{"title":"Human Agency and International History","authors":"M. Leffler","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhad003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82521110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality","authors":"Tyson Reeder","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhad005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88062049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Probably this treaty stands alone in the history of diplomacy, as an important treaty conceived, initiated, prosecuted and completed, without being preceded or attended by protocols or despatches,” declared U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward after he arranged the purchase of Russian America (Alaska).1 The treaty had indeed been negotiated in a highly unconventional manner. Seward and the Russian minister in Washington, Eduard Stoeckl, worked out the terms swiftly and almost alone.2 Stoeckl’s written instructions from his government were only a few pages long. Seward, who received no formal directive at all, merely consulted briefly with U.S. President Andrew Johnson before going ahead.3 No detailed records were kept by either side. Despite this lack of primary source material on the negotiation itself, historians have been able to analyze most of the issues involved, particularly the two key questions: why Russian Tsar Alexander II and his advisers wanted to dispose of the territory and why the United States decided to acquire it.4 The broad consensus is that the Russians were increasingly anxious to be rid of their only overseas colony, seeing it as more of a geopolitical and economic liability than an asset, while Seward viewed acquisition as a way to strengthen his country’s position on the Pacific coast. Both sides wanted to discomfit their mutual adversary, the United Kingdom, by placing the colony of British Columbia between two large stretches of U.S. soil. Seward, who was bent on further expansion, hoped that the purchase would induce the colonists to join the United States.5
美国国务卿威廉·亨利·苏厄德(William Henry Seward)在安排购买俄属美国(阿拉斯加)后宣称:“可能这个条约在外交史上是独一无二的，作为一个重要的条约，它的构思、发起、执行和完成都没有任何协议或文件。该条约确实是以一种极不寻常的方式进行谈判的。苏厄德和俄罗斯驻华盛顿大使爱德华·斯托克尔(edward Stoeckl)迅速地、几乎是单独地制定了这些条款斯托克尔政府给他的书面指示只有几页长。苏厄德根本没有收到任何正式的指示，他只是在行动之前与美国总统安德鲁·约翰逊进行了简短的磋商双方都没有保留详细的记录。尽管缺乏谈判本身的原始资料，但历史学家已经能够分析所涉及的大多数问题，特别是两个关键问题:为什么俄罗斯沙皇亚历山大二世和他的顾问想要处理这片领土，以及为什么美国决定获得它普遍的共识是，俄罗斯人越来越急于摆脱他们唯一的海外殖民地，与其说它是一种资产，不如说是一种地缘政治和经济负担，而苏厄德则将收购视为加强俄罗斯在太平洋沿岸地位的一种方式。双方都希望通过将英属哥伦比亚的殖民地置于两大块美国领土之间来扰乱他们的共同对手英国。西沃德一心要进一步扩张，他希望这次收购能促使殖民者加入美国
{"title":"Dividing the Northern World: The Arctic and the Alaska Purchase","authors":"Janice Cavell","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhac094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac094","url":null,"abstract":"“Probably this treaty stands alone in the history of diplomacy, as an important treaty conceived, initiated, prosecuted and completed, without being preceded or attended by protocols or despatches,” declared U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward after he arranged the purchase of Russian America (Alaska).1 The treaty had indeed been negotiated in a highly unconventional manner. Seward and the Russian minister in Washington, Eduard Stoeckl, worked out the terms swiftly and almost alone.2 Stoeckl’s written instructions from his government were only a few pages long. Seward, who received no formal directive at all, merely consulted briefly with U.S. President Andrew Johnson before going ahead.3 No detailed records were kept by either side. Despite this lack of primary source material on the negotiation itself, historians have been able to analyze most of the issues involved, particularly the two key questions: why Russian Tsar Alexander II and his advisers wanted to dispose of the territory and why the United States decided to acquire it.4 The broad consensus is that the Russians were increasingly anxious to be rid of their only overseas colony, seeing it as more of a geopolitical and economic liability than an asset, while Seward viewed acquisition as a way to strengthen his country’s position on the Pacific coast. Both sides wanted to discomfit their mutual adversary, the United Kingdom, by placing the colony of British Columbia between two large stretches of U.S. soil. Seward, who was bent on further expansion, hoped that the purchase would induce the colonists to join the United States.5","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A self-proclaimed exponent of realism, political scientist John Mearsheimer has become notorious for blaming the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the United States and its Western European allies. According to Mearsheimer’s argument, talk of expanding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) into Ukraine posed an existential threat to Russia. Western influence undermined Moscow’s ability to control this vast territory close to its borders. Russian President Vladimir Putin could not allow U.S. weapons and aid in his backyard, just as the United States has not accepted similar foreign interventions in the Western Hemisphere. “This is the way great powers behave,” Mearsheimer explains. Realism as a theory allows observers to see beyond idealistic hopes for equality and humanism, turning attention to the self-interested behaviors of powerful actors, especially when their security is threatened. Putin is acting as a realist in Ukraine, according to Mearsheimer, while the United States and its Western allies are not.1
{"title":"Realism and Empire","authors":"Jeremi Suri","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhac099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac099","url":null,"abstract":"A self-proclaimed exponent of realism, political scientist John Mearsheimer has become notorious for blaming the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the United States and its Western European allies. According to Mearsheimer’s argument, talk of expanding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) into Ukraine posed an existential threat to Russia. Western influence undermined Moscow’s ability to control this vast territory close to its borders. Russian President Vladimir Putin could not allow U.S. weapons and aid in his backyard, just as the United States has not accepted similar foreign interventions in the Western Hemisphere. “This is the way great powers behave,” Mearsheimer explains. Realism as a theory allows observers to see beyond idealistic hopes for equality and humanism, turning attention to the self-interested behaviors of powerful actors, especially when their security is threatened. Putin is acting as a realist in Ukraine, according to Mearsheimer, while the United States and its Western allies are not.1","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135276886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Politics of Beauty: Modernization, Comparativism, and the Empress of Iran","authors":"Perin E. Gürel","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhac086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89475824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: A Human Rights Catalyst","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/dh/dhac087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46665,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatic History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79780297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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