Various internal combustion (IC) engine condition monitoring techniques exist for early fault detection and diagnosis to ensure smooth operation, increased durability, low emissions, and prevent breakdowns. A fault, such as piston slap, can damage critical components like the piston, piston rings, and cylinder liner and is among those faults that may lead to such consequences. This research has been conducted to monitor piston slap conditions by analyzing the engine vibration and acoustic emission (AE) signals. An experimental setup has been established for acquiring vibration and AE sensor signatures for various piston slap severity conditions. Time-domain features are extracted from vibration and AE sensor signatures, and among them, the best features are selected using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to create machine learning (ML) models. Apart from individual sensor feature classification, the feature fusion method increases the prediction accuracy. ML algorithms used in this study for building the prediction models are classification and regression trees (CART), random forest, and support vector machine (SVM). Performance comparisons of these trained models are made using different performance measures. It is observed that about 94.95% of maximum classification accuracy is obtained in predicting the piston slap severity at different speeds and load conditions.
{"title":"Piston Slap Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Using Machine\u0000 Learning Approach","authors":"Praveen Kochukrishnan, K. Rameshkumar, S. Srihari","doi":"10.4271/03-16-07-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-07-0051","url":null,"abstract":"Various internal combustion (IC) engine condition monitoring techniques exist for\u0000 early fault detection and diagnosis to ensure smooth operation, increased\u0000 durability, low emissions, and prevent breakdowns. A fault, such as piston slap,\u0000 can damage critical components like the piston, piston rings, and cylinder liner\u0000 and is among those faults that may lead to such consequences. This research has\u0000 been conducted to monitor piston slap conditions by analyzing the engine\u0000 vibration and acoustic emission (AE) signals. An experimental setup has been\u0000 established for acquiring vibration and AE sensor signatures for various piston\u0000 slap severity conditions. Time-domain features are extracted from vibration and\u0000 AE sensor signatures, and among them, the best features are selected using\u0000 one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to create machine learning (ML) models.\u0000 Apart from individual sensor feature classification, the feature fusion method\u0000 increases the prediction accuracy. ML algorithms used in this study for building\u0000 the prediction models are classification and regression trees (CART), random\u0000 forest, and support vector machine (SVM). Performance comparisons of these\u0000 trained models are made using different performance measures. It is observed\u0000 that about 94.95% of maximum classification accuracy is obtained in predicting\u0000 the piston slap severity at different speeds and load conditions.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76579210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Engine thermal management (ETM) is a promising technology that allows the reduction of harmful emissions and fuel consumption when the internal combustion engine (ICE) is started from a cold state. The key technology for ETM is the decoupling of the cooling pump from the crankshaft and the actuation of the pump independently. In this article, an electric engine cooling pump has been designed through a novel experimentally based procedure and operated on a vehicle equipped with an advanced turbocharged gasoline engine, particularly interesting for its hybridization potential. In the first phase, a dedicated experimental campaign was conducted off board on an engine identical to the one equipped in the vehicle to assess the characteristics of the cooling circuit and the reference pump performances. The experimental data have been used to design an electric pump with a best efficiency point (BEP) located in a region more representative of the real operating conditions faced by the vehicle during real driving. Once prototyped, the electric pump has been compared to the reference mechanical one on a real driving mission profile whose parameters have been experimentally evaluated. The comparison was made in the same operating conditions of flow rate and the pressure head acting on the revolution speed of the prototype to focus the attention on the effect of the different design choices made possible by the electric actuation. The procedure can evaluate the pump-related fuel consumption, whatever the real vehicle speed profile and the actuation of the pump. The results show that in a driving cycle with urban, extra-urban, and highway phases, the electric pump absorbs 66% less power compared to the mechanical one, which translates into a 0.55 gCO2/km specific emission reduction. This demonstrates the validity of the novel design procedure together with the benefits of the electric actuation.
{"title":"Experimentally Based Methodology to Evaluate Fuel Saving and\u0000 CO\u00002\u0000 Reduction of Electrical Engine Cooling Pump during Real\u0000 Driving","authors":"M. Di Bartolomeo, D. Di Battista, R. Cipollone","doi":"10.4271/03-16-05-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-05-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Engine thermal management (ETM) is a promising technology that allows the\u0000 reduction of harmful emissions and fuel consumption when the internal combustion\u0000 engine (ICE) is started from a cold state. The key technology for ETM is the\u0000 decoupling of the cooling pump from the crankshaft and the actuation of the pump\u0000 independently. In this article, an electric engine cooling pump has been\u0000 designed through a novel experimentally based procedure and operated on a\u0000 vehicle equipped with an advanced turbocharged gasoline engine, particularly\u0000 interesting for its hybridization potential. In the first phase, a dedicated\u0000 experimental campaign was conducted off board on an engine identical to the one\u0000 equipped in the vehicle to assess the characteristics of the cooling circuit and\u0000 the reference pump performances. The experimental data have been used to design\u0000 an electric pump with a best efficiency point (BEP) located in a region more\u0000 representative of the real operating conditions faced by the vehicle during real\u0000 driving. Once prototyped, the electric pump has been compared to the reference\u0000 mechanical one on a real driving mission profile whose parameters have been\u0000 experimentally evaluated. The comparison was made in the same operating\u0000 conditions of flow rate and the pressure head acting on the revolution speed of\u0000 the prototype to focus the attention on the effect of the different design\u0000 choices made possible by the electric actuation. The procedure can evaluate the\u0000 pump-related fuel consumption, whatever the real vehicle speed profile and the\u0000 actuation of the pump. The results show that in a driving cycle with urban,\u0000 extra-urban, and highway phases, the electric pump absorbs 66% less power\u0000 compared to the mechanical one, which translates into a 0.55 gCO2/km\u0000 specific emission reduction. This demonstrates the validity of the novel design\u0000 procedure together with the benefits of the electric actuation.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82216816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Agarwal, Vishnu Singh Solanki, M. Krishnamoorthi
Internal combustion (IC) engines play an important role in the global economy by powering various transport applications. However, it is a leading cause of urban air pollution; therefore, new combustion strategies are being developed to control emissions. One promising advanced low-temperature combustion (LTC) technology is gasoline compression ignition (GCI). This experimental study assesses the performance of a two-cylinder engine, emissions, and exhaust particulate characteristics using G80 (80% v/v gasoline and 20% v/v diesel) blend operating in GCI mode vis-à-vis baseline conventional diesel combustion (CDC) mode using diesel. The effects of double pilot injection, Pilot-1 proportion (10–30%), and main injection timing were investigated on the GCI combustion. Experiments were performed at different engine loads (3, 4, and 5 bar brake mean effective pressure [BMEP]) at a constant engine speed (2000 rpm). GCI combustion showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than CDC mode at medium loads. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased in GCI mode, but oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were reduced than the baseline CDC mode. High pilot ratio and late main injection timing tests showed higher HC and CO emissions in the GCI mode at low engine loads. The GCI mode engine emitted higher nucleation mode particles and nanoparticles than baseline CDC mode at high engine loads. Using a triple injection strategy, GCI engines simultaneously reduced NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions, especially at high loads. Controlling these emissions in baseline CDC mode engines is otherwise quite challenging.
{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Pilot and Main Injection Strategies on\u0000 Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine—Part 2: Performance and Emissions\u0000 Characteristics","authors":"A. Agarwal, Vishnu Singh Solanki, M. Krishnamoorthi","doi":"10.4271/03-16-06-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-06-0047","url":null,"abstract":"Internal combustion (IC) engines play an important role in the global economy by\u0000 powering various transport applications. However, it is a leading cause of urban\u0000 air pollution; therefore, new combustion strategies are being developed to\u0000 control emissions. One promising advanced low-temperature combustion (LTC)\u0000 technology is gasoline compression ignition (GCI). This experimental study\u0000 assesses the performance of a two-cylinder engine, emissions, and exhaust\u0000 particulate characteristics using G80 (80% v/v gasoline and 20% v/v diesel)\u0000 blend operating in GCI mode vis-à-vis baseline conventional diesel combustion\u0000 (CDC) mode using diesel. The effects of double pilot injection, Pilot-1\u0000 proportion (10–30%), and main injection timing were investigated on the GCI\u0000 combustion. Experiments were performed at different engine loads (3, 4, and 5\u0000 bar brake mean effective pressure [BMEP]) at a constant engine speed (2000 rpm).\u0000 GCI combustion showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than CDC mode at\u0000 medium loads. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased in\u0000 GCI mode, but oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were reduced than the baseline CDC mode.\u0000 High pilot ratio and late main injection timing tests showed higher HC and CO\u0000 emissions in the GCI mode at low engine loads. The GCI mode engine emitted\u0000 higher nucleation mode particles and nanoparticles than baseline CDC mode at\u0000 high engine loads. Using a triple injection strategy, GCI engines simultaneously\u0000 reduced NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions, especially at high loads.\u0000 Controlling these emissions in baseline CDC mode engines is otherwise quite\u0000 challenging.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86105925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prathik Meruva, A. Matheaus, Bryan Zavala, C. Sharp, James E. McCarthy, Jr.
Commercial vehicles require advanced engine and aftertreatment (AT) systems to meet upcoming nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) regulations. This article focuses on the development and calibration of a model-based controller (MBC) for an advanced diesel AT system. The MBC was first applied to a standard AT system including a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Next, a light-off SCR (LO-SCR) was added upstream of the standard AT system. The MBC was optimized for both catalysts for a production engine where the diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) was unheated for both SCRs. This research shows that the tailpipe (TP) NOx could be reduced by using MBC on both catalysts. The net result was increased NOx conversion efficiency by one percentage point on both the LO-SCR and the primary SCR. The CO2 emissions were slightly reduced, but this effect was not significant. Finally, the MBC was used with a final setup representative of future AT systems which included standard insulation on the catalysts and optimal DEF dosing controls. This final configuration resulted in an improved NOx and CO2 such that the composite Federal Test Procedure (FTP) NOx was 0.060 g/hp-hr and the composite FTP CO2 was 508.5 g/hp-hr. The article details this cycle along with the low-load cycle (LLC) and beverage cycle. More technologies are required to meet the future California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2027 standard, which will be shown in future work.
{"title":"Application of Model-Based Controller on a Heavy-Duty Dual Selective\u0000 Catalytic Reduction Aftertreatment","authors":"Prathik Meruva, A. Matheaus, Bryan Zavala, C. Sharp, James E. McCarthy, Jr.","doi":"10.4271/03-16-05-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-05-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial vehicles require advanced engine and aftertreatment (AT) systems to\u0000 meet upcoming nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide\u0000 (CO2) regulations. This article focuses on the development and\u0000 calibration of a model-based controller (MBC) for an advanced diesel AT system.\u0000 The MBC was first applied to a standard AT system including a diesel particulate\u0000 filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Next, a light-off\u0000 SCR (LO-SCR) was added upstream of the standard AT system. The MBC was optimized\u0000 for both catalysts for a production engine where the diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)\u0000 was unheated for both SCRs. This research shows that the tailpipe (TP)\u0000 NOx could be reduced by using MBC on both catalysts. The net\u0000 result was increased NOx conversion efficiency by one percentage\u0000 point on both the LO-SCR and the primary SCR. The CO2 emissions were\u0000 slightly reduced, but this effect was not significant. Finally, the MBC was used\u0000 with a final setup representative of future AT systems which included standard\u0000 insulation on the catalysts and optimal DEF dosing controls. This final\u0000 configuration resulted in an improved NOx and CO2 such\u0000 that the composite Federal Test Procedure (FTP) NOx was 0.060 g/hp-hr\u0000 and the composite FTP CO2 was 508.5 g/hp-hr. The article details this\u0000 cycle along with the low-load cycle (LLC) and beverage cycle. More technologies\u0000 are required to meet the future California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2027\u0000 standard, which will be shown in future work.","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74649165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model-Based Calibration of a Gasoline-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine\u0000 for Torque Control Application Using Mean Value Engine Modeling","authors":"R. Sahu, D. Srivastava","doi":"10.4271/03-16-07-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-07-0048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87417076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Temperature Combustion Aftertreatment Strategy and Particle\u0000 Emission Correlation with Different Dual-Fuel Ratios","authors":"J. Barman, Devendra Laxmanrao Deshmukh","doi":"10.4271/03-16-07-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-07-0049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86179119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of Ultra-lean and Stratified Charged Combustion in Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engines","authors":"","doi":"10.4271/03-16-07-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-07-0050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89369242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on Hydroxy Gas Enrichment for Internal Combustion\u0000 Engines","authors":"N. Balakrishnan, Prabhu Chelladorai, Y. Teoh","doi":"10.4271/03-16-06-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-06-0044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86869213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Cook, P. Puzinauskas, Minda Wagenmaker, J. Bittle
{"title":"Improved Diesel Engine Load Control for Heavy-Duty Transient Testing\u0000 Using Gain Scheduling and Feed-forward Algorithms","authors":"James Cook, P. Puzinauskas, Minda Wagenmaker, J. Bittle","doi":"10.4271/03-16-06-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-06-0042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85082723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kempema, Conner Sharpe, Xiao Wu, M. Shahabi, D. Kubinski
{"title":"Machine-Learning-Based Emission Models in Gasoline Powertrains Part\u0000 2: Virtual Carbon Monoxide","authors":"N. Kempema, Conner Sharpe, Xiao Wu, M. Shahabi, D. Kubinski","doi":"10.4271/03-16-06-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/03-16-06-0045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47948,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Engines","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86394127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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