Wade C Rowatt, Shawn Latendresse, Blake Victor Kent, Thomas A Fergus, Erica T Warner, Jordan Marr, Yvette C Cozier, Alka M Kanaya, A Heather Eliassen, Martha L Daviglus, Shelley A Cole, Jorge E Chavarro, Kenneth I Pargament, Alexandra E Shields
Objective: This paper details psychometric analyses of religion and spirituality (R/S) measures in a diverse sample of U.S. adults in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health (SSSH).
Methods: Participants (n = 16,372) completed the SSSH Baseline Survey which assessed a broad range of R/S practices, beliefs, and experiences. The survey was administered in six NIH-funded cohort studies. Four cohorts were homogeneous regarding participant race/ethnicity: Black, South Asian, American Indian, or Hispanic/Latino. Two cohorts included predominantly White participants. Given our goal of identifying a robust, parsimonious set of R/S measures for common use in U.S. cohort studies, we analyzed the structure of individual R/S items in a combined sample and disregarded whether items were part of a pre-existing scale.
Results: An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of 60 R/S items in a randomly selected half of the sample (n1=8,186) revealed nine R/S dimensions; four were robust to retention criteria. The four remaining R/S dimensions were Positive Religion/Spiritualty and Coping, Negative Religious Coping/Spiritual Struggle, Spirituality as Meaning-Purpose-Connection, and Non-Theistic Daily Spiritual Experiences. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of 41 retained items conducted in the second half of the sample (n2=8,186) demonstrated that a correlated 4-factor model fit better than a unidimensional model or orthogonal (uncorrelated) 4-factor model.
Conclusions: Future work is needed to confirm this model in other datasets, to demonstrate the external validity of these core R/S constructs in relation to a range of outcomes, and to finalize a robust but efficient set of R/S measures for use in U.S. cohort studies.
{"title":"The Structure of Religion and Spirituality in a Diverse Sample of Adults in the U.S.: A Report on Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health.","authors":"Wade C Rowatt, Shawn Latendresse, Blake Victor Kent, Thomas A Fergus, Erica T Warner, Jordan Marr, Yvette C Cozier, Alka M Kanaya, A Heather Eliassen, Martha L Daviglus, Shelley A Cole, Jorge E Chavarro, Kenneth I Pargament, Alexandra E Shields","doi":"10.1037/rel0000585","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rel0000585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This paper details psychometric analyses of religion and spirituality (R/S) measures in a diverse sample of U.S. adults in the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health (SSSH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants (n = 16,372) completed the SSSH Baseline Survey which assessed a broad range of R/S practices, beliefs, and experiences. The survey was administered in six NIH-funded cohort studies. Four cohorts were homogeneous regarding participant race/ethnicity: <i>Black, South Asian, American Indian</i>, or <i>Hispanic/Latino</i>. Two cohorts included predominantly <i>White</i> participants. Given our goal of identifying a robust, parsimonious set of R/S measures for common use in U.S. cohort studies, we analyzed the structure of individual R/S items in a combined sample and disregarded whether items were part of a pre-existing scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of 60 R/S items in a randomly selected half of the sample (<i>n</i>1=8,186) revealed nine R/S dimensions; four were robust to retention criteria. The four remaining R/S dimensions were Positive Religion/Spiritualty and Coping, Negative Religious Coping/Spiritual Struggle, Spirituality as Meaning-Purpose-Connection, and Non-Theistic Daily Spiritual Experiences. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of 41 retained items conducted in the second half of the sample (<i>n</i>2=8,186) demonstrated that a correlated 4-factor model fit better than a unidimensional model or orthogonal (uncorrelated) 4-factor model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Future work is needed to confirm this model in other datasets, to demonstrate the external validity of these core R/S constructs in relation to a range of outcomes, and to finalize a robust but efficient set of R/S measures for use in U.S. cohort studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12629269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145565640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daryl R Van Tongeren, Erin D Solomon, Kari Baldwin, James M DuBois
Objective: Recent research has explored the phenomenon of religious residue, which describes the tendency for religious cognitions, emotions, and behaviors to linger after deidentification from religion. We sought to test the religious residue effect in health-related attitudes.
Methods: We report a secondary analysis (N = 3,688) examining religious residue in the context of health-related attitudes, comparing Christians (n = 2,303), Christian dones (n = 926), and never religious individuals (n = 459) in the United States.
Results: Overall, results revealed that religious dones' health-related attitudes largely mirror the never religious participants'. Such findings did not support the religious residue hypothesis for this domain, but rather highlights the link between current religious identity and health-related beliefs.
Conclusions: This work provides an important boundary condition for religious residue and instead suggests potential reasons why people may deidentify from religion. We discuss areas for future research.
{"title":"Attitudes toward genomic health care among Christian dones in the United States.","authors":"Daryl R Van Tongeren, Erin D Solomon, Kari Baldwin, James M DuBois","doi":"10.1037/rel0000589","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rel0000589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recent research has explored the phenomenon of religious residue, which describes the tendency for religious cognitions, emotions, and behaviors to linger after deidentification from religion. We sought to test the religious residue effect in health-related attitudes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We report a secondary analysis (<i>N</i> = 3,688) examining religious residue in the context of health-related attitudes, comparing Christians (<i>n</i> = 2,303), Christian dones (<i>n</i> = 926), and never religious individuals (<i>n</i> = 459) in the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, results revealed that religious dones' health-related attitudes largely mirror the never religious participants'. Such findings did not support the religious residue hypothesis for this domain, but rather highlights the link between current religious identity and health-related beliefs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work provides an important boundary condition for religious residue and instead suggests potential reasons why people may deidentify from religion. We discuss areas for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12826552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fangsong Liu, Eddie S. K. Chong, Na Wang, Xinyong Zhang, Xiaohua Bian
{"title":"Resilience in the face of adversity: The role of impermanence in\u0000 mitigating the effects of childhood emotional abuse and everyday stress on\u0000 depressive symptoms.","authors":"Fangsong Liu, Eddie S. K. Chong, Na Wang, Xinyong Zhang, Xiaohua Bian","doi":"10.1037/rel0000516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000516","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"8 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip C. Watkins, Michael Frederick, Don E. Davis, D. V. Van Tongeren
{"title":"Meaning making enhances gratitude to God: The importance of\u0000 spiritual appraisals.","authors":"Philip C. Watkins, Michael Frederick, Don E. Davis, D. V. Van Tongeren","doi":"10.1037/rel0000514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000514","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Meaning Making Enhances Gratitude to God: The Importance of Spiritual Appraisals","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rel0000514.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000514.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"52 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion and well-being: What is the magnitude and the practical significance of the relationship?","authors":"Gabriele Prati","doi":"10.1037/rel0000515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000515","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136283815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher E. M. Lloyd, Joshua Cathcart, Maxinne C. Panagopoulos, Graham Reid
{"title":"The experiences of faith and church community among Christian adults with mental illness: A qualitative metasynthesis.","authors":"Christopher E. M. Lloyd, Joshua Cathcart, Maxinne C. Panagopoulos, Graham Reid","doi":"10.1037/rel0000511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"43 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136283621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Experiences of Faith and Church Community Among Christian Adults With Mental Illness: A Qualitative Metasynthesis","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rel0000511.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000511.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"57 37","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Religion and Well-Being: What Is the Magnitude and the Practical Significance of the Relationship?","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rel0000515.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000515.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"57 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"God image as a moderator of God concept’s relation to shame, depression, and existential well-being among seminarians.","authors":"Luke C. Hart, John M. Poston, David C. Wang","doi":"10.1037/rel0000510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000510","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47450,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136067858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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