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National indifference and dynastic loyalty in comparative perspective: The demise of the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires revisited 比较视角下的民族冷漠与王朝忠诚:哈布斯堡与奥斯曼帝国的衰亡
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12755
Mario Maritan

The demise of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the First World War marked the end of centuries of multi-ethnic coexistence. To this day, outside the field of history, the perception of both empires is rooted in the idea of the inevitability of their demise, which, as the story goes, was due to the strength of nationalist movements and the intensity of inter-ethnic strife. The ‘orientalising’ of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire has been translated into current understandings of Central Europe, the Balkans and the Middle East and their politics. While ethnic clashes have characterised the histories of these regions in the 20th century and nationalisms still play a central role in their politics, from Hungary to Turkey, national indifference, dynastic loyalty and multi-ethnic coexistence had been central to the life of the multi-ethnic and multi-confessional Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

哈布斯堡王朝和奥斯曼帝国在第一次世界大战后的灭亡标志着几个世纪以来多民族共存的结束。直到今天,在历史领域之外,对这两个帝国的看法都植根于这样一种观念,即它们的灭亡是不可避免的,正如故事所说,这是由于民族主义运动的力量和种族间冲突的强度。哈布斯堡王朝和奥斯曼帝国的“东方化”已经转化为当前对中欧、巴尔干半岛和中东及其政治的理解。虽然种族冲突是这些地区在20世纪的历史特征,民族主义仍然在其政治中发挥着核心作用,但从匈牙利到土耳其,民族冷漠、王朝忠诚和多种族共存一直是多种族和多教派哈布斯堡和奥斯曼帝国生活的核心。
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引用次数: 0
Nostalgia for Japanese colonialism: Historical memory and postcolonialism in contemporary Taiwan 日本殖民主义的怀旧:当代台湾的历史记忆与后殖民主义
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12751
James Lin

Taiwan is unique among postcolonial societies today for a widespread social nostalgia for Japanese colonial rule. Contrasted with anti-Japanese sentiment in neighboring East Asian societies like South Korea and China, Taiwan seems to present a puzzling instance of “pro-colonial” nostalgia. This article discusses this phenomenon through reviewing recent scholarship of Japanese and Guomindang rule of Taiwan and Taiwanese postcolonialism. Nostalgia for Japanese colonialism in Taiwan emerged after the traumatic experiences of later Guomindang authoritarian rule and the politics of democratization and decolonization that followed the end of Guomindang martial law. While some of this social memory is shaped by a generation who lived through Japanese rule, much of the reshaping of Taiwan's historical memory is more complex than merely “pro-colonialism.” Colonial nostalgia reflects a historical memory shaped by contemporary social experiences of trauma, counterhegemony, and postcolonial agency.

在当今的后殖民社会中,台湾是独一无二的,因为社会普遍怀念日本殖民统治。与韩国和中国等东亚邻国的反日情绪相比,台湾似乎呈现出一种令人费解的“亲殖民”怀旧情绪。本文通过对近年来日本、国民党对台统治和台湾后殖民主义研究的回顾来探讨这一现象。台湾对日本殖民主义的怀旧情绪出现在后来国民党独裁统治的创伤经历和国民党戒严令结束后的民主化和去殖民化政治之后。虽然这种社会记忆的一部分是由经历过日本统治的一代人塑造的,但台湾历史记忆的重塑,在很大程度上要比“亲殖民主义”更为复杂。殖民怀旧反映了一种由当代创伤、反霸权和后殖民代理的社会经验所塑造的历史记忆。
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引用次数: 1
Toxic remedies: Poisons and medicine in Eurasian history 有毒药物:欧亚历史上的毒药和药物
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12752
David Arnold

Histories of medicine are conventionally confined to one geographical region and assume a sharp distinction between medicines and poisons. Recent scholarship, however, has created very different perspectives. Medico-toxic substances were highly mobile commodities that often breached any clear distinction between what kills and what heals. The investigation of poisons could be innovative and integral to the ways in which medicines were conceived and deployed. The search for ‘potent’ remedies, but also for poison antidotes and elixirs, fostered a transregional quest for new ‘wonder drugs’ and the means of ‘taming’ or mastering their toxicity. Further, there is much to be gained by looking at developments from a trans-Eurasian perspective and, rather than imagining discrete ‘systems’ of medicine, exploring patterns of commonality and exchange, as well as divergence, between constituent regions and over an extended period of time.

医学史通常局限于一个地理区域,并对药物和毒药有明显的区分。然而,最近的学术研究创造了非常不同的观点。医用毒性物质是高度流动的商品,往往破坏了杀伤和治疗之间的任何明确区分。对毒物的调查可以成为构思和使用药物的创新和不可或缺的一部分。对“有效”疗法的探索,以及对解毒剂和长生不老药的探索,促进了对新的“特效药”和“驯服”或控制其毒性的方法的跨区域探索。此外,从跨欧亚的角度看待发展,而不是想象离散的医学“系统”,而是探索组成区域之间和较长时间内的共性和交流以及分歧的模式,可以获得很多好处。
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引用次数: 0
U.S. citizenships and American identities: Examining methods of belonging in North America 美国公民身份和美国人身份:审视在北美归属的方法
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12749
Kris Klein Hernández
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引用次数: 0
The crisis of the postcolonial nation‐state and the emergence of alternative forms of statehood in the Horn of Africa 后殖民民族国家的危机和非洲之角其他国家形式的出现
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12750
N. Matshanda
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引用次数: 0
Patricia Crone and the “secular tradition” of early Islamic historiography: An exegesis 帕特里夏·克罗内与早期伊斯兰史学的“世俗传统”:一个注释
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12747
J. J. Little

Patricia Crone famously identified three distinct sub-traditions within early Islamic historiography: a “religious tradition”, a “tribal tradition”, and a “secular tradition”. Whereas the first is extremely unreliable and the second is partially unreliable regarding early Islamic history in general (c. 600–750 CE), Crone argued that the third provides “a coherent historical account”, at least as far back as the beginning of the Umayyad period (c. 661 CE). Some confusion has since arisen over the identity of this “secular tradition” (thanks to Crone's famously terse and technical style), but a close examination of her work reveals that she had in mind state-oriented chronology and prosopography (i.e., basic political information on early Muslim caliphs, governors, judges, and commanders) or proto-taʾrīkh. Crone argued that this material (which mostly survives intermingled with the religious and tribal traditions in extant Islamic literary sources) derives via continuous written transmission from rudimentary state-oriented chronicles and prosopographies composed by pro-Marwanid Muslim writers in eighth-century Syria. Although these proto-tawārīkh are now lost, Crone argued that their eighth-century existence can be inferred from contemporaneous references thereto in extant Christian chronicles—a conclusion strengthened by more recent scholarship. For this reason, the “secular tradition” is substantially more reliable than the other traditions within early Islamic historiography, which underwent a protracted process of oral transmission and consequent mutation, distortion, and growth.

帕特丽夏·克罗恩(Patricia Crone)在早期伊斯兰史学中提出了三个不同的子传统:“宗教传统”、“部落传统”和“世俗传统”。第一个是极其不可靠的,第二个是部分不可靠的,关于早期伊斯兰教的历史(公元600-750年),Crone认为第三个提供了“一个连贯的历史描述”,至少可以追溯到倭马亚王朝(公元661年)的开始。从那以后,人们对这种“世俗传统”的身份产生了一些困惑(多亏了克劳恩著名的简洁和技术风格),但仔细研究她的作品就会发现,她的思想是以国家为导向的年表和编年史(即早期穆斯林哈里发、统治者、法官和指挥官的基本政治信息)或原始的塔·塔·r·赫。克罗内认为,这些材料(在现存的伊斯兰文学来源中,大部分与宗教和部落传统混在一起幸存下来)来自于8世纪叙利亚亲马尔瓦尼穆斯林作家撰写的以国家为主导的基本编年史和预言书,是通过不断的书面传播得来的。虽然这些proto-tawārīkh现在已经丢失了,但克罗内认为,它们在八世纪的存在可以从现存的基督教编年史中同时代的文献中推断出来,这一结论得到了最近的学术研究的加强。由于这个原因,在早期伊斯兰史学中,“世俗传统”实质上比其他传统更可靠,后者经历了一个漫长的口头传播和随后的突变、扭曲和成长过程。
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引用次数: 0
Liberalism's distinctive policy for governing Muslim populations: Human rights, religious reform, and counter-terrorism from the colonial era until the present 自由主义统治穆斯林人口的独特政策:从殖民时代到现在的人权、宗教改革和反恐
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12748
Aria Nakissa

During the colonial era, liberal Western states established vast empires which came to encompass almost all of the world's Muslims. Western states worked out specific methods for governing Muslims, which were often referred to as “Muslim policy”. Recent scholarship on Muslim policy exhibits several key trends. One is expansion of geographical scope, leading scholars to produce more comprehensive global accounts of Muslim policy. Another trend is expansion of temporal scope, leading scholars to systematically link colonial Muslim policy with the governance of Muslims in the post-colonial era. A final trend is the reevaluation of liberal governance. Accordingly, scholars argue that, contrary to conventional assumptions, liberal ideology allows for - or even encourages - imperialism, authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, and racism. The present article makes several new contributions. It provides a synthesis of recent studies on Muslim policy - giving special attention to the key trends mentioned above. Moreover, the article proposes a novel way of conceptualizing Muslim policy. It is argued that Muslim policy centers on three overlapping projects: (1) a “human rights” project (2) a “religious reform” project and (3) a security project akin to what is now known as “counter-terrorism”. Finally, the article argues that liberals created Muslim policy in the colonial era, and continue to champion it in the post-colonial era. As such, it may be regarded as a distinctive long-standing liberal policy for governing Muslim populations.

在殖民时代,自由的西方国家建立了庞大的帝国,几乎涵盖了世界上所有的穆斯林。西方国家制定了具体的方法来管理穆斯林,这通常被称为“穆斯林政策”。最近关于穆斯林政策的学术研究显示了几个关键趋势。一个是地理范围的扩大,导致学者们对穆斯林政策做出更全面的全球描述。另一个趋势是时间范围的扩大,导致学者们系统地将殖民时期的穆斯林政策与后殖民时代的穆斯林治理联系起来。最后一个趋势是对自由主义治理的重新评估。因此,学者们认为,与传统的假设相反,自由主义意识形态允许——甚至鼓励——帝国主义、威权主义、种族中心主义和种族主义。本文作了一些新的贡献。它综合了最近关于穆斯林政策的研究,特别关注上述主要趋势。此外,本文还提出了一种对穆斯林政策进行概念化的新思路。有人认为,穆斯林政策以三个重叠的项目为中心:(1)“人权”项目;(2)“宗教改革”项目;(3)类似于现在所称的“反恐”的安全项目。最后,文章认为,自由主义者在殖民时代制定了穆斯林政策,并在后殖民时代继续捍卫这一政策。因此,它可能被视为一项独特的长期自由主义政策,用于治理穆斯林人口。
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引用次数: 1
Indian Ocean studies and saintly materials from the Islamic East 印度洋研究和来自伊斯兰东方的神圣材料
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12744
Teren Sevea
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引用次数: 0
The Gujarati archive in Tanzania 坦桑尼亚的古吉拉特档案馆
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-07-02 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12745
Iqbal S. Akhtar

The South Asian presence in East Africa has roots in antiquity through oceanic trade routes linking the Subcontinent to Africa. Existing paper archives date to the colonial period, held both by the government and various communities. Only the most recent sliver of more than two millennia of history is therefore recorded on paper. Of that, most of the academic (Hofmeyr) work done on the Asian minority in East Africa has used colonial era archives in European languages, such as German and English. The voices of Asian merchant communities are rarely heard in their own language and context. Their texts are either totally absent from analysis or dismissed as religious and not addressing the “interesting” historical questions of power (economic, political, and social) that dominate academic historical research on the region.

南亚人在东非的存在可以追溯到古代,通过连接次大陆和非洲的海洋贸易路线。现存的纸质档案可以追溯到殖民时期,由政府和各个社区持有。因此,在两千多年的历史中,只有最近的片段被记录在纸上。其中,大多数关于东非亚洲少数民族的学术(霍夫迈尔)工作都使用了殖民时期的欧洲语言档案,如德语和英语。亚洲商人社区的声音在他们自己的语言和背景下很少被听到。他们的文本要么完全缺席分析,要么被视为宗教,而不是解决主导该地区学术历史研究的“有趣的”权力历史问题(经济、政治和社会)。
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引用次数: 0
A political turn? New developments in Indian constitutional histories 政治转折?印度宪法史的新发展
IF 0.4 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12746
A. Elangovan
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引用次数: 0
期刊
History Compass
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