Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.4.3.034502
Ahmed Bahgat, Jean Provost, Denis Seletskiy, Yves-Alain Peter
{"title":"Ultrafast ultrasound imaging by optical polymer microring resonator array and a dual optical frequency comb: a theoretical concept","authors":"Ahmed Bahgat, Jean Provost, Denis Seletskiy, Yves-Alain Peter","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.3.034502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.3.034502","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) offer paradigms for programmable photonic integrated circuits thanks to their zero static energy and significant refractive index contrast. However, prototypical PCMs, such as Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST), are lossy in their crystalline phase, albeit transparent in the amorphous state. Moreover, electrically switching PCMs to intermediate states is a stochastic process, limiting programming accuracy. As a result, achieving both low-loss and deterministic multilevel operations with GST remains challenging. Although low-loss PCMs, such as Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 , have been discovered in recent years, they are much less technologically mature. We propose a design with multiple GST segments to overcome the challenge of deterministic multilevel operation. GST segments are individually controlled by interleaved silicon p++-doped-intrinsic-n+ +-doped diode heaters in a binary but reliable fashion, and multiple levels are encoded in their phase sequence. A 1 × 1 programmable unit with two unequal GST segments is experimentally demonstrated, showcasing four distinct operation levels and negligible thermal crosstalk with only one pair of metal contacts. We then extend the design to 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 programmable units. For the 2 × 2 programmable unit design, we propose a phase-detuned three-waveguide directional coupler structure to mitigate the absorption and radiation loss, showing < 1 . 2 dB loss and three splitting ratios. We provide a new path toward low-loss and multi-level optical switches using lossy PCMs.
{"title":"Low-loss multilevel operation using lossy phase-change material-integrated silicon photonics","authors":"Rui Chen, Virat Tara, Jayita Dutta, Zhuoran Fang, Jiajiu Zheng, Arka Majumdar","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.3.031202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.3.031202","url":null,"abstract":". Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) offer paradigms for programmable photonic integrated circuits thanks to their zero static energy and significant refractive index contrast. However, prototypical PCMs, such as Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST), are lossy in their crystalline phase, albeit transparent in the amorphous state. Moreover, electrically switching PCMs to intermediate states is a stochastic process, limiting programming accuracy. As a result, achieving both low-loss and deterministic multilevel operations with GST remains challenging. Although low-loss PCMs, such as Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 , have been discovered in recent years, they are much less technologically mature. We propose a design with multiple GST segments to overcome the challenge of deterministic multilevel operation. GST segments are individually controlled by interleaved silicon p++-doped-intrinsic-n+ +-doped diode heaters in a binary but reliable fashion, and multiple levels are encoded in their phase sequence. A 1 × 1 programmable unit with two unequal GST segments is experimentally demonstrated, showcasing four distinct operation levels and negligible thermal crosstalk with only one pair of metal contacts. We then extend the design to 1 × 2 and 2 × 2 programmable units. For the 2 × 2 programmable unit design, we propose a phase-detuned three-waveguide directional coupler structure to mitigate the absorption and radiation loss, showing < 1 . 2 dB loss and three splitting ratios. We provide a new path toward low-loss and multi-level optical switches using lossy PCMs.","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"54 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.4.2.020902
Amanda L. Musgrove, Alexander Cockerham, Javier J. Pazos, Shaimum Shahriar, Michael McMahon, Jimmy E. Touma, S. Kuebler
{"title":"Bio-inspired photonic and plasmonic systems for gas sensing: applications, fabrication, and analytical methods","authors":"Amanda L. Musgrove, Alexander Cockerham, Javier J. Pazos, Shaimum Shahriar, Michael McMahon, Jimmy E. Touma, S. Kuebler","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.2.020902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.2.020902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"89 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141116154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.4.1.014004
Sophie Jenne, Alessio Tugnolo, Hugo M. Oliveira, Hans Zappe
{"title":"Flexible microspectrometer for grape maturation monitoring in the vineyard","authors":"Sophie Jenne, Alessio Tugnolo, Hugo M. Oliveira, Hans Zappe","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.1.014004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.1.014004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"66 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140378134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011004
David Coenen, Minkyu Kim, H. Oprins, Y. Ban, Dimitrios Velenis, J. Van Campenhout, Ingrid De Wolf
. Co-packaged optics for high performance computing or other data center applications requires dense integration of silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with electronic integrated circuits (EICs). This work discusses the impact of three-dimensional (3D) hybrid integration on the thermal performance of Si ring-based photonic devices in wavelength-division multiplexing PICs. A thermal finite element model of the EIC-PIC assembly is developed and calibrated with thermo-optic device measurements, before and after integration of an electrical driver on top of the PIC by means of microbump flip-chip bonding. Both measurements and simulations of the thermal tuning efficiency and crosstalk between silicon photonic devices show that the EIC can have a significant impact on the thermal performance of the integrated heaters in the PIC by acting as an undesired heat spreader. This heat spreading lowers the heater efficiency with 43.3% and increases the thermal crosstalk between the devices by up to 44.4% compared with a PIC-only case. Finally, it is shown that these negative thermal effects of 3D integration can largely be mitigated by a thermally aware design of the microbump array and the back-end-of-line interconnect, guided by the calibrated thermal simulation model.
{"title":"Thermal modeling of hybrid three-dimensional integrated, ring-based silicon photonic–electronic transceivers","authors":"David Coenen, Minkyu Kim, H. Oprins, Y. Ban, Dimitrios Velenis, J. Van Campenhout, Ingrid De Wolf","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011004","url":null,"abstract":". Co-packaged optics for high performance computing or other data center applications requires dense integration of silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with electronic integrated circuits (EICs). This work discusses the impact of three-dimensional (3D) hybrid integration on the thermal performance of Si ring-based photonic devices in wavelength-division multiplexing PICs. A thermal finite element model of the EIC-PIC assembly is developed and calibrated with thermo-optic device measurements, before and after integration of an electrical driver on top of the PIC by means of microbump flip-chip bonding. Both measurements and simulations of the thermal tuning efficiency and crosstalk between silicon photonic devices show that the EIC can have a significant impact on the thermal performance of the integrated heaters in the PIC by acting as an undesired heat spreader. This heat spreading lowers the heater efficiency with 43.3% and increases the thermal crosstalk between the devices by up to 44.4% compared with a PIC-only case. Finally, it is shown that these negative thermal effects of 3D integration can largely be mitigated by a thermally aware design of the microbump array and the back-end-of-line interconnect, guided by the calibrated thermal simulation model.","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"80 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-02DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011005
J. Missinne, Viktor Geudens, G. Poulopoulos, Michal Szaj, George Syriopoulos, C. Zervos, Evridiki Kyriazi, Hercules Avramopoulos, G. Van Steenberge
{"title":"Silicon photonic temperature sensor: from photonic integrated chip to fully packaged miniature probe","authors":"J. Missinne, Viktor Geudens, G. Poulopoulos, Michal Szaj, George Syriopoulos, C. Zervos, Evridiki Kyriazi, Hercules Avramopoulos, G. Van Steenberge","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.4.1.011005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"111 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138607365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1117/1.jom.3.4.044501
Rach Dawson, Carolyn O’Dwyer, Marcin S. Mrozowski, Edward Irwin, James P. McGilligan, David P. Burt, Dominic Hunter, Stuart Ingleby, Molly Rea, Niall Holmes, Matthew J. Brookes, Paul. F. Griffin, Erling Riis
Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are becoming common in the realm of biomagnetic measurements. We discuss the development of a prototype zero-field cesium portable OPM and its miniaturized components. Zero-field sensors operate in a very low static magnetic field environment and exploit physical effects in this regime. OPMs of this type are extremely sensitive to small magnetic fields, but they bring specific challenges to component design, material choice, and current routing. The miniaturized cesium atomic vapor cell within this sensor has been produced through integrated microfabrication techniques. The cell must be heated to 120°C for effective sensing, while the sensor external faces must be skin safe ≤40 ° C making it suitable for use in biomagnetic measurements. We demonstrate a heating system that results in a stable outer package temperature of 36°C after 1.5 h of 120°C cell heating. This relatively cool package temperature enables safe operation on human subjects which is particularly important in the use of multi-sensor arrays. Biplanar printed circuit board coils are presented that produce a reliable homogeneous field along three axes, compensating residual fields and occupying only a small volume within the sensor. The performance of the prototype portable sensor is characterized through a measured sensitivity of 90 fT / Hz in the 5 to 20 Hz frequency band and demonstrated through the measurement of a cardiac magnetic signal.
光泵磁强计(OPMs)在生物磁测量领域正变得越来越普遍。讨论了零场铯便携式光电器件及其小型化元件的研制。零场传感器工作在一个非常低的静态磁场环境和利用物理效应在这个制度。这种类型的opm对小磁场非常敏感，但它们给组件设计、材料选择和电流路由带来了特定的挑战。该传感器内部的小型化铯原子蒸汽电池是通过集成微加工技术制成的。电池必须加热到120°C才能有效传感，而传感器外部表面必须是皮肤安全的≤40°C，使其适合用于生物磁测量。我们展示了一种加热系统，在120°C电池加热1.5小时后，外壳温度稳定在36°C。这种相对较低的封装温度可以对人体进行安全操作，这在使用多传感器阵列时尤为重要。双平面印刷电路板线圈沿三轴产生可靠的均匀场，补偿残余场，并且只占用传感器很小的体积。原型便携式传感器的性能通过在5至20 Hz频段测量90 fT / Hz的灵敏度来表征，并通过测量心脏磁信号来证明。
{"title":"Portable single-beam cesium zero-field magnetometer for magnetocardiography","authors":"Rach Dawson, Carolyn O’Dwyer, Marcin S. Mrozowski, Edward Irwin, James P. McGilligan, David P. Burt, Dominic Hunter, Stuart Ingleby, Molly Rea, Niall Holmes, Matthew J. Brookes, Paul. F. Griffin, Erling Riis","doi":"10.1117/1.jom.3.4.044501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jom.3.4.044501","url":null,"abstract":"Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are becoming common in the realm of biomagnetic measurements. We discuss the development of a prototype zero-field cesium portable OPM and its miniaturized components. Zero-field sensors operate in a very low static magnetic field environment and exploit physical effects in this regime. OPMs of this type are extremely sensitive to small magnetic fields, but they bring specific challenges to component design, material choice, and current routing. The miniaturized cesium atomic vapor cell within this sensor has been produced through integrated microfabrication techniques. The cell must be heated to 120°C for effective sensing, while the sensor external faces must be skin safe ≤40 ° C making it suitable for use in biomagnetic measurements. We demonstrate a heating system that results in a stable outer package temperature of 36°C after 1.5 h of 120°C cell heating. This relatively cool package temperature enables safe operation on human subjects which is particularly important in the use of multi-sensor arrays. Biplanar printed circuit board coils are presented that produce a reliable homogeneous field along three axes, compensating residual fields and occupying only a small volume within the sensor. The performance of the prototype portable sensor is characterized through a measured sensitivity of 90 fT / Hz in the 5 to 20 Hz frequency band and demonstrated through the measurement of a cardiac magnetic signal.","PeriodicalId":485779,"journal":{"name":"Journal of optical microsystems","volume":"59 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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