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Upper-Elementary Students’ Metacognitive Knowledge about Writing and Its Relationship to Writing Outcomes across Genres 小学高年级学生写作元认知知识及其与写作效果的关系
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1086/720562
Joshua Wilson, H. Wen
This study investigated fourth and fifth graders’ metacognitive knowledge about writing and its relationship to writing performance to help identify areas that might be leveraged when designing effective writing instruction. Students’ metacognitive knowledge was probed using a 30-minute informative writing prompt requiring students to teach their reader how to be a good writer (i.e., a metawriting task). The metawriting task was coded for eight dimensions of metacognitive knowledge. Students’ writing performance was assessed via additional 30-minute prompts—two narrative, one informative, two persuasive—and evaluated for quality and length using automated essay scoring. Students were most aware of general characteristics of writing quality and production procedures, but they were less aware of substantive processes, genre, or other dimensions. Multiple regression analysis showed that, after controlling for demographics and literacy skills, only knowledge of general characteristics of writing and production procedures uniquely predicted outcomes. Overall, metacognitive writing knowledge inconsistently predicted writing performance.
本研究调查了四年级和五年级学生关于写作的元认知知识及其与写作表现的关系,以帮助确定在设计有效的写作教学时可以利用的领域。使用30分钟的信息写作提示来探究学生的元认知知识,要求学生教读者如何成为一名优秀的作家(即元写作任务)。元写作任务是针对元认知知识的八个维度进行编码的。学生的写作表现通过额外的30分钟提示进行评估——两个是叙述性的,一个是信息性的,两个是有说服力的——并使用自动作文评分来评估质量和长度。学生们最了解写作质量和制作程序的一般特征,但对实质性过程、体裁或其他维度的了解较少。多元回归分析表明,在控制了人口统计和识字技能后,只有对写作和生产程序的一般特征的了解才能唯一地预测结果。总体而言,元认知写作知识对写作成绩的预测不一致。
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引用次数: 0
An Exploration of Coaches’ Coordination of Micropolitical Strategies to Gain Access to Teachers’ Classrooms 教练员进入教师课堂的微观政治策略协调探索
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1086/720809
E. Saclarides, Jen Munson
For coaching to fulfill its promise as an effective teacher professional development model, coaches need access to teachers’ classrooms and practice. However, teachers largely have autonomy over whether, when, and how such access is granted. Previous research has identified the types of strategies coaches leverage to gain access, and in this study, we explore whether and how coaches deliberately coordinate multiple strategies to gain access. Drawing on interviews conducted with 28 content-focused coaches, we found that gaining access involved orchestrating a complex network of micropolitical strategies and propose an emergent model depicting how coaches coordinate access-granting strategies. These findings indicate that developing and coordinating a repertoire of access-granting strategies is a sophisticated coaching practice in itself and a gatekeeper to initiating professional development activities with teachers. Implications for school districts and research are discussed.
教练要实现其作为一种有效的教师专业发展模式的承诺,教练需要进入教师的课堂和实践。然而,教师在是否、何时以及如何授予这种访问权方面基本上拥有自主权。以往的研究已经确定了教练利用的策略类型,在本研究中,我们探讨了教练是否以及如何故意协调多种策略来获得准入。根据对28位以内容为中心的教练的采访,我们发现获得访问权涉及协调微观政治策略的复杂网络,并提出了一个新兴模型,描述教练如何协调访问权授予策略。这些发现表明,制定和协调一系列授权策略本身就是一项复杂的指导实践,也是启动教师专业发展活动的看门人。讨论了对学区和研究的影响。
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引用次数: 3
When School Doesn’t Start at Age 5 当5岁还没开始上学时
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1086/720563
Michael Little, Timothy A. Drake, Lora Cohen-Vogel, Jessica L. Eagle
Today, about 50% of US elementary schools have a pre-kindergarten (pre-K) program located in the building. This article systematically reviews the empirical literature on principal leadership of pre-K programs in elementary schools. We collected studies using academic database searches, scanning reference lists of relevant articles, and consulting with experts in the field. Our efforts yielded 16 sources for review. Using thematic synthesis, we analyzed the data to reveal key findings related to principal leadership of pre-K programs. There has been limited scholarly attention to principal leadership in the pre-K context. Prominent themes in the existing literature on the topic include (1) a common framing of the “colliding” worlds of pre-K and K–12 education, (2) principals’ beliefs about pre-K, (3) the scope of principal responsibility for pre-K programs, and (4) principal preparation to lead pre-K programs. We unearthed limited evidence on the topic but charted a path for future research on pre-K principal leadership. Future research should focus on the design of principal capacity building efforts that have direct, positive impacts for students.
如今,大约50%的美国小学在大楼里开设了幼儿园前课程。本文系统地回顾了有关小学学前教育项目校长领导力的实证文献。我们使用学术数据库搜索、扫描相关文章的参考文献列表以及咨询该领域的专家来收集研究。我们的努力产生了16个供审查的来源。使用主题综合,我们分析了数据,以揭示与学前教育项目的主要领导有关的关键发现。在K时代之前,学术界对主要领导层的关注有限。现有文献中关于这一主题的突出主题包括:(1)学前教育和K-12教育“碰撞”世界的共同框架,(2)校长对学前教育的信念,(3)学前教育项目的主要责任范围,以及(4)领导学前教育计划的主要准备工作。我们在这个话题上发现了有限的证据,但为未来研究K之前的主要领导层指明了道路。未来的研究应侧重于设计对学生有直接、积极影响的校长能力建设工作。
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引用次数: 2
Reconceptualizing Civic Perspective-Taking 重新定义公民视角
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1086/720719
W. Toledo, E. Enright
This study examines how a project-based civics curriculum emphasizing locally relevant issues developed students’ civic perspective-taking by creating discursive spaces for students to make connections with content. The underlying aim of the curriculum was to foster deliberative social studies classrooms by developing students’ civic perspective-taking on local issues. This article uses thematic analysis of student discussions (i.e., verbal contributions) and writing assessments (i.e., written contributions) to identify and describe the types of connections students made. Our findings show that students made three types of connections with content using the civic perspective-taking framework: (a) realizing thematic connections among the issues to identify larger societal themes, (b) making personal connections to content, and (c) making connections to larger issues as they consider the public good. We found that students engaged in civic thinking in ways new to them, which prompted the research team to update and reconceptualize the framework for civic perspective-taking.
本研究考察了基于项目的公民课程如何通过为学生创造话语空间与内容建立联系来强调当地相关问题,从而培养学生的公民视角。课程的基本目标是通过培养学生对当地问题的公民视角来培养深思熟虑的社会研究课堂。本文使用学生讨论(即口头贡献)和写作评估(即书面贡献)的主题分析来识别和描述学生所建立的联系类型。我们的研究结果表明,学生使用公民视角框架与内容建立了三种类型的联系:(a)实现问题之间的主题联系,以确定更大的社会主题,(b)与内容建立个人联系,以及(c)在考虑公共利益时与更大的问题建立联系。我们发现学生以新的方式参与公民思维,这促使研究团队更新和重新定义公民视角的框架。
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引用次数: 0
Common Core–Related Shifts in English Language Arts Teaching From 2010 to 2018 2010 - 2018年英语语言艺术教学中的共同核心相关转变
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.1086/720732
Mark White, Bridget Maher, Brian Rowan
The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for English language arts (ELA) called for several “key shifts” in classroom instructional practice. This study combined archived video data on classroom teaching collected in 2010 with new video data on classroom teaching collected in 2018 to conduct a pre-/postexamination of the extent to which this corpus of lessons showed the kinds of key shifts in ELA instruction called for by the CCSS. The data presented in the article show meaningful time trends consistent with some, but not all, of the key shifts in ELA instruction called for by the CCSS. These findings are discussed in light of the goals of the study and prior research on post-CCSS instruction in classrooms across the country.
英语语言艺术(ELA)的共同核心州标准(CCSS)要求课堂教学实践中的几个“关键转变”。本研究将2010年收集的课堂教学存档视频数据与2018年收集的课堂教学新视频数据相结合,对这些课程语料库在多大程度上显示了CCSS所要求的ELA教学中的各种关键转变进行了前后检查。文章中提供的数据显示了有意义的时间趋势,与CCSS要求的ELA教学中的一些关键转变一致,但不是全部。这些发现是根据本研究的目标和全国各地对ccss后课堂教学的先前研究来讨论的。
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引用次数: 4
Predicting Efficacy to Teach Writing 预测写作教学效果
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1086/720640
Steve Graham, Tien Ping Hsiang, Amber B. Ray, Guihua Zheng, Michael A. Hebert
Three studies examined if teachers’ beliefs about writing predicted their efficacy to teach writing. We surveyed primary grade teachers from Taiwan (N = 782), Shanghai (N = 429), and the United States (N = 214). At each location, teachers completed surveys assessing attitudes toward writing and the teaching of writing, beliefs about students’ progress as writers, and epistemological beliefs about writing instruction, writing development, and writing knowledge. We examined if each of these beliefs made unique and statistically significant contributions to predicting efficacy to teach writing after variance due to all other predictors, as well as personal and contextual variables, was controlled. With one exception, these three sets of beliefs each accounted for unique variance in predicting teacher efficacy at each location. There was, however, variability in unique variance in teacher efficacy scores accounted for by specific beliefs across locations and the factor structure of various measures by location.
三项研究考察了教师对写作的信念是否能预测他们的写作教学效果。我们调查了来自台湾(N=782)、上海(N=429)和美国(N=214)的小学教师。在每个地点,教师都完成了调查,评估对写作和写作教学的态度,对学生作为作家的进步的信念,以及对写作教学、写作发展和写作知识的认识论信念。我们研究了在所有其他预测因素以及个人和上下文变量的方差得到控制后,这些信念中的每一个是否对预测写作教学效果做出了独特且具有统计学意义的贡献。除了一个例外,这三组信念在预测每个地点的教师效能方面都有独特的差异。然而,教师效能感得分的独特差异存在可变性,这是由不同地点的特定信念和不同地点的各种测量的因素结构所解释的。
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引用次数: 5
(Re)Learning What It Means to Participate (再)了解参与的意义
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1086/719465
José Martínez Hinestroza
Previous research on participation in mathematics classrooms has focused on adults’ perspectives, which overemphasize the role of talk. Drawing on sociocultural theory, I define participation as a complex and situated phenomenon. I describe a participatory research collaboration where a Spanish immersion third-grade teacher, and I brought the students’ and the teacher’s perspectives on participation into dialogue. A social semiotics analytical framework informed the exploration of multimethods focus groups with the students and an interview with the teacher. Teacher-researcher collaborative data analysis supported the emergence of three main participation-related aspects: (1) beginning to consider multiple characteristics of participation, (2) relocating participation in a dynamic between the social and the individual, and (3) rethinking the teacher’s role in participation. I argue that an initial step toward developing inclusive classrooms is for teachers and researchers to unlearn simplistic perspectives on participation, becoming learners of what it means to participate in particular contexts.
先前关于数学课堂参与的研究主要集中在成年人的观点上,这些观点过分强调了谈话的作用。根据社会文化理论,我将参与定义为一种复杂的、情境化的现象。我描述了一次参与式研究合作,一位三年级的西班牙语老师和我将学生和老师对参与的看法带入对话。社会符号学分析框架为探索多方法提供了信息,与学生进行了焦点小组讨论,并与老师进行了访谈。教师-研究者合作数据分析支持了三个主要参与相关方面的出现:(1)开始考虑参与的多重特征,(2)将参与重新定位在社会和个人之间的动态中,以及(3)重新思考教师在参与中的角色。我认为,发展包容性课堂的第一步是让教师和研究人员摒弃对参与的简单看法,成为在特定环境中参与意味着什么的学习者。
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引用次数: 3
The Relation between Teachers’ Communicative Behaviors and Class-Level SES 教师交际行为与班级SES的关系
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-12 DOI: 10.1086/719506
Carla L. Wood, Jeanne Wanzek, C. Schatschneider
This study aimed to examine verbal behaviors within communicative interactions at the teacher/classroom level among second-grade classrooms that differ in socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Investigators recorded and examined language use across instructional periods for 38 second-grade classrooms. Teachers’ communication behaviors were examined based on recorded samples across the school day throughout the school year. The proportion of use of questions, directives, and statements was examined for potential differences between classrooms that differed in SES. There was a significant relation between the proportion of facilitative and directive language at the classroom-level and class-level SES. Classrooms with a high proportion of free/reduced lunch eligibility were associated with high proportions of directives by teachers during the school day. The current findings suggest that students in low SES classes may be at a disadvantage in their access to adult facilitative communicative behaviors in the classroom.
本研究旨在探讨不同社会经济地位(SES)背景的二年级班级教师/课堂交际互动中的言语行为。调查人员记录并检查了38个二年级教室在教学期间的语言使用情况。教师的沟通行为是基于整个学年在校期间的记录样本进行的。问题、指示和陈述的使用比例在不同SES的教室之间进行了潜在的差异检查。课堂层面的促进性语言和指示性语言的比例与班级层面的SES有显著相关。有较高比例的免费/减少午餐资格的教室,在上学期间受到教师指示的比例也较高。目前的研究结果表明,低社会经济地位班级的学生在课堂上获得成人促进性交际行为方面可能处于不利地位。
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引用次数: 0
A Seasonal Analysis of Disparities in Academic Skills for Early Elementary School Children with Disabilities 小学早期残疾儿童学业技能差异的季节性分析
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1086/719508
North Cooc, David M. Quinn
Studies examining seasonal variation in academic skills for children have focused on learning loss or stagnation during the summer, particularly for students from low-income or minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds. In this study, we expand the literature to focus on another student population that may be susceptible to summer learning loss: children with disabilities. Using nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (ECLS-K:2011), we examined changes in the academic skills of children with disabilities—defined in terms of having an individualized education plan or receiving special education services—relative to peers without disabilities during the school year and summer months. Results indicate that inequality in learning rates between both groups tends to widen more during the early school years, particularly in kindergarten, than summer. One policy implication of the findings is schools may need to focus more on kindergarten transition for children with disabilities.
研究儿童学术技能的季节性变化的研究主要集中在夏季的学习损失或停滞,特别是来自低收入或少数种族和民族背景的学生。在本研究中,我们将文献扩展到另一个可能易受夏季学习损失影响的学生群体:残疾儿童。利用2010-2011年幼儿纵向研究(ECLS-K:2011)中具有全国代表性的数据,我们研究了残疾儿童在学年和夏季期间相对于非残疾儿童的学习技能的变化。残疾儿童是指接受个性化教育计划或接受特殊教育服务的儿童。研究结果表明,两组学生在学习速度上的不平等在早期阶段,尤其是在幼儿园阶段,比夏季阶段更加明显。研究结果的一个政策含义是,学校可能需要更多地关注残疾儿童的幼儿园过渡。
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引用次数: 1
Science Talk in Elementary Classrooms 小学课堂的科学讲座
IF 1.7 4区 教育学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1086/719410
A. Gotwals, Tanya S. Wright, Lisa M. Domke, Blythe E. Anderson
In this systematic literature review, we synthesize 48 research studies about science talk in elementary classrooms to inform the development of supports for teachers. Our findings suggest that characteristics of high-quality elementary science talk include that it (1) supports equitable student participation and engagement, (2) supports deepening of science understandings within and across activities, and (3) develops disciplinary literacy for science. Within each of these characteristics, we found patterns in instructional practices that promoted high-quality science talk, including discipline-neutral practices, such as ensuring that students feel valued as members of the classroom community, as well as science-specific strategies, such as providing students purposeful opportunities to engage in science practices like argumentation. Although these studies provide evidence that teachers can support high-quality science talk in elementary classrooms, we discuss that without a system of supports based on these findings, this type of science talk is unlikely to occur.
在这篇系统的文献综述中,我们综合了48项关于小学课堂科学讲座的研究,为教师支持的发展提供信息。我们的研究结果表明,高质量的基础科学讲座的特点包括:(1)支持学生公平参与,(2)支持在活动内部和活动之间加深对科学的理解,(3)培养科学的学科素养。在每一个特征中,我们都发现了促进高质量科学演讲的教学实践模式,包括与学科无关的实践,例如确保学生作为课堂社区的一员感到受到重视,以及特定于科学的策略,例如为学生提供有目的的机会参与论证等科学实践。尽管这些研究提供了证据,证明教师可以在小学课堂上支持高质量的科学讲座,但我们讨论说,如果没有基于这些发现的支持系统,这种类型的科学讲座就不太可能发生。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Elementary School Journal
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