G. Henry, R. Hollister, K. Klanderud, R. Björk, Anne D. Bjorkman, Cassandra Elphinstone, I. Jónsdóttir, U. Molau, A. Petraglia, S. Oberbauer, C. Rixen, P. Wookey
The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) was founded in 1990 as a network of scientists studying responses of tundra ecosystems to ambient and experimental climate change at Arctic and alpine sites across the globe. Common measurement and experimental design protocols have facilitated synthesis of results across sites to gain biome-wide insights of climate change impacts on tundra. This special issue presents results from more than 30 years of ITEX research. The importance of snow regimes, bryophytes, and herbivory are highlighted, with new protocols and studies proposed. The increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme climate events is shown to have strong effects on plant reproduction. The most consistent plant trait response across sites is an increase in vegetation height, especially for shrubs. This will affect surface energy balance, carbon and nutrient dynamics and trophic level interactions. Common garden studies show adaptation responses in tundra species to climate change but they are species and regionally specific. Recommendations are made including establishing sites near northern communities to increase reciprocal engagement with local knowledge holders and establishing multi-factor experiments. The success of ITEX is based on collegial cooperation among researchers and the network remains focused on documenting and understanding impacts of environmental change on tundra ecosystems.
{"title":"The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX): 30 years of research on tundra ecosystems","authors":"G. Henry, R. Hollister, K. Klanderud, R. Björk, Anne D. Bjorkman, Cassandra Elphinstone, I. Jónsdóttir, U. Molau, A. Petraglia, S. Oberbauer, C. Rixen, P. Wookey","doi":"10.1139/as-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) was founded in 1990 as a network of scientists studying responses of tundra ecosystems to ambient and experimental climate change at Arctic and alpine sites across the globe. Common measurement and experimental design protocols have facilitated synthesis of results across sites to gain biome-wide insights of climate change impacts on tundra. This special issue presents results from more than 30 years of ITEX research. The importance of snow regimes, bryophytes, and herbivory are highlighted, with new protocols and studies proposed. The increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme climate events is shown to have strong effects on plant reproduction. The most consistent plant trait response across sites is an increase in vegetation height, especially for shrubs. This will affect surface energy balance, carbon and nutrient dynamics and trophic level interactions. Common garden studies show adaptation responses in tundra species to climate change but they are species and regionally specific. Recommendations are made including establishing sites near northern communities to increase reciprocal engagement with local knowledge holders and establishing multi-factor experiments. The success of ITEX is based on collegial cooperation among researchers and the network remains focused on documenting and understanding impacts of environmental change on tundra ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41423745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kuklina, O. Sizov, Victor Bogdanov, N. Krasnoshtanova, Arina O. Morozova, A. Petrov
The paper is aimed at assessing the associations between the road networks geography and dynamics of wildfire events in the East Siberian boreal forest. We examined the relationship between the function of roads, their use, and management and the wildfire ignition, propagation and termination during the catastrophic fire season of 2016 in the Irkutsk Region of Russia. Document analysis and interviews were utilized to identify main forest users and road infrastructure functional types and examine wildfire management practices. We combined community observations and satellite remotely sensed data to assess relationships between the location, extent and timing of wildfires and different types of roads as fire sources, barriers, and suppression access points. Our study confirms a strong spatial relationship between the wildfire ignition points and roads differentiated by their types with the highest probability of fire ignition near forestry roads and the lowest near subsistence roads. Roads also play an important role in wildfire suppression working as both physical barriers and access points for firefighters. Our research illustrates the importance of local and Indigenous observations along the roads for monitoring and understanding wildfires, including ‘zombie fires’. It also has practical implications for fire management collectively developed by authorities and local communities.
{"title":"Combining Community Observations and Remote Sensing to Examine the Effects of Roads on Wildfires in the East Siberian Boreal Forest","authors":"V. Kuklina, O. Sizov, Victor Bogdanov, N. Krasnoshtanova, Arina O. Morozova, A. Petrov","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0042","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is aimed at assessing the associations between the road networks geography and dynamics of wildfire events in the East Siberian boreal forest. We examined the relationship between the function of roads, their use, and management and the wildfire ignition, propagation and termination during the catastrophic fire season of 2016 in the Irkutsk Region of Russia. Document analysis and interviews were utilized to identify main forest users and road infrastructure functional types and examine wildfire management practices. We combined community observations and satellite remotely sensed data to assess relationships between the location, extent and timing of wildfires and different types of roads as fire sources, barriers, and suppression access points. Our study confirms a strong spatial relationship between the wildfire ignition points and roads differentiated by their types with the highest probability of fire ignition near forestry roads and the lowest near subsistence roads. Roads also play an important role in wildfire suppression working as both physical barriers and access points for firefighters. Our research illustrates the importance of local and Indigenous observations along the roads for monitoring and understanding wildfires, including ‘zombie fires’. It also has practical implications for fire management collectively developed by authorities and local communities.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46149545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bonnie M. Hamilton, J. Baak, K. Vorkamp, S. Hammer, M. Granberg, D. Herzke, J. Provencher
Plastic pollution (including microplastics) has been reported in a variety of biotic and abiotic compartments across the circumpolar Arctic. Due to their environmental ubiquity, there is a need to understand not only the fate and transport of physical plastic particles, but also the fate and transport of additive chemicals associated with plastic pollution. Further, there is a fundamental research gap in understanding long-range transport of chemical additives to the Arctic via plastics as well as their behavior under environmentally relevant, Arctic conditions. Here, we comment on the state of the science of plastic as carriers of chemical additives to the Arctic, and highlight research priorities going forward. We suggest further research on the transport pathways of chemical additives via plastics from both distant and local sources and laboratory experiments to investigate chemical behavior of plastic additives under Arctic conditions, including leaching, uptake, and bioaccumulation. Ultimately, chemical additives need to be included in strategic monitoring efforts to fully understand the contaminant burden of plastic pollution in Arctic ecosystems.
{"title":"Plastics as a carrier of chemical additives to the Arctic: Possibilities for strategic monitoring across the circumpolar North","authors":"Bonnie M. Hamilton, J. Baak, K. Vorkamp, S. Hammer, M. Granberg, D. Herzke, J. Provencher","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0055","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic pollution (including microplastics) has been reported in a variety of biotic and abiotic compartments across the circumpolar Arctic. Due to their environmental ubiquity, there is a need to understand not only the fate and transport of physical plastic particles, but also the fate and transport of additive chemicals associated with plastic pollution. Further, there is a fundamental research gap in understanding long-range transport of chemical additives to the Arctic via plastics as well as their behavior under environmentally relevant, Arctic conditions. Here, we comment on the state of the science of plastic as carriers of chemical additives to the Arctic, and highlight research priorities going forward. We suggest further research on the transport pathways of chemical additives via plastics from both distant and local sources and laboratory experiments to investigate chemical behavior of plastic additives under Arctic conditions, including leaching, uptake, and bioaccumulation. Ultimately, chemical additives need to be included in strategic monitoring efforts to fully understand the contaminant burden of plastic pollution in Arctic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45698557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olga Povoroznyuk, W. Vincent, P. Schweitzer, Roza I. Laptander, M. Bennett, F. Calmels, D. Sergeev, C. Arp, B. Forbes, P. Roy-Léveillée, D. Walker
Land-based transport corridors and their related infrastructure increasingly extend into and across the Arctic in support of resource development and population growth, causing large-scale cumulative changes in northern socio-ecological systems. These changes result from the increased mobility of people, goods and resources, and from environmental impacts on landscapes and ecosystems as the human footprint extends into remote, unindustrialized regions. Arctic climate change is bringing new challenges for construction and maintenance of transport systems, requiring adaptive engineering solutions as well as community resilience to change. In this review article, we consider the complex entanglements between humans, the environment and land transportation infrastructure in the North, and illustrate these aspects by way of seven case studies: Baikal-Amur Mainline, Bovanenkovo Railway, Alaska-Canada Highway, Inuvik-Tuktoyatuk Highway, Alaska Railroad, Hudson Bay Railway and proposed railways on Baffin Island, Canada. As new infrastructure is anticipated and built across the circumpolar North, there is an urgent need for an integrated socio-ecological approach to impact assessment. This would include full consideration of Indigenous knowledge and concerns, collaboration with local communities and user groups in assessment, planning and monitoring, and evaluation of alternative engineering designs to contend with the impacts of climate change in the decades ahead.
{"title":"Arctic roads and railways: social and environmental consequences of transport infrastructure in the Circumpolar North","authors":"Olga Povoroznyuk, W. Vincent, P. Schweitzer, Roza I. Laptander, M. Bennett, F. Calmels, D. Sergeev, C. Arp, B. Forbes, P. Roy-Léveillée, D. Walker","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Land-based transport corridors and their related infrastructure increasingly extend into and across the Arctic in support of resource development and population growth, causing large-scale cumulative changes in northern socio-ecological systems. These changes result from the increased mobility of people, goods and resources, and from environmental impacts on landscapes and ecosystems as the human footprint extends into remote, unindustrialized regions. Arctic climate change is bringing new challenges for construction and maintenance of transport systems, requiring adaptive engineering solutions as well as community resilience to change. In this review article, we consider the complex entanglements between humans, the environment and land transportation infrastructure in the North, and illustrate these aspects by way of seven case studies: Baikal-Amur Mainline, Bovanenkovo Railway, Alaska-Canada Highway, Inuvik-Tuktoyatuk Highway, Alaska Railroad, Hudson Bay Railway and proposed railways on Baffin Island, Canada. As new infrastructure is anticipated and built across the circumpolar North, there is an urgent need for an integrated socio-ecological approach to impact assessment. This would include full consideration of Indigenous knowledge and concerns, collaboration with local communities and user groups in assessment, planning and monitoring, and evaluation of alternative engineering designs to contend with the impacts of climate change in the decades ahead.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41702224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Bergstedt, B. Jones, D. Walker, J. Peirce, A. Bartsch, G. Pointner, M. Kanevskiy, M. Raynolds, M. Buchhorn
Increased industrial development in the Arctic has led to a rapid expansion of infrastructure in the region. Localized impacts of infrastructure on snow distribution, road dust, and snowmelt timing and duration feeds back into the coupled Arctic system causing a series of cascading effects that remain poorly understood. We quantify spatial and temporal patterns of snow-off dates in the Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska, using Sentinel-2 data. We derive the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) to quantify snow persistence in 2019-2020. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were used to show linkages of vegetation and surface hydrology, in relationship to patterns of snowmelt. Newly available infrastructure data was used to analyze snowmelt patterns in relation infrastructure. Results show a relationship between snowmelt and distance to infrastructure varying by use and traffic load, and orientation relative to the prevailing wind direction (up to 1 month difference in snow-free dates). Post-snowmelt surface water area showed a strong negative correlation (up to -0.927) with distance to infrastructure. Results from field observations indicate an impact of infrastructure on winter near-surface ground temperature and snow depth. This study highlights the impact of infrastructure on a large area beyond the direct human footprint and the interconnectedness between snow-off timing, vegetation, surface hydrology, and near-surface ground temperatures.
{"title":"The spatial and temporal influence of infrastructure and road dust on seasonal snowmelt, vegetation productivity, and early season surface water cover in the Prudhoe Bay Oilfield","authors":"H. Bergstedt, B. Jones, D. Walker, J. Peirce, A. Bartsch, G. Pointner, M. Kanevskiy, M. Raynolds, M. Buchhorn","doi":"10.1139/as-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Increased industrial development in the Arctic has led to a rapid expansion of infrastructure in the region. Localized impacts of infrastructure on snow distribution, road dust, and snowmelt timing and duration feeds back into the coupled Arctic system causing a series of cascading effects that remain poorly understood. We quantify spatial and temporal patterns of snow-off dates in the Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska, using Sentinel-2 data. We derive the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) to quantify snow persistence in 2019-2020. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were used to show linkages of vegetation and surface hydrology, in relationship to patterns of snowmelt. Newly available infrastructure data was used to analyze snowmelt patterns in relation infrastructure. Results show a relationship between snowmelt and distance to infrastructure varying by use and traffic load, and orientation relative to the prevailing wind direction (up to 1 month difference in snow-free dates). Post-snowmelt surface water area showed a strong negative correlation (up to -0.927) with distance to infrastructure. Results from field observations indicate an impact of infrastructure on winter near-surface ground temperature and snow depth. This study highlights the impact of infrastructure on a large area beyond the direct human footprint and the interconnectedness between snow-off timing, vegetation, surface hydrology, and near-surface ground temperatures.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44860401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kayla J. Buhler, Breeze Agar, T. Galloway, R. Alisauskas, E. Jenkins
Within the terrestrial Arctic ecosystem at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Bartonella bacteria (B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. henselae) have been detected in avian nest fleas (Ceratophyllus vagabundus vagabundus) and the blood of Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). We further investigate the transmission dynamics at Karrak Lake by identifying Bartonella present in rodents, migratory geese upon arrival to nesting grounds, and rodent and avian fleas. Conventional PCR targeting the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region revealed DNA of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. rochalimae in 42% of 24 nest flea pools, B. rochalimae and B. grahamii in 70% of 10 rodent flea pools (Amalaraeus dissimilis), B. grahamii, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, and Bartonella sp. BvS12 in 20% of 20 red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus), and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in 2% of 42 Ross’s geese (Anser rossii). These findings suggest that geese and their associated fleas serve as migratory hosts and vectors. Detection of the same or similar species of Bartonella in rodent fleas, nest fleas and foxes proposes that transmission may occur during predation and detection of B. rochalimae (a Bartonella species commonly detected in rodents) in nest fleas, may suggest that these fleas have generalist feeding tendencies, acquiring Bartonella from rodents or foxes as they visit nests.
{"title":"Arctic fleas are not fussy eaters: Bartonella bacteria may hitchhike between birds and mammals in a tundra ecosystem","authors":"Kayla J. Buhler, Breeze Agar, T. Galloway, R. Alisauskas, E. Jenkins","doi":"10.1139/as-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Within the terrestrial Arctic ecosystem at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Bartonella bacteria (B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. henselae) have been detected in avian nest fleas (Ceratophyllus vagabundus vagabundus) and the blood of Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). We further investigate the transmission dynamics at Karrak Lake by identifying Bartonella present in rodents, migratory geese upon arrival to nesting grounds, and rodent and avian fleas. Conventional PCR targeting the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region revealed DNA of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. rochalimae in 42% of 24 nest flea pools, B. rochalimae and B. grahamii in 70% of 10 rodent flea pools (Amalaraeus dissimilis), B. grahamii, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, and Bartonella sp. BvS12 in 20% of 20 red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus), and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in 2% of 42 Ross’s geese (Anser rossii). These findings suggest that geese and their associated fleas serve as migratory hosts and vectors. Detection of the same or similar species of Bartonella in rodent fleas, nest fleas and foxes proposes that transmission may occur during predation and detection of B. rochalimae (a Bartonella species commonly detected in rodents) in nest fleas, may suggest that these fleas have generalist feeding tendencies, acquiring Bartonella from rodents or foxes as they visit nests.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kögel, Bonnie M. Hamilton, M. Granberg, J. Provencher, S. Hammer, A. Gomiero, K. Magnusson, A. Lusher
In this review, we investigated published data on the occurrence of microplastic in Arctic fish, and the suitability of the data and species for risk assessment and monitoring. As of 11.11.2021, we found nine studies in the peer-reviewed literature, one thesis and one report, confirming the occurrence of microplastic in fishes from multiple Arctic regions. The studies varied in methodology, detection and quantification limitations, reported categories of size, shape, and chemical identity. All these factors influence the numbers of microplastic reported, thus limiting comparability and hindering integrative analysis. The physiological impacts of the reported microplastic contamination cannot be determined, as all studies targeted stomach/intestine contents and did not use methods with limits of detection low enough to determine particle translocation from the intestine to other organs, tissues or body fluids within the fish. Furthermore, there is a fundamental lack of understanding the transfer and the effects of plastic additives to Arctic fishes. In addition to discussing methodological challenges and knowledge gaps, we consider ecosystem needs, commercial interests, Indigenous people’s subsistence, food safety and food sovereignty concerns, and developed a framework to harmonize and facilitate pan-Arctic microplastic monitoring.
{"title":"Current efforts on microplastic monitoring in Arctic fish and how to proceed","authors":"T. Kögel, Bonnie M. Hamilton, M. Granberg, J. Provencher, S. Hammer, A. Gomiero, K. Magnusson, A. Lusher","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0057","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we investigated published data on the occurrence of microplastic in Arctic fish, and the suitability of the data and species for risk assessment and monitoring. As of 11.11.2021, we found nine studies in the peer-reviewed literature, one thesis and one report, confirming the occurrence of microplastic in fishes from multiple Arctic regions. The studies varied in methodology, detection and quantification limitations, reported categories of size, shape, and chemical identity. All these factors influence the numbers of microplastic reported, thus limiting comparability and hindering integrative analysis. The physiological impacts of the reported microplastic contamination cannot be determined, as all studies targeted stomach/intestine contents and did not use methods with limits of detection low enough to determine particle translocation from the intestine to other organs, tissues or body fluids within the fish. Furthermore, there is a fundamental lack of understanding the transfer and the effects of plastic additives to Arctic fishes. In addition to discussing methodological challenges and knowledge gaps, we consider ecosystem needs, commercial interests, Indigenous people’s subsistence, food safety and food sovereignty concerns, and developed a framework to harmonize and facilitate pan-Arctic microplastic monitoring.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46792110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Arctic tundra, climate-induced emergence of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), a competitor to the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), is predicted to influence predation patterns of both fox mesopredators. In this study, we i) identified predator species from scats through an established barcoding approach, and ii) explored the use of a cheap, quick barcoding method of fox feces (n = 103). We investigated differences in diet between the red fox (predicted generalist predator) and Arctic fox (predicted specialist predator) over two years with varying prey abundance. We amplified short DNA fragments (< 200 bp) from small rodents, birds and hares. For both predators, there was a high frequency of occurrence of rodents (38 - 69 %) identifying them as primary prey species and birds as secondary prey species (13-31%). This demonstrates the strength of a straightforward DNA barcoding method for dietary analyses in sympatric fox predators, with species-level resolution of prey. Barcoding is a promising tool for future dietary studies, however a few methodological improvements, along with extended sampling, are needed for a more complete assessment of fox predation patterns. Integrating high-resolution dietary analyses has great potential to enhance our understanding of predation patterns in Arctic tundra communities.
{"title":"Predation patterns on the tundra – genetic barcoding of scats from two sympatric fox species","authors":"C. Wilkinson, Jan Vigués, A. Angerbjörn, K. Norén","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0051","url":null,"abstract":"In the Arctic tundra, climate-induced emergence of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), a competitor to the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), is predicted to influence predation patterns of both fox mesopredators. In this study, we i) identified predator species from scats through an established barcoding approach, and ii) explored the use of a cheap, quick barcoding method of fox feces (n = 103). We investigated differences in diet between the red fox (predicted generalist predator) and Arctic fox (predicted specialist predator) over two years with varying prey abundance. We amplified short DNA fragments (< 200 bp) from small rodents, birds and hares. For both predators, there was a high frequency of occurrence of rodents (38 - 69 %) identifying them as primary prey species and birds as secondary prey species (13-31%). This demonstrates the strength of a straightforward DNA barcoding method for dietary analyses in sympatric fox predators, with species-level resolution of prey. Barcoding is a promising tool for future dietary studies, however a few methodological improvements, along with extended sampling, are needed for a more complete assessment of fox predation patterns. Integrating high-resolution dietary analyses has great potential to enhance our understanding of predation patterns in Arctic tundra communities.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42307653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Broad-scale changes in sea ice have been documented across the Arctic; however, less is known about sea ice decline at smaller scales, focused at high priority areas such as marine protected areas (MPAs) or places identified as important by Indigenous Peoples. Here we develop a small-scale application of assessing sea ice change using weekly sea ice charts, and apply that to assess sea ice change in Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA (ANMPA) from 1980-2019. Over that 40-year period, sea ice coverage in ANMPA decreased and open water increased by approximately a month (31.6 days at 50% ice; 33.8 days at 20% ice remaining during break up and 80% ice formed during freeze up). Break up has gone from occurring in mid to late July to occurring in late June or early July. Freeze up has changed from occurring mid-October to occurring early November. As sea ice decline may have dramatic impacts for the ecosystem and consequences for the people that rely on this important area, we highlight the need to better understand the impacts of sea ice decline in small-scale priority places and also contribute to the development of community-scale approaches to increase the accessibility of assessing change.
{"title":"Development of a small-scale approach to assess sea ice change using weekly ice charts, with application to Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area","authors":"K. Gully, J. Iacozza, K. Dunmall","doi":"10.1139/as-2021-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0045","url":null,"abstract":"Broad-scale changes in sea ice have been documented across the Arctic; however, less is known about sea ice decline at smaller scales, focused at high priority areas such as marine protected areas (MPAs) or places identified as important by Indigenous Peoples. Here we develop a small-scale application of assessing sea ice change using weekly sea ice charts, and apply that to assess sea ice change in Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA (ANMPA) from 1980-2019. Over that 40-year period, sea ice coverage in ANMPA decreased and open water increased by approximately a month (31.6 days at 50% ice; 33.8 days at 20% ice remaining during break up and 80% ice formed during freeze up). Break up has gone from occurring in mid to late July to occurring in late June or early July. Freeze up has changed from occurring mid-October to occurring early November. As sea ice decline may have dramatic impacts for the ecosystem and consequences for the people that rely on this important area, we highlight the need to better understand the impacts of sea ice decline in small-scale priority places and also contribute to the development of community-scale approaches to increase the accessibility of assessing change.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45718571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Provencher, S. Aliani, M. Bergmann, M. Bourdages, L. Buhl‐Mortensen, F. Galgani, A. Gomiero, M. Granberg, B. E. Grøsvik, Bonnie M. Hamilton, T. Kögel, J. R. Larsen, A. Lusher, M. Mallory, P. Murphy, I. Peeken, S. Primpke, J. Strand, K. Vorkamp
The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) has published a plan and guidelines for the monitoring of litter and microplastics (MP) in the Arctic. Here we look beyond suggestions for immediate monitoring and discuss challenges, opportunities and future strategies in the long-term monitoring of litter and MP in the Arctic. Challenges are related to environmental conditions, lack of harmonization and standardization of measurements, and long-term coordinated and harmonized data storage. Furthermore, major knowledge gaps exist with regard to benchmark levels, transport, sources and effects, which should be considered in future monitoring strategies. Their development could build on the existing infrastructure and networks established in other monitoring initiatives in the Arctic, while taking into account specific requirements for litter and MP monitoring. Knowledge existing in northern and Indigenous communities, as well as their research priorities, should be integrated into collaborative approaches. The monitoring plan for litter and MP in the Arctic allows for an ecosystem-based approach, which will improve the understanding of linkages between environmental media of the Arctic, as well as links to the global problem of litter and MP pollution.
{"title":"Future monitoring of litter and microplastics in the Arctic – challenges, opportunities and strategies","authors":"J. Provencher, S. Aliani, M. Bergmann, M. Bourdages, L. Buhl‐Mortensen, F. Galgani, A. Gomiero, M. Granberg, B. E. Grøsvik, Bonnie M. Hamilton, T. Kögel, J. R. Larsen, A. Lusher, M. Mallory, P. Murphy, I. Peeken, S. Primpke, J. Strand, K. Vorkamp","doi":"10.1139/as-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) has published a plan and guidelines for the monitoring of litter and microplastics (MP) in the Arctic. Here we look beyond suggestions for immediate monitoring and discuss challenges, opportunities and future strategies in the long-term monitoring of litter and MP in the Arctic. Challenges are related to environmental conditions, lack of harmonization and standardization of measurements, and long-term coordinated and harmonized data storage. Furthermore, major knowledge gaps exist with regard to benchmark levels, transport, sources and effects, which should be considered in future monitoring strategies. Their development could build on the existing infrastructure and networks established in other monitoring initiatives in the Arctic, while taking into account specific requirements for litter and MP monitoring. Knowledge existing in northern and Indigenous communities, as well as their research priorities, should be integrated into collaborative approaches. The monitoring plan for litter and MP in the Arctic allows for an ecosystem-based approach, which will improve the understanding of linkages between environmental media of the Arctic, as well as links to the global problem of litter and MP pollution.","PeriodicalId":48575,"journal":{"name":"Arctic Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44304895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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