In Aotearoa-New Zealand and perhaps in other countries, firefighters are increasingly required to attend highly demanding and stressful non-fire incidents. This study used a qualitative descriptive research design to examine the gaps in preparation experienced by firefighters in Aotearoa-New Zealand when responding to non-fire incidents, particularly medical calls. Forty-four firefighters and 12 selected informants were interviewed. Ten Māori firefighters took part in a face-to-face focus group. Results indicate that firefighters equated preparation with training for their role. Training was considered by some to be limited to a specific range of first aid skills and it was felt a higher level of medical training would be beneficial. A need for more training in relation to working cross-culturally was also identified, particularly in relation to Māori and the application of cultural processes and protocols when death occurs. Training to improve firefighters’ abilities to console and communicate with families at incidents was also noted. Besides training, participants identified the need to prepare for unfavourable outcomes, this included reframing what ‘success’ looks like, enhancing psychological wellbeing and encouraging help-seeking behaviours.
{"title":"Ready to respond: preparing firefighters for non-fire incidents","authors":"E. Lin, V. McManus, Jeffery Adams","doi":"10.47389/38.3.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/38.3.42","url":null,"abstract":"In Aotearoa-New Zealand and perhaps in other countries, firefighters are increasingly required to attend highly demanding and stressful non-fire incidents. This study used a qualitative descriptive research design to examine the gaps in preparation experienced by firefighters in Aotearoa-New Zealand when responding to non-fire incidents, particularly medical calls. Forty-four firefighters and 12 selected informants were interviewed. Ten Māori firefighters took part in a face-to-face focus group. Results indicate that firefighters equated preparation with training for their role. Training was considered by some to be limited to a specific range of first aid skills and it was felt a higher level of medical training would be beneficial. A need for more training in relation to working cross-culturally was also identified, particularly in relation to Māori and the application of cultural processes and protocols when death occurs. Training to improve firefighters’ abilities to console and communicate with families at incidents was also noted. Besides training, participants identified the need to prepare for unfavourable outcomes, this included reframing what ‘success’ looks like, enhancing psychological wellbeing and encouraging help-seeking behaviours.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42187058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emergency and disaster preparedness is often centred on preparing the physical environment. Moving the emphasis from the physical to the personal, people can be physically and mentally better prepared to face and recover from these events. This paper examines the approach by Australian Red Cross to improve psychosocial preparedness. It outlines how theories of psychosocial support, adaptive capacity and behaviour change are operationalised as well as the evaluation methods used to assess effectiveness.
{"title":"Australian Red Cross psychosocial approach to disaster preparedness","authors":"J. Richardson, Leanne M. Kelly, Antonia Mackay","doi":"10.47389/38.3.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/38.3.31","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency and disaster preparedness is often centred on preparing the physical environment. Moving the emphasis from the physical to the personal, people can be physically and mentally better prepared to face and recover from these events. This paper examines the approach by Australian Red Cross to improve psychosocial preparedness. It outlines how theories of psychosocial support, adaptive capacity and behaviour change are operationalised as well as the evaluation methods used to assess effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46984156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes a working definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’ and uses this definition to examine lost wilderness tourist events through the lenses of tourism literature, lost person behaviour literature, search and rescue literature and wilderness tourists in Australia. A tool was developed using existing literature to recruit self-identifying lost wilderness tourists. First-person stories were collected through open ended, one-on-one qualitative interviews. Interview data were analysed using 3-step coding. The findings propose a definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’, establish that lost wilderness tourist events can be categorised as ‘disorientated’ or ‘stuck’ and that these 2 meta categories can be further divided into subcategories. The findings offer insights into the lived experiences of lost wilderness tourists. These insights are useful for anyone with an interest in lost wilderness events and the safety of people in Australia’s wilderness areas.
{"title":"Who is a lost wilderness tourist?","authors":"Steve Schwartz","doi":"10.47389/38.3.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/38.3.48","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a working definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’ and uses this definition to examine lost wilderness tourist events through the lenses of tourism literature, lost person behaviour literature, search and rescue literature and wilderness tourists in Australia. A tool was developed using existing literature to recruit self-identifying lost wilderness tourists. First-person stories were collected through open ended, one-on-one qualitative interviews. Interview data were analysed using 3-step coding. The findings propose a definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’, establish that lost wilderness tourist events can be categorised as ‘disorientated’ or ‘stuck’ and that these 2 meta categories can be further divided into subcategories. The findings offer insights into the lived experiences of lost wilderness tourists. These insights are useful for anyone with an interest in lost wilderness events and the safety of people in Australia’s wilderness areas.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49032684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Around the world, pets and companion animals coexist with people to help them live their lives through work, social support and companionship. Commentary by Kahler (2018) and the Invisible Fence Brand (2022) report that significant numbers of these animals are estimated globally each year to die from smoke inhalation during residential fires. International efforts have improved the prehospital management of pets suffering from smoke inhalation, however, this trend has not been experienced in Australia. To support improvements in the prehospital management of pets suffering smoke inhalation, a narrative review of existing research and publicly available reports was undertaken. This review considered aspects of the unknown number of pets suffering smoke inhalation due to residential fire, the potential for under-reporting and the potential value of improved veterinary integration at the small-scale incident level. Several conclusions are drawn that can inform further research and contribute to existing practice by Australian fire service agencies in the prehospital treatment of pets suffering smoke inhalation.
{"title":"Pets and smoke inhalation: improving immediate and prehospital management","authors":"I. Porter, Valerie Ingham","doi":"10.47389/38.3.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/38.3.37","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, pets and companion animals coexist with people to help them live their lives through work, social support and companionship. Commentary by Kahler (2018) and the Invisible Fence Brand (2022) report that significant numbers of these animals are estimated globally each year to die from smoke inhalation during residential fires. International efforts have improved the prehospital management of pets suffering from smoke inhalation, however, this trend has not been experienced in Australia. To support improvements in the prehospital management of pets suffering smoke inhalation, a narrative review of existing research and publicly available reports was undertaken. This review considered aspects of the unknown number of pets suffering smoke inhalation due to residential fire, the potential for under-reporting and the potential value of improved veterinary integration at the small-scale incident level. Several conclusions are drawn that can inform further research and contribute to existing practice by Australian fire service agencies in the prehospital treatment of pets suffering smoke inhalation.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the relationship between the common Prevent/Mitigate, Prepare, Respond, Recover (PPRR) framework and the Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS) in NSW. The bushfire experience in Australia during 2019–20 revealed the limitations of existing approaches to 3 of the 4 PPRR phases: prevention/mitigation, preparation and recovery. A lack of coordination across agencies, as identified in the Final Report of the NSW Bushfire Inquiry (Owen & O’Kane 2020), reduced the value of much good work. A whole-of-government strategy using AIIMS structures is recommended to promote effective coordination across agencies rather than relying on current collaborative committees that are constrained by agency priorities. AIIMS provides a means of coordinating the work of agencies in prevention/mitigation, preparedness and recovery by working across agencies to enhance the safety of communities.
本文探讨了共同的预防/缓解、准备、响应、恢复(PPRR)框架与新南威尔士州的澳大利亚服务间事件管理系统(AIIMS)之间的关系。澳大利亚2019 - 2020年的森林火灾经验表明，现有方法在小反刍兽疫4个阶段中的3个阶段(预防/缓解、准备和恢复)存在局限性。正如新南威尔士州丛林大火调查的最终报告(Owen & O 'Kane 2020)所指出的那样，各机构之间缺乏协调，降低了许多优秀工作的价值。建议采用采用AIIMS结构的整体政府战略，以促进各机构之间的有效协调，而不是依赖目前受各机构优先事项限制的合作委员会。该系统提供了一种协调各机构在预防/缓解、备灾和恢复方面的工作的手段，通过跨机构工作来加强社区的安全。
{"title":"PPRR and AIIMS: a whole-of-government strategy in NSW","authors":"Allan Holley, T. Mcarthur","doi":"10.47389/37.3.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/37.3.65","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the relationship between the common Prevent/Mitigate, Prepare, Respond, Recover (PPRR) framework and the Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS) in NSW. The bushfire experience in Australia during 2019–20 revealed the limitations of existing approaches to 3 of the 4 PPRR phases: prevention/mitigation, preparation and recovery. A lack of coordination across agencies, as identified in the Final Report of the NSW Bushfire Inquiry (Owen & O’Kane 2020), reduced the value of much good work. A whole-of-government strategy using AIIMS structures is recommended to promote effective coordination across agencies rather than relying on current collaborative committees that are constrained by agency priorities. AIIMS provides a means of coordinating the work of agencies in prevention/mitigation, preparedness and recovery by working across agencies to enhance the safety of communities.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43106928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Lorenzoni, Stephanie Kainrath, Maria Unterholzner, H. Stummer
Measuring disaster preparedness has been a challenge as there is no consensus on a standardised approach to evaluation. This lack of clear definitions and performance metrics makes it difficult to determine whether past investments in preparedness have made sense or to see what is missing. This scoping review presents publications addressing the evaluation of disaster preparedness at the governmental level. A literature search was performed to identify relevant journal articles from 5 major scientific databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Business Source Premier and SocINDEX). Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed. The review considered the multi-disciplinarily of disaster management and offers a broad overview of the concepts for preparedness evaluation offered in the literature. The results reveal a focus on all-hazards approach as well as local authority level in preparedness evaluation. Variation in the types of instruments used to measure preparedness and the diversity of questions and topics covered in the publications suggest little consensus on what constitutes preparedness and how it should be measured. Many assessment instruments seem to lack use in the field, which limits feedback on them from experts and practitioners. In addition, tools that are easy to use and ready for use by practitioners seem scarce.
{"title":"Instruments for disaster preparedness evaluation: a scoping review","authors":"N. Lorenzoni, Stephanie Kainrath, Maria Unterholzner, H. Stummer","doi":"10.47389/37.3.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/37.3.56","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring disaster preparedness has been a challenge as there is no consensus on a standardised approach to evaluation. This lack of clear definitions and performance metrics makes it difficult to determine whether past investments in preparedness have made sense or to see what is missing. This scoping review presents publications addressing the evaluation of disaster preparedness at the governmental level. A literature search was performed to identify relevant journal articles from 5 major scientific databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Business Source Premier and SocINDEX). Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed. The review considered the multi-disciplinarily of disaster management and offers a broad overview of the concepts for preparedness evaluation offered in the literature. The results reveal a focus on all-hazards approach as well as local authority level in preparedness evaluation. Variation in the types of instruments used to measure preparedness and the diversity of questions and topics covered in the publications suggest little consensus on what constitutes preparedness and how it should be measured. Many assessment instruments seem to lack use in the field, which limits feedback on them from experts and practitioners. In addition, tools that are easy to use and ready for use by practitioners seem scarce.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43496143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bridgette Sullivan-Taylor, Sarah Gunnell, J. Becker
Given New Zealand’s susceptibility to a range of natural hazards, reducing exposure is an important step towards strengthening community resilience and reducing potential social, environmental and economic consequences. Land-use planning has long been recognised as a contributor to achieving this goal. Focusing on earthquake hazards, this paper examines the evolution of risk reduction measures in local government land-use planning documents for 3 earthquake-prone regions of New Zealand in 2000 and again in 2016. While some progress has been made in planning for earthquake hazards, overall the planning documents in these regions remain inadequate. As such, resilience from a land-use planning perspective has not significantly improved. This is surprising in the context of major seismic events in New Zealand over the last decade that have caused considerable damage and loss of life. Future anticipated changes to the planning systems in the country provide opportunities for improvements to be included in documentation.
{"title":"Improving resilience: a longitudinal analysis of land-use policy and planning for earthquakes in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2000–16","authors":"Bridgette Sullivan-Taylor, Sarah Gunnell, J. Becker","doi":"10.47389/37.3.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/37.3.45","url":null,"abstract":"Given New Zealand’s susceptibility to a range of natural hazards, reducing exposure is an important step towards strengthening community resilience and reducing potential social, environmental and economic consequences. Land-use planning has long been recognised as a contributor to achieving this goal. Focusing on earthquake hazards, this paper examines the evolution of risk reduction measures in local government land-use planning documents for 3 earthquake-prone regions of New Zealand in 2000 and again in 2016. While some progress has been made in planning for earthquake hazards, overall the planning documents in these regions remain inadequate. As such, resilience from a land-use planning perspective has not significantly improved. This is surprising in the context of major seismic events in New Zealand over the last decade that have caused considerable damage and loss of life. Future anticipated changes to the planning systems in the country provide opportunities for improvements to be included in documentation.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43357921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Engaging with Indigenous peoples is clearly on the agenda of natural hazard leaders in southern Australia, but there is very little research, policy or practical experience to support this work. Indeed, with a few important exceptions, natural hazard organisations and research institutions have had little engagement with Indigenous peoples, their organisations or research priorities or protocols. While there are substantial gaps in the research evidence, it is important to start identifying the issues at hand and consider what might be done in response. This paper provides a brief overview of the fraught relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Australia and some common misunderstandings. The paper includes specific suggestions for current research, policy and practice, noting that natural hazard agencies and research institutions are influential and closely related. It is clear there are challenges. However, changing practice is essential to foster more respectful terms between Indigenous peoples and Australia’s natural hazard and emergency management sector.
{"title":"Indigenous peoples and natural hazard research, policy and practice in southern temperate Australia: an agenda for change","authors":"B. Williamson, J. Weir","doi":"10.47389/36.4.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/36.4.62","url":null,"abstract":"Engaging with Indigenous peoples is clearly on the agenda of natural hazard leaders in southern Australia, but there is very little research, policy or practical experience to support this work. Indeed, with a few important exceptions, natural hazard organisations and research institutions have had little engagement with Indigenous peoples, their organisations or research priorities or protocols. While there are substantial gaps in the research evidence, it is important to start identifying the issues at hand and consider what might be done in response. This paper provides a brief overview of the fraught relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Australia and some common misunderstandings. The paper includes specific suggestions for current research, policy and practice, noting that natural hazard agencies and research institutions are influential and closely related. It is clear there are challenges. However, changing practice is essential to foster more respectful terms between Indigenous peoples and Australia’s natural hazard and emergency management sector.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48671879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every year, flash floods hit many cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia) leading to many injuries and deaths as well as a huge amount of damage to infrastructure. Risks of frequent flash floods have been linked to a lack of emergency planning. This paper presents a systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response currently in place in Saudi Arabia. Collected information was analysed based on the suitability of content and data for emergency planning in flash floods response. Aspects of the dominant approach of emergency planning and the community-based approach are examined and considered against applications in Saudi Arabia. A case study is used about flash floods in Jeddah in 2009 and 2011 to consider these approaches. This may be the first systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response in Saudi Arabia and shortcomings listed may lead to improvements in policy, planning and training, particularly given the scientific consensus of an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"A systematic review of the emergency planning for flash floods response in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Alrehaili","doi":"10.47389/36.4.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/36.4.82","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, flash floods hit many cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia) leading to many injuries and deaths as well as a huge amount of damage to infrastructure. Risks of frequent flash floods have been linked to a lack of emergency planning. This paper presents a systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response currently in place in Saudi Arabia. Collected information was analysed based on the suitability of content and data for emergency planning in flash floods response. Aspects of the dominant approach of emergency planning and the community-based approach are examined and considered against applications in Saudi Arabia. A case study is used about flash floods in Jeddah in 2009 and 2011 to consider these approaches. This may be the first systematic review of emergency planning for flash floods response in Saudi Arabia and shortcomings listed may lead to improvements in policy, planning and training, particularly given the scientific consensus of an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47402876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fires in underground mines may pose a challenge to fire and rescue personnel where the complex environment and multiple influences of a fire are poorly considered during pre-incident planning. A better knowledge of pre-incident planning in underground mines would improve the safety of personnel. This study on pre-incident planning in underground mines applied data from experiments, inventories and design fire studies. A number of questions were considered related to information sources, fire modelling, capturing complexity and using fire scenarios. When performing fire modelling, empirical models could be used to complement other modelling tools. The study found that for modelling of spatially extensive mine sections, the use of ventilation network-based mine fire simulations could be a better option. Using an analytical toolbox, an iterative testing of plans and an ongoing planning process, the pre-planning challenges for a mine can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to examine existing pre-incident planning and propose information sources, tools and specific actions for future plans.
{"title":"Pre-incident planning of fires in underground hard rock mines: old and new risks","authors":"R. Hansen","doi":"10.47389/36.4.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47389/36.4.68","url":null,"abstract":"Fires in underground mines may pose a challenge to fire and rescue personnel where the complex environment and multiple influences of a fire are poorly considered during pre-incident planning. A better knowledge of pre-incident planning in underground mines would improve the safety of personnel. This study on pre-incident planning in underground mines applied data from experiments, inventories and design fire studies. A number of questions were considered related to information sources, fire modelling, capturing complexity and using fire scenarios. When performing fire modelling, empirical models could be used to complement other modelling tools. The study found that for modelling of spatially extensive mine sections, the use of ventilation network-based mine fire simulations could be a better option. Using an analytical toolbox, an iterative testing of plans and an ongoing planning process, the pre-planning challenges for a mine can be mitigated. The purpose of this study was to examine existing pre-incident planning and propose information sources, tools and specific actions for future plans.","PeriodicalId":46191,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48497797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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