Dental caries and periodontal diseases are amongst the most common non-communicable diseases globally 1. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), more than 3.5 billion individuals suffer from one of the many oral diseases, with an economic burden exceeding a total of $387 in both public and private health sectors2. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 60-75% of pregnant women suffer from gingivitis, which is mainly due to already poor oral health and hormonal changes3.
龋齿和牙周病是全球最常见的非传染性疾病1。据世界卫生组织（WHO）统计，超过 35 亿人患有多种口腔疾病之一，公共和私人卫生部门的经济负担总计超过 387 美元2。根据美国疾病控制和预防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）的数据，60%-75% 的孕妇患有牙龈炎，这主要是由于她们的口腔健康状况本来就很差，再加上荷尔蒙的变化3。
{"title":"Importance of Preventive Dental Care During Antenatal Period in Pregnant Women: A Pakistani Perspective","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/023","url":null,"abstract":"Dental caries and periodontal diseases are amongst the most common non-communicable diseases globally 1. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), more than 3.5 billion individuals suffer from one of the many oral diseases, with an economic burden exceeding a total of $387 in both public and private health sectors2. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 60-75% of pregnant women suffer from gingivitis, which is mainly due to already poor oral health and hormonal changes3.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Clinical skills laboratory offers great potential for undergraduate medical education by introducing the students to innovative teaching and learning strategies that efficiently fill the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice. Our study aimed to assess the initial perceptions and experiences of medical students for the newly established clinical skills laboratory at FRPMC. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at FRPMC, with 100 medical students of the first-year M.B.B.S. participating in this study. During the academic year, study participants attended six modules from Feb to Dec 2020. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given to each student at the end of the module. Data has been reported as Mean ± SD and an internal consistency evaluation form for each variable was calculated. Results: A total of 100 students participated in the study, 90% of the study participants agreed that their overall skill lab experience of training in the skills lab was satisfactory. 68% of respondents felt that instructors play an important role in organizing and structuring the course material, and 58 to 61% said that the clinical skills training simulates a hospital setting where practicing on real patients would take place. The pre-reading materials and instructions should be provided in advance, according to 64% of students. Conclusion Students’ perceptions and experiences of teaching clinical skills were generally positive. Students showed overall satisfaction over the motivational conducive environment, content taught, gaining confidence, learning procedural skills, and adequacy of the educational equipment for learners in the newly established CSL at FRPMC.
{"title":"Students’ perception of Simulation-based learning in Clinical Skills Lab: A One-year institutional experience at Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clinical skills laboratory offers great potential for undergraduate medical education by introducing the students to innovative teaching and learning strategies that efficiently fill the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice. Our study aimed to assess the initial perceptions and experiences of medical students for the newly established clinical skills laboratory at FRPMC.\u0000\u0000Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at FRPMC, with 100 medical students of the first-year M.B.B.S. participating in this study. During the academic year, study participants attended six modules from Feb to Dec 2020. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given to each student at the end of the module. Data has been reported as Mean ± SD and an internal consistency evaluation form for each variable was calculated.\u0000\u0000Results: A total of 100 students participated in the study, 90% of the study participants agreed that their overall skill lab experience of training in the skills lab was satisfactory. 68% of respondents felt that instructors play an important role in organizing and structuring the course material, and 58 to 61% said that the clinical skills training simulates a hospital setting where practicing on real patients would take place. The pre-reading materials and instructions should be provided in advance, according to 64% of students.\u0000\u0000Conclusion Students’ perceptions and experiences of teaching clinical skills were generally positive. Students showed overall satisfaction over the motivational conducive environment, content taught, gaining confidence, learning procedural skills, and adequacy of the educational equipment for learners in the newly established CSL at FRPMC.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"142 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health challenge globally. Hemodialysis, the primary treatment for CKD, not only sustains lives but also increases the risk of disease transmission, particularly hepatitis C (HCV), with a 48.9% seroconversion rate. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to HCV seroconversion of hemodialysis patients in Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three dialysis units within tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, from June 2022 to June 2023. A total of 141 patients aged between 18 and 65, of any gender, undergoing chronic hemodialysis for a minimum of 6 months, demonstrating good adherence, and possessing comprehensive serological data for HCV (baseline test and follow-up screening) were included. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27 and a comparison between baseline characteristics and risk factors with seroconversion of HCV was done using independent samples t-test/Chi-square test. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The patients had a mean age of 33.30±8.04 years. Seroconversion occurred in 14.9% of cases, with 21% testing positive for HCV on PCR. Notably, a higher prevalence of blood transfusion history (p=0.002), surgery history (p=0.001), a family history of HCV (p=0.001), dialysis at multiple centers (p=0.001), and initiating dialysis with an arteriovenous fistula (p=0.015) was observed among HCV-positive patients who underwent seroconversion, in comparison to those who remained HCV-negative. Conclusion: A history of blood transfusion and surgery, a family history of HCV, dialysis at multiple centers, and initiation of dialysis with arteriovenous fistula are notable predictors for seroconverted positive HCV patients.
{"title":"Predictors of Seroconversion of Hepatitis-C Virus in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/012","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health challenge globally. Hemodialysis, the primary treatment for CKD, not only sustains lives but also increases the risk of disease transmission, particularly hepatitis C (HCV), with a 48.9% seroconversion rate. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to HCV seroconversion of hemodialysis patients in Karachi.\u0000\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three dialysis units within tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, from June 2022 to June 2023. A total of 141 patients aged between 18 and 65, of any gender, undergoing chronic hemodialysis for a minimum of 6 months, demonstrating good adherence, and possessing comprehensive serological data for HCV (baseline test and follow-up screening) were included. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27 and a comparison between baseline characteristics and risk factors with seroconversion of HCV was done using independent samples t-test/Chi-square test. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000Results: The patients had a mean age of 33.30±8.04 years. Seroconversion occurred in 14.9% of cases, with 21% testing positive for HCV on PCR. Notably, a higher prevalence of blood transfusion history (p=0.002), surgery history (p=0.001), a family history of HCV (p=0.001), dialysis at multiple centers (p=0.001), and initiating dialysis with an arteriovenous fistula (p=0.015) was observed among HCV-positive patients who underwent seroconversion, in comparison to those who remained HCV-negative.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: A history of blood transfusion and surgery, a family history of HCV, dialysis at multiple centers, and initiation of dialysis with arteriovenous fistula are notable predictors for seroconverted positive HCV patients.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) can cause hematological abnormalities that can further exacerbate the existing morbidity in newborns. This study aimed to investigate neonatal hematological abnormalities associated with maternal pre-eclampsia at the time of birth. Methods: This cross-sectional was conducted from January 2023 to July 2023, involving 122 neonates born at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sohail Trust Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. It analyzed neonates of either gender, aged from birth to 24 hours of life, and born to pre-eclamptic mothers, and their demographic details were recorded. At delivery, 2 ml of umbilical venous blood was collected by a trained pediatric nurse and then sent to the institutional laboratory. Hematological changes like leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia were noted. To assess the influence of various factors on hematological outcomes, chi-square tests were applied, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05. Results: In a total of 122 neonates, the mean age was 8.14±6.49 hours. The mean gestational age was 38.87±3.15 weeks. There were 68 (55.7%) neonates who were male. Low birth weight (LBW) was less than 2500 grams in 45 (36.9%) newborns. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and neutropenia were identified in 32 (26.2%), 25 (20.5%), and 23 (18.9%) neonates respectively. Stratification of leukopenia concerning study variables revealed that gestational age and LBW had a significant association (p=0.0036, p=0.0072) with leukopenia. Moreover, neutropenia also had an association with LBW (p<0.0001). Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of early hematological screening for neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers to facilitate timely diagnosis and care.
{"title":"Neonatal Hematological Abnormalities Associated with Maternal Pre-eclampsia at Birth","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) can cause hematological abnormalities that can further exacerbate the existing morbidity in newborns. This study aimed to investigate neonatal hematological abnormalities associated with maternal pre-eclampsia at the time of birth.\u0000\u0000Methods: This cross-sectional was conducted from January 2023 to July 2023, involving 122 neonates born at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sohail Trust Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. It analyzed neonates of either gender, aged from birth to 24 hours of life, and born to pre-eclamptic mothers, and their demographic details were recorded. At delivery, 2 ml of umbilical venous blood was collected by a trained pediatric nurse and then sent to the institutional laboratory. Hematological changes like leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia were noted. To assess the influence of various factors on hematological outcomes, chi-square tests were applied, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05.\u0000\u0000Results: In a total of 122 neonates, the mean age was 8.14±6.49 hours. The mean gestational age was 38.87±3.15 weeks. There were 68 (55.7%) neonates who were male. Low birth weight (LBW) was less than 2500 grams in 45 (36.9%) newborns. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and neutropenia were identified in 32 (26.2%), 25 (20.5%), and 23 (18.9%) neonates respectively. Stratification of leukopenia concerning study variables revealed that gestational age and LBW had a significant association (p=0.0036, p=0.0072) with leukopenia. Moreover, neutropenia also had an association with LBW (p<0.0001).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of early hematological screening for neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers to facilitate timely diagnosis and care.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Work-life balance (WLB) is a multifaceted and contemporary phenomenon where individuals strive to attain balance among their personal, professional, and social domains. Unfortunately, it hasn’t received significant consideration. This study aimed to investigate and comprehend the impact of demographics on WLB and work satisfaction amongst medical and dental professionals. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was performed between medical and dental professionals in Karachi from January to March 2023. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, work details, work satisfaction-related questions, and psychological and support questions, which were evaluated using a 3-point Likert scale. Analysis was done using SPSS software version 26 with p<0.05. The chi-square test and Pearson correlation test were employed to observe the association pattern. Results: A total of 383 out of 385 responses (99.4%) were included in the study. Females constituted 51.3% and males made up 48.7% of the sample. Of those, who belonged to the dental department 71% and 29% belonged to the medical department. In this sample, variables such as marital status (p=0.044), department (p<0.001), and dependents (p=0.010) were found to be significant with WLB score. In contrast, gender (p=0.032), marital status (p=0.022), and dependents (p<0.001) were significant with work satisfaction scores. Conclusion: A notable correlation was observed between demographics and work-life balance score (WLB). Institutions are encouraged to prioritize initiatives that increase awareness among their staff and nurture a stress-free environment to enhance well-being, contributing to individual satisfaction and organizational growth.
{"title":"Analyzing Professional Well-being: The Intersection of Demographics, Work-Life Balance and Job Satisfaction","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/016","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Work-life balance (WLB) is a multifaceted and contemporary phenomenon where individuals strive to attain balance among their personal, professional, and social domains. Unfortunately, it hasn’t received significant consideration. This study aimed to investigate and comprehend the impact of demographics on WLB and work satisfaction amongst medical and dental professionals.\u0000\u0000Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was performed between medical and dental professionals in Karachi from January to March 2023. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, work details, work satisfaction-related questions, and psychological and support questions, which were evaluated using a 3-point Likert scale. Analysis was done using SPSS software version 26 with p<0.05. The chi-square test and Pearson correlation test were employed to observe the association pattern.\u0000\u0000Results: A total of 383 out of 385 responses (99.4%) were included in the study. Females constituted 51.3% and males made up 48.7% of the sample. Of those, who belonged to the dental department 71% and 29% belonged to the medical department. In this sample, variables such as marital status (p=0.044), department (p<0.001), and dependents (p=0.010) were found to be significant with WLB score. In contrast, gender (p=0.032), marital status (p=0.022), and dependents (p<0.001) were significant with work satisfaction scores.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: A notable correlation was observed between demographics and work-life balance score (WLB). Institutions are encouraged to prioritize initiatives that increase awareness among their staff and nurture a stress-free environment to enhance well-being, contributing to individual satisfaction and organizational growth.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Adenomyosis is an important benign gynecological condition among females with variable signs and symptoms. Prompt detection of suspicious cases is important for the effective management of the disease. The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency of adenomyosis on transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), its diagnostic accuracy, and the identification of associated factors in women with symptoms of adenomyosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the radiology department of Dow University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January 2022 to March 2023. All married females of reproductive age group presented with symptoms of adenomyosis for more than 7 days were included. Adenomyosis on TVS and histopathology were noted. Moreover, associated factors of adenomyosis were also studied. Results: Of 280 patients, adenomyosis on TVS was observed in 180 (64.3%) patients whereas on histopathology in 176 (62.9%) patients. Diagnostic accuracy of adenomyosis on TVS showed that sensitivity was 89.20%, specificity 77.88%, positive predicted value 87.22%, negative predicted value 81.00%, and accuracy was found to be 85.00%. A significantly higher proportion of adenomyosis was observed among women who had infertility (p<0.001), symptoms of dysmenorrhea (p <0.001), dyspareunia (p<0.002), urinary symptoms (p <0.001), and GI symptoms (p<0.001). Conclusion: TVS is a valuable imaging modality for identifying adenomyosis, especially in patients with clinical symptoms. Furthermore, there is a significant association between adenomyosis and various clinical symptoms, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
{"title":"Evaluating Adenomyosis with Transvaginal Sonography: Diagnostic Precision and Clinical Relevance","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/006","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adenomyosis is an important benign gynecological condition among females with variable signs and symptoms. Prompt detection of suspicious cases is important for the effective management of the disease. The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency of adenomyosis on transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), its diagnostic accuracy, and the identification of associated factors in women with symptoms of adenomyosis.\u0000\u0000Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the radiology department of Dow University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January 2022 to March 2023. All married females of reproductive age group presented with symptoms of adenomyosis for more than 7 days were included. Adenomyosis on TVS and histopathology were noted. Moreover, associated factors of adenomyosis were also studied.\u0000\u0000Results: Of 280 patients, adenomyosis on TVS was observed in 180 (64.3%) patients whereas on histopathology in 176 (62.9%) patients. Diagnostic accuracy of adenomyosis on TVS showed that sensitivity was 89.20%, specificity 77.88%, positive predicted value 87.22%, negative predicted value 81.00%, and accuracy was found to be 85.00%. A significantly higher proportion of adenomyosis was observed among women who had infertility (p<0.001), symptoms of dysmenorrhea (p <0.001), dyspareunia (p<0.002), urinary symptoms (p <0.001), and GI symptoms (p<0.001).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: TVS is a valuable imaging modality for identifying adenomyosis, especially in patients with clinical symptoms. Furthermore, there is a significant association between adenomyosis and various clinical symptoms, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"119 2-3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frontotemporal dementia is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous group of disorders with two main phenotypes; the commoner being a disorder of behavior and function. This dementia is most common before age 60 with more than half being seen in the age range 45-65 years. We report the case of a 27-year-old gentleman who presented with behavioral & personality changes 2 years before his presentation in our clinic. A neurological examination revealed a restless patient with gibberish speech and a positive snout reflex. The rest of the examination was non-focal. MRI brain showed significant atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes with intact parietal and occipital cortex. Based on clinical and radiological findings, we made the diagnosis of Frontotemporal dementia. Our case emphasizes the need to differentiate young-onset dementia from primary psychiatric disorders which are relatively more common at a young age.
{"title":"A Rare Cause of Dementia in a Young Adult – A Case Report","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/019","url":null,"abstract":"Frontotemporal dementia is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous group of disorders with two main phenotypes; the commoner being a disorder of behavior and function. This dementia is most common before age 60 with more than half being seen in the age range 45-65 years. We report the case of a 27-year-old gentleman who presented with behavioral & personality changes 2 years before his presentation in our clinic. A neurological examination revealed a restless patient with gibberish speech and a positive snout reflex. The rest of the examination was non-focal. MRI brain showed significant atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes with intact parietal and occipital cortex. Based on clinical and radiological findings, we made the diagnosis of Frontotemporal dementia. Our case emphasizes the need to differentiate young-onset dementia from primary psychiatric disorders which are relatively more common at a young age.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monkeypox is a DNA virus that belongs to the family of smallpox, with an incubation period of seven to 14 days and may last up to 21 days. The Virus replicates on reaching the host cells, from where it spreads to lymph nodes and then to distant organs. The symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, and mucocutaneous lesions. The infection does not spread during the incubation period but may spread on being symptomatic to drying of scabs. Smallpox vaccination protects against monkeypox but its vaccination has been developed. An outbreak of pox appeared and spread rapidly across Europe, America, and then to all six continents.
猴痘是一种 DNA 病毒，属于天花病毒科，潜伏期为 7 至 14 天，最长可达 21 天。病毒到达宿主细胞后进行复制，从那里扩散到淋巴结，然后扩散到远处的器官。症状包括发热、淋巴结肿大和粘膜病变。感染在潜伏期内不会扩散，但有症状时可能会扩散到结痂干燥处。接种天花疫苗可预防猴痘，但猴痘疫苗已经研制成功。痘疹爆发后迅速蔓延到欧洲、美洲，然后扩散到六大洲。
{"title":"Emerging Threat: Monkeypox Virus - Unraveling the Challenges and Preparedness","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/001","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox is a DNA virus that belongs to the family of smallpox, with an incubation period of seven to 14 days and may last up to 21 days. The Virus replicates on reaching the host cells, from where it spreads to lymph nodes and then to distant organs. The symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, and mucocutaneous lesions. The infection does not spread during the incubation period but may spread on being symptomatic to drying of scabs. Smallpox vaccination protects against monkeypox but its vaccination has been developed. An outbreak of pox appeared and spread rapidly across Europe, America, and then to all six continents.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"4 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Acne vulgaris is described as a chronic skin disease involving blockage and inflammation of pilosebaceous units. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of acne and its association with stress in female students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at Rawalpindi Medical University. The study included female medical students of all five years of MBBS excluding lactating and pregnant females and the ones who were diagnosed with skin disorders other than acne. The sample size was 271. A questionnaire consisting of PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and GAGS (Global Acne Grading System) was used. Data was analyzed by using SPSS and basic statistics and Spearman correlation were applied. Results: In this study, it was found that out of a total of 271 students, 138(50.9%) students didn’t have acne, and 133(49%) did have Acne. Out of a total of 271 students, 19 (7%) students had low stress, 204 students (75.3%) had moderate stress, and 48 students (17.7%) had high perceived stress. Out of 133 who were found to have acne, 87(32.1%) of the participants had mild acne, 36(13.3%) had moderate acne, 9(3.3%) had severe acne, and 1(0.4%) had very severe acne. An increase in stress severity was moderately correlated (r=0.393) with an increase in acne severity which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Almost half of the study population was found to have Acne. A positive correlation has been found between stress and acne indicating stress as one of the causative factors of acne.
{"title":"Prevalence of Acne and its Association with Stress in Female Medical Students","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/013","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acne vulgaris is described as a chronic skin disease involving blockage and inflammation of pilosebaceous units. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of acne and its association with stress in female students.\u0000\u0000Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at Rawalpindi Medical University. The study included female medical students of all five years of MBBS excluding lactating and pregnant females and the ones who were diagnosed with skin disorders other than acne. The sample size was 271. A questionnaire consisting of PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and GAGS (Global Acne Grading System) was used. Data was analyzed by using SPSS and basic statistics and Spearman correlation were applied.\u0000\u0000Results: In this study, it was found that out of a total of 271 students, 138(50.9%) students didn’t have acne, and 133(49%) did have Acne. Out of a total of 271 students, 19 (7%) students had low stress, 204 students (75.3%) had moderate stress, and 48 students (17.7%) had high perceived stress. Out of 133 who were found to have acne, 87(32.1%) of the participants had mild acne, 36(13.3%) had moderate acne, 9(3.3%) had severe acne, and 1(0.4%) had very severe acne. An increase in stress severity was moderately correlated (r=0.393) with an increase in acne severity which was not statistically significant (p>0.05).\u0000\u0000Conclusions: Almost half of the study population was found to have Acne. A positive correlation has been found between stress and acne indicating stress as one of the causative factors of acne.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"174 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects millions of people globally. Medication, diet, and exercise can help manage the disease; however, recent breakthroughs in diabetes remission research bring hope for those living with the disease, paving the way for a new era in diabetes care with the potential for remission.
{"title":"A New Era in Diabetes Treatment: Innovations Towards Remission","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd13-1/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd13-1/002","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects millions of people globally. Medication, diet, and exercise can help manage the disease; however, recent breakthroughs in diabetes remission research bring hope for those living with the disease, paving the way for a new era in diabetes care with the potential for remission.","PeriodicalId":471597,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of medicine and dentistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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