contexts elsewhere in New Zealand and the wider Pacific Island region, reviewing the locations and types of both macro- and microfossils of these cultigens and parasites previously reported in the Pacific Islands. Given the highly variable production and preservation of different organic tissues, the study also highlights the value of combining the three different types of analyses for the study of ancient human activity, in this case providing evidence of four of the six Māori-introduced cultigens and a dog parasite from a single midden.
{"title":"A Plant and Parasite Record of a Midden on Auckland Isthmus, New Zealand, Reveals Large Scale Landscape Disturbance, Māori-Introduced Cultigens, and Helminthiasis","authors":"Mark Horrocks, Adina Brown, John Brown, Bronwen Presswell","doi":"10.1353/asi.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Māori agriculture in New Zealand is hindered by lack of direct evidence in the form of plant remains and on Auckland Isthmus also by lack of excavation sites due to extensive urbanization. Recent demolition and earthworks for the construction of an apartment complex at Newmarket on the isthmus exposed a Māori shell midden. The midden was analyzed for plant (pollen, phytoliths, and starch) and parasite microfossils to shed light on Māori activity on the isthmus. The plant microfossil and 14C results show large-scale landscape disturbance by people and the discovery of pollen from the Māori-introduced cultigens Colocasia esculenta (taro), Cordyline cf. fruticosa (tīpore), and possibly Broussonetia papyrifera (aute, paper mulberry) demonstrates agricultural activity. In addition, phytoliths of B. papyrifera and starch and xylem of cf. C. esculenta and cf. Ipomoea batatas (kūmara, sweet potato) were identified. The parasitological analysis identified egg packets of Dipylidium caninum, a dog parasite that would have adversely affected dogs and people on the isthmus. These microfossil types and their affinities are described in detail and discussed with reference to archaeological contexts elsewhere in New Zealand and the wider Pacific Island region, reviewing the locations and types of both macro- and microfossils of these cultigens and parasites previously reported in the Pacific Islands. Given the highly variable production and preservation of different organic tissues, the study also highlights the value of combining the three different types of analyses for the study of ancient human activity, in this case providing evidence of four of the six Māori-introduced cultigens and a dog parasite from a single midden.","PeriodicalId":45931,"journal":{"name":"Asian Perspectives-The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135126756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909233
Shinatria Adhityatama, Triwurjani Triwurjani, Dida Yurnaldi, Joko Wahyudiono, Ahmad Surya Ramadhan, Muslim Dimas Khoiru Dhony, Suryatman Suryatman, Abdullah Abbas, Darfin Darfin, Alqiz Lukman, Aldhi Wahyu Pratama, David Bulbeck
abstract: By the mid-second millennium a.d., Indonesians were already familiar with iron tools. One of Indonesia's main centers of iron production is the Lake Matano area in the hinterland of East Luwu, South Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia, renowned for its nickeliferous iron ore. Research in Lake Matano conducted during 2016–2022 succeeded in documenting a submerged village with remnants of an iron processing industry dating to the late first millennium a.d. In this article, we describe a second submerged site associated with processing iron, which included forged iron implements. Occupation at this site, called Pontada, is dated to between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries a.d., before the site sank beneath the surface of Lake Matano. Written and archaeological evidence suggests that its antiquity corresponds to when the empire of Majapahit in eastern Java imported nickeliferous iron from Lake Matano and traded it throughout coastal Luwu.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909237
Noel Amano
Reviewed by: The Origin of Cattle in China from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age by Chong Yu Noel Amano The Origin of Cattle in China from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Chong Yu. Oxford: BAR Publishing, 2020. 108 pp., 20 figures, 13 tables. Paperback £31.00, ISBN 9781407316871. The domestication of cattle (Bos taurus) from extinct Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius) around 10,500 years ago somewhere in the Upper Euphrates and Tigris basins of the Fertile Crescent marks one of the defining moments of the Neolithic Period (Helmer et al. 2005; Peters et al. 2005). Genetic evidence hints that this process started out in a restricted area, constrained by difficulty in managing and sustaining herds, with just around 80 female aurochs estimated to be initially domesticated (Bollongino et al. 2012). Valued for their meat, in addition to secondary products such as milk, hide, blood, [End Page 248] and dung, and services including use for traction, domestic cattle were soon present in Cyprus by the end of the eleventh millennium b.p. (Vigne et al. 2000) and almost all throughout the Near East by the eighth to seventh millennium b.p. (Arbuckle and Kassebaum 2021; Helmer et al. 2005; Peters et al. 2005; Vigne et al. 2011). But as with any history of animal domestication, that of cattle is complex and not straightforward. Genetic studies of early cattle outside the Fertile Crescent have revealed multiple introgressions of wild aurochs to domestic populations. Some researchers argue that pre-domestic cattle management, as well as early "morphologically" domestic cattle, originated in multiple centers in Southwest Asia, rather than in just a single center in the Upper Euphrates Valley (Arbuckle and Kassebaum 2021). In addition, a separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent with the domestication of the zebu cattle (Bos indicus) (Park et al. 2015). By around 4200 b.p., genetic evidence shows zebu cattle introgression to Southwest and Central Asia, which is hypothesized as linked to the introduction of arid-adapted zebu bulls to enhance herd survival during a widespread, multi-century drought (Verdugo et al. 2019). In the archaeological record, evidence of early cattle domestication and herding at sites in the Levant (e.g., Dja'de el-Mughara, Tell Hallula, Mureybet) and Anatolia (e.g., Çayönü Tepesi, Göbekli Tepe, Çatalhöyük) was detected by looking at a range of attributes including size diminution, reduction in sexual dimorphism, shift in age of individuals exploited as shown by kill-off patterns, and change in diet as revealed by stable isotope analyses, not to mention relative increase in the frequencies of cattle bones at the archaeological sites. In China, genetic and archaeological evidence points to cattle being introduced, presumably from West Asia, sometime between 5600 and 4000 years ago at sites such as Shantaisi and Pingliantai (Lu et al. 2017; Yuan 2010). However, based mostly on the presence of aurochs remains at s
《新石器时代至青铜时代早期中国牛的起源》作者:Chong Yu Noel Amano庄。牛津:BAR出版社，2020。108页，20幅图，13张表。平装本31.00英镑，ISBN 9781407316871。大约10,500年前，在新月沃土的幼发拉底河上游和底格里斯河流域的某个地方，已经灭绝的欧亚原牛(Bos primigenius)驯化了牛(Bos taurus)，这标志着新石器时代的一个决定性时刻(Helmer et al. 2005;Peters et al. 2005)。遗传证据表明，这一过程始于一个有限的区域，受到管理和维持畜群困难的限制，据估计最初只有大约80头雌性野牛被驯化(Bollongino et al. 2012)。家畜的价值在于它们的肉，除了次要产品，如牛奶、兽皮、血和粪便，以及包括牵引使用在内的服务，到公元前11世纪末，家畜很快出现在塞浦路斯(Vigne et al. 2000)，到公元前8至7千年，几乎整个近东地区都出现了家畜(Arbuckle and Kassebaum 2021;Helmer等人，2005;Peters等人，2005;Vigne et al. 2011)。但是，与任何动物驯化的历史一样，牛的驯化历史是复杂而不简单的。对新月沃土以外早期牛的遗传研究揭示了野生野牛向家畜种群的多次渗透。一些研究人员认为，前家畜管理以及早期“形态”家畜起源于西南亚的多个中心，而不仅仅是幼发拉底河上游河谷的一个中心(Arbuckle and Kassebaum 2021)。此外，在印度次大陆发生了一个单独的驯化事件，驯化了zebu牛(Bos indicus) (Park et al. 2015)。到公元前4200年左右，遗传证据表明，斑马牛向西南和中亚渗透，这被认为与引入适应干旱的斑马牛有关，以提高牛群在多世纪大范围干旱中的存活率(Verdugo et al. 2019)。在考古记录中，在累范特(如Dja'de el-Mughara, Tell Hallula, Mureybet)和安纳托利亚(如Çayönü Tepesi, Göbekli Tepe， Çatalhöyük)的遗址发现了早期牛驯化和放牧的证据，通过观察一系列属性，包括体型缩小，性别二态性减少，被猎杀的个体年龄的变化，以及稳定同位素分析所揭示的饮食变化。更不用说在考古遗址中发现牛骨的频率相对增加了。在中国，遗传和考古证据表明，牛可能是在5600年至4000年前的某个时候从西亚引入的，地点是山台寺和平联台(Lu et al. 2017;元2010年)。然而，主要基于在一些晚更新世遗址中发现的原牛遗骸，中国学者也提出了中国当地驯化或至少管理牛的可能性。Zhang和他的同事(2013)报告了一个连接的下颌骨，直接追溯到10,700 b.p.，显示出高度磨损。这被认为是口腔刻板印象的证据，然后他们将其解释为中国北方早全新世牛管理的证据。其他学者提出在中国北方其他新石器时代早期的群体中也有牛的存在，尽管证据仍然没有定论。这段复杂的人牛互动历史是俞宗禹《新石器时代至早期青铜器时代中国牛的起源》一书的背景，这本书于2020年由BAR出版社出版，是其东亚考古系列的第二卷。在书的摘要中，Yu阐明了出版的目标:汇集从新石器时代早期到青铜时代早期(10000到3600 BP)的波斯骨的生物特征信息，以便从生物学的角度更好地理解这种动物的形态变化——追踪驯化(本地和其他地方)的主要指标。在我看来，这本薄薄的书实现了这一目标，并在此过程中展示了重新参观动物考古收藏的效用。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1353/asi.2023.a909240
Cyler Conrad
Terry T. Marsh (25 July 1938–30 July 2021) Cyler Conrad Click for larger view View full resolution Terry Marsh excavating at Spirit Cave, Thailand, in early March 1971 (Photograph by Chet Gorman, courtesy of Joyce White and the Institute for Southeast Asian Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania Museum) On 30 July 2021, Terry T. Marsh passed away at the age of 83 at his home in Auckland, New Zealand. An archaeologist who was as ubiquitous as he was mystic, Marsh had participated in excavations and research at some of the best-known sites in mainland Southeast Asia during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Although he published only a few archaeological reports, his interest, kindness, friendship, and dedication made a significant contribution to our knowledge of Thailand and mainland Southeast Asian prehistory. [End Page 261] Marsh attended undergraduate school at Sacramento State College (now California State University, Sacramento) in 1958–1962. He graduated in spring 1962 with a B.A. in Fine Arts, specifically ceramics. It was during college that Marsh became friends with Chester "Chet" F. Gorman. They were housemates, along with several other students, in a rented home near campus. Although Marsh did not formally graduate with an anthropology degree from Sacramento State College, his journey to archaeology, anthropology, and Thailand began almost immediately after graduation. In spring 1962, Gorman had just finished his first year of graduate school in the Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i when he sent Marsh a telegram that simply stated: "SUMMER WORK CAVE EXPLORATION OUTER ISLANDS COME IMMEDIATELY."1 Marsh answered the call, and his journey to Southeast Asia began. While in Hawai'i, Marsh surveyed lava tubes with Gorman as part of a U.S. government project investigating the use of these caves as nuclear fallout shelters. Once their survey was completed, presumably in 1962, Marsh later wrote in an unpublished personal memoir that he "sort of forgot to go home." He continued working in survey for the same company on various projects throughout the islands. After Gorman returned from his first season of archaeological survey in northeast Thailand in 1964, he and Marsh began living in another rented, shared house infamously known as "Sutton's Place." For all its raucousness, living at Sutton's Place put Marsh in contact with several other anthropologists and archaeologists who were colleagues or friends of Gorman's at the University of Hawai'i. One of these housemates-turned-friends was an archaeologist named Donn Bayard. Given Marsh's background in ceramics and experience working in survey throughout Hawai'i, it was no surprise that Bayard asked Marsh to assist him when he returned to northeast Thailand in 1968 for the second season of archaeological excavation at a prominent site called Non Nok Tha. Marsh's travel to northeast Thailand was an adventure. Excavations began at Non Nok Tha in early February 1968, so Marsh likely left
特里·t·马什(1938年7月25日- 2021年7月30日)点击查看全图特里·t·马什于1971年3月初在泰国的灵洞挖掘(由切特·戈尔曼拍摄，由乔伊斯·怀特和宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆东南亚考古研究所提供)2021年7月30日，特里·t·马什在新西兰奥克兰的家中去世，享年83岁。马什是一位无处不在的考古学家，也是一位神秘主义者。在20世纪60年代末和70年代初，他参与了东南亚大陆一些最著名遗址的挖掘和研究。虽然他只发表了几篇考古报告，但他的兴趣、善良、友谊和奉献对我们了解泰国和东南亚大陆的史前史做出了重大贡献。1958年至1962年，马什就读于萨克拉门托州立学院(现为萨克拉门托加州州立大学)的本科学校。他于1962年春季毕业，获得美术学士学位，专攻陶瓷。正是在大学期间，马什与切斯特·“切特”·f·戈尔曼成为了朋友。他们和其他几个学生是室友，住在学校附近的一所租来的房子里。虽然马什没有正式从萨克拉门托州立大学毕业，但他的考古、人类学和泰国之旅几乎是在毕业后立即开始的。1962年春天，戈尔曼刚刚在夏威夷大学人类学系读完研究生一年级，他给马什发了一封电报，上面简单地写着:“夏季工作，外岛洞穴探险，马上来。”马什响应号召，开始了他的东南亚之旅。在夏威夷的时候，马什和戈尔曼一起调查了熔岩管，这是美国政府调查利用这些洞穴作为核沉降物避难所的项目的一部分。他们的调查完成后(大概是在1962年)，马什后来在一本未出版的个人回忆录中写道，他“有点忘了回家”。他继续为同一家公司在岛上的各种项目做调查。1964年，戈尔曼从泰国东北部的第一季考古调查回来后，他和马什开始住在另一个租来的合租房子里，这个房子臭名昭著，被称为“萨顿之家”。尽管萨顿之家很喧闹，但住在这里让马什结识了其他几位人类学家和考古学家，他们都是戈尔曼在夏威夷大学的同事或朋友。其中一位由室友变成朋友的考古学家叫唐·贝亚德。鉴于马什在陶瓷方面的背景和在夏威夷各地从事调查工作的经验，当他1968年回到泰国东北部，在一个名为Non Nok Tha的著名遗址进行第二季的考古发掘时，贝亚德请马什协助他，这并不奇怪。马什去泰国东北部的旅行是一次冒险。Non Nok Tha的挖掘工作于1968年2月初开始，因此Marsh很可能在1967年底或1968年1月离开夏威夷。不管怎样，在预定了一艘从檀香山开往香港的客船的泊位后，他立即晕船了。起初，马什因为自己是“年轻男性”而拒绝服用药物，但后来他回忆说，船颠簸得太厉害了，游泳池会晃动，溅到船舷上。马什还注意到，这艘船的货舱里有一群牛，他很喜欢去参观。后来，他还喜欢在船上提供的六顿一日三餐中的任何一顿中吃它们。马什的回忆录和笔记中充满了对食物的描述——他显然喜欢吃，喜欢尝试新的体验，喜欢沉浸在新的文化中。他的写作天赋帮助他捕捉到了这些瞬间。抵达香港后，马什搭上了另一艘开往新加坡的客轮，但一旦上岸，他就决定，既然他“和泰国在同一块陆地上”，就可以买一辆本田90摩托车向北驶去。马什顺利地越过了新加坡和马来西亚的边界，但当他到达泰国边境时，他的命运发生了变化。他不被允许过马路，只好把摩托车换成了火车。
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