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Journal of Intellectual Capital最新文献

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Connecting the dots: a serial mediation of intellectual capital and organizational ambidexterity between high-performance work system and innovation performance 连接点:智力资本和组织双元性在高效工作系统和创新绩效之间的一系列中介作用
2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1108/jic-11-2022-0220
Saad Hassan, Saqlain Raza, Muhammad Faisal Malik, Amir Ishaque, Mahin Fiza
Purpose Achieving innovation performance (IP) through high-performance work system (HPWS) remained relatively unexplored. Literature on the HPWS-IP linkage mechanism raises a question mark and highlights the existence of a black box. Therefore, the present study aimed to empirically fill the gap in the literature by developing a framework to theorize HPWS nexus with IP through serial mediation of intellectual capital (IC) and organizational ambidexterity (OA). Design/methodology/approach To answer the study questions survey-based, multi-source and time-lagged data were collected to examine the proposed model. SPSS 24 version was used to evaluate descriptive statistics and through Smart-PLS 3.32., partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the study hypotheses. Findings Study findings indicate that HPWS not only has a significant direct impact on IP but also has a significant indirect relationship with IP through the mediation of IC and OA. Both IC and OA also mediated this relationship serially. Originality/value The originality of the study lies in the fact that it studied HPWS as an antecedent of IC and OA and IP as the consequence. Further, the study fills the knowledge gap in previous literature in which limited or no study has used the serial mediation model with two mediators particularly IC and OA to explore the relationship between HPWS and IP.
目的通过高效能工作系统(HPWS)实现创新绩效(IP)的研究相对较少。关于HPWS-IP联动机制的文献提出了一个问号,并强调了黑箱的存在。因此,本研究旨在通过建立一个框架,通过智力资本(IC)和组织双元性(OA)的一系列中介,从实证上填补文献的空白。设计/方法/方法为了回答研究的问题,我们收集了基于调查的、多来源的、滞后的数据来检验所提出的模型。采用SPSS 24版对描述性统计进行评价,并通过Smart-PLS 3.32进行分析。采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明,劳动生产率不仅对知识产权有显著的直接影响,还通过知识产权和OA的中介作用与知识产权存在显著的间接关系。IC和OA也依次介导了这种关系。独创性/价值本研究的独创性在于将HPWS作为IC的前项,将OA和IP作为结果进行研究。此外,本研究填补了以往文献中有限或没有研究使用包含IC和OA两种中介因子的串行中介模型来探索HPWS与IP之间关系的知识空白。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Will AI-generated intellectual capital create broader wealth or wealth for the few? 社论:人工智能产生的智力资本是为更广泛的财富创造财富,还是为少数人创造财富?
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1108/jic-09-2023-395
Varun Grover
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引用次数: 0
Intellectual capital and employee innovative behavior in cross-border e-commerce enterprises: the moderating role of career sustainability 跨境电子商务企业智力资本与员工创新行为:职业可持续性的调节作用
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1108/jic-10-2022-0193
Tachia Chin, Wei Zhang, I.M. Jawahar
PurposeTo cope with intensifying uncertainties coupled with the rapid advancement of information communication technology (ICT), understanding how to encourage employees' innovative workplace behavior (IWB) is imperative, with two motivational concerns: (1) the possession of critical knowledge resources characterized by intellectual capital (IC) to better reconfigure new and existing knowledge and (2) the development of career sustainability to handle ICT-enabled intricate job arrangements. The authors investigate the relationships among IC, career sustainability and IWB in Chinese cross-border e-commerce enterprises (CEEs), which are becoming increasingly prevalent and central to the global economy.Design/methodology/approachUsing data collected from 417 participants employed in Chinese CEEs, the authors used regression analyses to test the authors' hypotheses.FindingsHuman capital (HC) and structural capital (SC) exerted inverted U-shaped influences on IWB, while relational capital (RC) was positively related to IWB. Perceived career sustainability positively moderated such associations between HC and IWB and between SC and IWB; perceived career sustainability negatively moderated the positive RC-IWB relationship.Practical implicationsResults can inform managers which components of IC and how managers are related to IWB so crucial for success of CEEs with ICT-enabled, intricate architectures of knowledge exchange. The authors' results can help global managers and policymakers to more appropriately allocate scarce knowledge resources to maximize innovative behaviors in the highly competitive international business context.Originality/valueFrom the knowledge-based view (KBV) of firm innovation, the authors examine the differential effects of IC components on employee IWB amid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through a novel lens of employees' perceptions of career sustainability, enriching the literature at the intersection of IC, knowledge management (KM) and career development. The authors' cross-level analysis links micro-level variables to organizational IC in the new normal.
目的为了应对信息通信技术(ICT)快速发展带来的日益加剧的不确定性,了解如何鼓励员工的创新工作行为(IWB)势在必行,有两个动机问题:(1)拥有以智力资本为特征的关键知识资源,以更好地重新配置新知识和现有知识;(2)发展职业可持续性,以处理信息和通信技术促成的复杂工作安排。作者调查了中国跨境电子商务企业的IC、职业可持续性和IWB之间的关系,这些企业在全球经济中越来越普遍。设计/方法/方法利用从417名参加中国中东欧考试的参与者中收集的数据,作者使用回归分析来检验作者的假设。人力资本(HC)和结构资本(SC)对IWB产生倒U型影响,而关系资本(RC)与IWB呈正相关。感知到的职业可持续性对HC和IWB以及SC和IWB之间的这种联系起到了积极的调节作用;感知到的职业可持续性对正向RC-IWB关系具有负向调节作用。实际含义结果可以告知管理者IC的哪些组成部分以及管理者如何与IWB相关,这对于具有ICT功能的复杂知识交流架构的CEE的成功至关重要。作者的研究结果可以帮助全球管理者和决策者在竞争激烈的国际商业环境中更适当地分配稀缺的知识资源,以最大限度地提高创新行为。原创/价值从企业创新的知识观(KBV)出发,作者通过员工对职业可持续性认知的新视角,研究了2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)期间IC成分对员工IWB的不同影响,丰富了IC、知识管理(KM)和职业发展交叉点的文献。作者的跨层次分析将微观层面的变量与新常态下的组织IC联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Intellectual capital's contribution to innovative female agri-start-ups: a multiple case study 智力资本对创新型女性农业初创企业的贡献:一个多案例研究
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1108/jic-07-2022-0150
Giuseppe Modaffari, N. Paoloni, Martina Manzo
PurposeWomen-led enterprises can count on intellectual capital (IC) to implement a knowledge exchange process, improve managerial skills and provide themselves with more certain and reasonable financial resources. Recently, the literature has recognized a new paradigm of innovation, known as open innovation (OI) that emphasizes the strategic importance of relationships for knowledge development. The paper, first, aims to investigate if IC can support female agri-start-ups’ innovation process. Second, the aim is to analyse the ways in which IC supports female agri-start-ups.Design/methodology/approachThe work uses a qualitative methodology and a multiple case study supports the paper. Data were acquired using direct semi-structured interviews. To read and interpret them, the authors resorted to the C.A.O.S. model that permits examining the direct relationships in terms of relational capital (RC) and also, observing the effect produced by the relational circuit in terms of human capital (HC) and structural capital (SC) in small and medium enterprises.FindingsFindings reveal that RC plays a fundamental role in innovative start-up's development. The S-C and S-O links support business management and help fill the gender financial gap. This leads to improving entrepreneurial skills (HC) and promoting internal innovative solutions (SC). The S-A links can help the entrepreneur acquire more awareness of the market and compete better.Originality/valueThe research contributes to IC and gender studies, with a specific focus on RC and the innovation process. Although the literature has already investigated the role of RC in female entrepreneurship, only few previous research have conducted a qualitative analysis about the relationships established in the peculiar context of innovative agri-start-ups.
目的妇女领导的企业可以依靠智力资本来实施知识交流过程,提高管理技能,并为自己提供更确定和合理的财政资源。最近,文献已经认识到一种新的创新范式,即开放式创新(OI),它强调关系对知识发展的战略重要性。首先,本文旨在考察IC是否能够支持女性农业初创企业的创新过程。其次,目的是分析IC支持女性农业初创企业的方式。设计/方法/方法本工作使用定性方法和多个案例研究来支持论文。数据是通过直接半结构化访谈获得的。为了阅读和解释它们,作者采用了C.A.O.S.模型,该模型允许从关系资本(RC)的角度检查直接关系,也允许从人力资本(HC)和结构资本(SC)的角度观察中小型企业中关系回路产生的影响。研究结果表明,创新创业在创新创业的发展中起着基础性的作用。S-C和S-O链接支持企业管理,并有助于填补性别资金差距。这导致提高创业技能(HC)和促进内部创新解决方案(SC)。S-A链接可以帮助企业家获得更多的市场意识,更好地竞争。原创性/价值本研究对集成和性别研究有贡献,特别关注集成和创新过程。虽然文献已经调查了RC在女性创业中的作用,但只有少数先前的研究对在创新农业初创企业的特殊背景下建立的关系进行了定性分析。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling intellectual capital-based intrapreneurial ability of working professionals through servant leadership and self-efficacy 基于仆人式领导和自我效能感的在职专业人员基于智力资本的内部创业能力模型
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1108/jic-10-2022-0208
Puja Khatri, Sumedha Dutta, Preeti Kumari, Harshleen Kaur Duggal, Asha Thomas, Ilaria Cristillo, Silvio Nobis
PurposeIntrapreneurial ability (IA) of employees strengthens an organization's internal as well as external growth. Employees' IA makes innovation a continuous practice and augments organization's intellectual capital (IC). This intellectual capital-based intrapreneurial ability (ICIA) helps professionals to effectively handle changes in the business ecosystem by creating innovative solutions. The onus of assessing and inculcating ICIA is a joint responsibility of both academia and industry. In academia, teacher as a servant leader (TASL) contributes towards building ICIA of working professionals (WP) by enhancing their self-efficacy (SE). The paper aims to strengthen the industry–academia interface by analyzing the role of TASL and SE in influencing the ICIA of WP.Design/methodology/approachUsing a stratified sampling technique, data from 387 WP is analyzed on SmartPLS-4 to study the interrelationship between the stated constructs and the role of SE as a mediator between TASL and ICIA. PLSpredict is used to study the predictive relevance of the proposed model.FindingsHigh R2 = 0.654 shows that 65% of ICIA is determined by SE and TASL; reflecting model's robustness. SE partially mediates the relationship between TASL and ICIA. Results reported a higher ICIA of male WP than their female counterpart. The results indicate the low predictive accuracy of the model.Practical implicationsThe proposed model of industry–academia partnership allows assessment of ICIA for enhancing corporate value in the present gig economy. The study also highlights the relevance of ICIA, particularly, for developing economies. In knowledge-driven economy, exploring the new ICIA will help organizations to draft a more robust performance measurement system.Originality/valueThis unique industry–academia partnership studies the role of TASL towards enhancing SE and ICIA of WP. The novelty of ICIA would enrich and provide a new perspective in IA literature. Additionally, the study also examines the role of gender in the ICIA of WP.
目的:员工的内部创业能力(IA)增强了组织的内部和外部增长。员工的智力资本使创新成为一种持续的实践,增加了组织的智力资本。这种基于智力资本的内部创业能力(ICIA)通过创造创新的解决方案,帮助专业人士有效地应对商业生态系统中的变化。评估和灌输国际信息技术协会的责任是学术界和工业界的共同责任。在学术界,教师作为服务型领导者(TASL)通过提高工作专业人员的自我效能感(SE),有助于建立工作专业人员的自我效能感。本文旨在通过分析外语教学和英语教学对外语专业学习的影响,加强产学研之间的联系。设计/方法/方法采用分层抽样技术,在SmartPLS-4上分析了387份WP的数据,以研究所述结构与SE在TASL和ICIA之间的中介作用之间的相互关系。plpredict用于研究所提出模型的预测相关性。高R2 = 0.654表明65%的ICIA由SE和TASL决定;反映了模型的稳健性。SE部分中介了TASL和ICIA之间的关系。结果显示,男性WP的ICIA高于女性WP。结果表明,该模型的预测精度较低。实际意义提出的产学研伙伴关系模型允许对当前零工经济中提高企业价值的ICIA进行评估。该研究还强调了国际间信息系统的相关性,特别是对发展中经济体的相关性。在知识驱动型经济中,探索新的绩效评估体系将有助于组织制定更健全的绩效评估体系。原创性/价值这一独特的产学合作研究了TASL在提高工作能力的SE和ICIA方面的作用。信息学研究的新颖性将丰富信息学研究的内容,为信息学研究提供新的视角。此外,本研究还探讨了性别在WP的ICIA中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding project success involving analytic-based decision support in the digital era: a focus on IC and agile project management 了解数字时代中涉及基于分析的决策支持的项目成功:关注集成电路和敏捷项目管理
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1108/jic-03-2022-0054
Stephan Kudyba, Agnel D Cruz
PurposeDigital transformations of business processes are on the rise and the result is a need for a better understanding of how the elements of intellectual capital (IC) play a role in achieving successful digital project outcomes. New structural capital in the form of digital technologies must be identified and understood. Evolving skills of human capital in assimilating digital elements must also be considered, while collaboration within the development process involving relational capital provides a critical integration among these IC elements. This study illustrates the importance of identifying and managing the integration of IC components within an agile project management framework that are essential to achieving success for a digital initiative. More specifically, this study describes the process by which a multinational technology-based products company successfully developed a dynamic decision support platform utilizing an agile approach to guide a project management team to better manage the company's operations.Design/methodology/approachThis study focuses on a case analysis approach of a multinational commercial and consumer products company. The paper presents existing research on the evolving state of project management for digital initiatives and focuses on agile methods. This study then delves into the case analysis that illustrates how IC played an integral role in the company successfully developing effective decision support involving an interactive dashboard using agile Project Management (PM), which enabled the project management team to better manage resources.FindingsAn examination at the case level illustrates that effective management and integration of IC has positive effects on project outcomes. While a balanced approach is evident as a requirement, the unique characteristics of the agile project management approach entails greater emphasis on select elements to adapt to a more dynamic development process.Originality/valueThis work depicts the complexities in providing analytic-based decision support in an agile/flexible project management scenario. This work adds to existing research by illustrating elements within IC categories and the elements' interdependencies that play an essential role in achieving success in this more flexible project environment.
目的业务流程的数字化转型正在兴起,其结果是需要更好地理解智力资本(IC)要素如何在实现成功的数字项目成果中发挥作用。必须识别和理解数字技术形式的新结构资本。还必须考虑人力资本在吸收数字元素方面不断发展的技能,而涉及关系资本的发展过程中的合作提供了这些IC元素之间的关键集成。本研究说明了在敏捷项目管理框架内识别和管理集成电路组件集成的重要性,这些组件对于实现数字化计划的成功至关重要。更具体地说,本研究描述了一家基于技术的跨国产品公司利用敏捷方法成功开发动态决策支持平台的过程,以指导项目管理团队更好地管理公司的运营。设计/方法论/方法本研究侧重于一家跨国商业和消费品公司的案例分析方法。本文介绍了现有的关于数字化项目管理发展状态的研究,并重点介绍了敏捷方法。然后,本研究深入研究了案例分析,说明IC如何在公司成功开发有效的决策支持中发挥不可或缺的作用,包括使用敏捷项目管理(PM)的交互式仪表板,使项目管理团队能够更好地管理资源。案例层面的研究表明,IC的有效管理和整合对项目成果有积极影响。虽然平衡的方法是一种明显的要求,但敏捷项目管理方法的独特特征要求更加强调选择元素,以适应更动态的开发过程。独创性/价值这项工作描述了在敏捷/灵活的项目管理场景中提供基于分析的决策支持的复杂性。这项工作通过说明IC类别中的元素以及元素的相互依赖性来增加现有的研究,这些元素在这个更灵活的项目环境中对取得成功起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Managing the tradition and innovation paradox of the agribusiness industry: the impact of the network on operating, financial and social performance 管理农业综合企业的传统与创新悖论:网络对经营、财务和社会绩效的影响
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1108/jic-04-2023-0087
Andrea Rey, Giovanni Landi, F. Agliata, M. Cardi
PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the role of the network in managing the tradition and innovation paradox in the agribusiness industry. In particular, this study aims to demonstrate that agribusiness firms can innovate through tradition by joining a network, to capture the way intellectual capital (IC) is created, shared and transformed.Design/methodology/approachThe authors approached the study using the social capital conceptual framework, considering the network a critical determinant of social capital, which enhances the organization's ability to share, create and utilize knowledge. Then, the authors also employed the extended territorial strategy theory. The authors derived empirical evidence from companies belonging to the PGI-labeled Consortium of Pasta di Gragnano (Consortium). The authors used a quantitative approach, carrying out a panel data analysis.FindingsThe results suggested that belonging to Consortium had a positive impact on the operating performance, the financial performance and the environment where consortium firms operate. Thus, being part of a network helps firms to innovate in a traditional industry.Research limitations/implicationsThe evidence of this work provided several implications for managers, IC community and the policy public. For managers, the authors observed that agribusiness firms can preserve their traditions through knowledge sharing with firms that operate in the same network. For IC community, the authors contributed to the debate on the social capital theory, arguing that the one area of IC that has received significant attention is the role of the network, which enhances the organization's ability to generate, share and apply knowledge effectively (Lin, 2017; Solitander and Tidström, 2010). Finally, the authors argued that policymakers should implement new reforms that facilitate the formation of networks, especially in socio-economic contexts where the unemployment rate is high.Originality/valueThis is the first study that employs quantitative analysis to investigate this paradox.
目的探讨网络在农业综合企业管理传统与创新悖论中的作用。特别是,本研究旨在证明农业综合企业可以通过加入网络来通过传统进行创新,以捕捉知识资本(IC)的创造、共享和转化方式。设计/方法论/方法作者使用社会资本概念框架进行研究,认为网络是社会资本的关键决定因素,它增强了组织共享、创造和利用知识的能力。然后,作者还运用了扩展领土战略理论。作者从属于PGI标记的Pasta di Gragnano联盟(联盟)的公司获得了经验证据。作者采用了定量方法,进行了面板数据分析。研究结果表明,加入联合体对联合体企业的经营业绩、财务业绩和经营环境都有积极影响。因此,成为网络的一部分有助于企业在传统行业中进行创新。研究局限性/含义这项工作的证据为管理者、IC社区和政策公众提供了一些启示。对于管理者,作者观察到,农业综合企业可以通过与在同一网络中运营的公司共享知识来保持其传统。对于集成电路社区,作者参与了关于社会资本理论的辩论,认为集成电路中一个备受关注的领域是网络的作用,它增强了组织有效生成、共享和应用知识的能力(Lin,2017;Solitander和Tidström,2010)。最后,作者认为,政策制定者应该实施新的改革,促进网络的形成,特别是在失业率高的社会经济背景下。独创性/价值这是第一项采用定量分析来研究这一悖论的研究。
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引用次数: 0
How open innovation drives intellectual capital to superior organizational resilience: evidence from China's ICT sector 开放式创新如何推动智力资本产生卓越的组织弹性:来自中国ICT行业的证据
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1108/jic-12-2022-0251
Jia Ju
PurposeOpen innovation is regarded as the driven factor for organizational resilience, but open innovation's role and effect mechanism in leveraging organizational resilience has been limited explored. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between two types of open innovation and organizational resilience and the mediating effect of intellectual capital on open innovation and organizational resilience.Design/methodology/approachAfter a literature review, a research model including open innovation, intellectual capital and organizational resilience is proposed. Survey data are collected from information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in China and analyzed by using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and Bootstrapping procedure to present results of each hypothesis test.FindingsResults indicate that inbound open innovation has a significant and direct impact on organizational resilience, while outbound open innovation has not. In addition, all three dimensions of intellectual capital were significantly correlated with organizational resilience and had mediating roles in the indirect effect of inbound open innovation and organizational resilience. Nevertheless, only social capital played a mediating role in the relationship between outbound open innovation and organizational resilience.Originality/valueThe study explores the relationships among open innovation, intellectual capital and organizational resilience in a comprehensive model, which is the first known study to highlight that open innovation can enhance organizational resilience through intellectual capital, and provides valuable suggestions for improving organizational resilience.
目的开放式创新被认为是组织弹性的驱动因素,但开放式创新对组织弹性的作用和作用机制的探索有限。本文旨在探讨两种类型的开放式创新与组织弹性之间的关系,以及智力资本对开放式创新和组织弹性的中介作用。在文献综述的基础上,提出了一个包含开放式创新、智力资本和组织弹性的研究模型。本文收集了中国信息通信技术(ICT)行业的调查数据,采用偏最小二乘-结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)和Bootstrapping方法对各假设检验结果进行了分析。结果表明,入式开放式创新对组织弹性有显著的直接影响,而外向式开放式创新对组织弹性没有显著的直接影响。此外,智力资本的三个维度均与组织弹性显著相关,并在入站式开放式创新与组织弹性的间接效应中起中介作用。然而,只有社会资本在对外开放创新与组织弹性的关系中起中介作用。本研究通过综合模型探讨了开放式创新、智力资本和组织弹性之间的关系,首次强调了开放式创新可以通过智力资本增强组织弹性,为提高组织弹性提供了有价值的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Does green intellectual capital matter for reverse logistics competency? The role of regulatory measures 绿色智力资本对逆向物流能力有影响吗?监管措施的作用
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1108/jic-07-2022-0147
Yeşim CAN SAĞLAM
PurposeDespite its potential advantages in a wide range of environmental subjects, green intellectual capital has received scant attention in the field of reverse logistics (RL). This research focuses on exploring the relationship between significant green intellectual capital assets (namely green human capital, green relational capital, and green structural capital) and RL competency. The moderating role of regulatory measures was also hypothesized and tested.Design/methodology/approachA survey-based research instrument was employed to collect data and partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) based approach was utilized to test hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that green relational capital and green structural capital are positively associated with RL competency. Interestingly, regulatory measures are also found only to moderate the relationship between green human capital and RL competency.Originality/valueThis study extends the present literature by enhancing the knowledge of RL competency, which is a critical ingredient of the circular economy, by revealing the relation with green intellectual capital. Additionally, this study offers insights into the manufacturing industry, especially in emerging economies for academics and practitioners.
目的尽管绿色知识资本在广泛的环境领域具有潜在优势,但在逆向物流领域却很少受到关注。本研究的重点是探讨重要的绿色智力资本资产(即绿色人力资本、绿色关系资本和绿色结构资本)与RL能力之间的关系。还对调节措施的调节作用进行了假设和测试。设计/方法/方法采用基于调查的研究工具收集数据,并采用基于偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLS-SEM)的方法检验假设。研究结果表明,绿色关系资本和绿色结构资本与RL能力呈正相关。有趣的是,监管措施也只是为了缓和绿色人力资本和RL能力之间的关系。原创性/价值本研究通过揭示与绿色知识资本的关系,增强了对RL能力的认识,RL能力是循环经济的关键组成部分,从而扩展了现有文献。此外,这项研究为学者和从业者提供了对制造业的见解,尤其是在新兴经济体。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Where the data meets the road in the Industry 4.0 economy 评论:工业4.0经济中数据与道路的相遇
IF 6 2区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.1108/jic-05-2023-394
D. Parisi, Jonathan Barlow, Merrill Warkentin
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Intellectual Capital
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