Raising capital for a project from a crowd of retail investors has become established as a practice in the last decade. A practice mainly driven by the lack of alternatives for startup entrepreneurs, and the various positive features and functionalities of these models, allowing for more audience engagement, proof of concept, marketing, etc. With the proliferation of blockchain technologies (also known as distributed ledger technologies), there is a technical opportunity for these processes to be refined and for equity crowdfunding to enter a new stage of development. This study proposes a model for the application of blockchain aimed in this direction – addressing the problems and deficits of current models by implementing technological solutions based on distributed ledger technologies.
{"title":"Model for Capital Crowdfunding through Distributed Ledger Technologies","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Raising capital for a project from a crowd of retail investors has become established as a practice in the last decade. A practice mainly driven by the lack of alternatives for startup entrepreneurs, and the various positive features and functionalities of these models, allowing for more audience engagement, proof of concept, marketing, etc. With the proliferation of blockchain technologies (also known as distributed ledger technologies), there is a technical opportunity for these processes to be refined and for equity crowdfunding to enter a new stage of development. This study proposes a model for the application of blockchain aimed in this direction – addressing the problems and deficits of current models by implementing technological solutions based on distributed ledger technologies.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines to what extent disinformation is a threat to a democratic state such as Bulgaria. The hypothesis is that democratic states possess enough resources to counter effectively foreign disinformation campaigns. Based on in-depth interviews with experts from the security and media fields, the research has rejected, to a large extent, this hypothesis about Bulgaria. It has found out that the country is quite vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the article elaborates on the causes for this vulnerability and on possible countering measures.
{"title":"Disinformation as a Threat to Democratic States Such as Bulgaria","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines to what extent disinformation is a threat to a democratic state such as Bulgaria. The hypothesis is that democratic states possess enough resources to counter effectively foreign disinformation campaigns. Based on in-depth interviews with experts from the security and media fields, the research has rejected, to a large extent, this hypothesis about Bulgaria. It has found out that the country is quite vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the article elaborates on the causes for this vulnerability and on possible countering measures.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing demographic crisis in Bulgaria (permanent depopulation, constant reduction and deterioration of the age structure of the rural population, etc.) increasingly encourages policies to strengthen the social, ecological, economic, and managerial sustainability of rural areas. The aim of this study is to forecast the socio-demographic trends of rural areas in Bulgaria for 2027. Based on a developed linear scenario model, the sensitivity of selected indicators is identified under certain assumptions of changes in the independent variables. The suggested optimistic scenarios for the selected indicators have the highest rating, which means that certain favorable changes in demographic and socio-economic aspects should be expected in rural areas. One of the lowest ratings is for the pessimistic scenario of the index by place of residence, which indicates an expectation for a moderate preservation of the existing trend of population reduction. The forecast is that at the end of 2027, child mortality will decrease, due to the continuation of the tendency to decrease the average age of the mother at the birth of a child, an increase in the birth rate and fertility among women.
{"title":"Scenarios for the Demographic Development of Rural Areas in Bulgaria – 2027","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing demographic crisis in Bulgaria (permanent depopulation, constant reduction and deterioration of the age structure of the rural population, etc.) increasingly encourages policies to strengthen the social, ecological, economic, and managerial sustainability of rural areas. The aim of this study is to forecast the socio-demographic trends of rural areas in Bulgaria for 2027. Based on a developed linear scenario model, the sensitivity of selected indicators is identified under certain assumptions of changes in the independent variables. The suggested optimistic scenarios for the selected indicators have the highest rating, which means that certain favorable changes in demographic and socio-economic aspects should be expected in rural areas. One of the lowest ratings is for the pessimistic scenario of the index by place of residence, which indicates an expectation for a moderate preservation of the existing trend of population reduction. The forecast is that at the end of 2027, child mortality will decrease, due to the continuation of the tendency to decrease the average age of the mother at the birth of a child, an increase in the birth rate and fertility among women.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Residential construction, as part of the construction sector, has developed quite dynamically over the last twenty years. This paper examines the dynamics of new housing construction over a seventeen-year period. The panel dataset includes household-related factors of demographic, social, and economic character regarding the demand for newly built housing estate. Different specifications of econometric panel models for the dynamics of new housing construction at district level in Bulgaria are built and estimated. The results show that the dependence of housing area of newly built dwellings by regions in Bulgaria is directly proportional to natural increase, migration, average annual wage, and number of pupils, and inversely proportional to unemployment. Interestingly, the variable “net enrollment rate of children in kindergartens” did not show the expected effect on the growth of newly built housing.
{"title":"Factors of the Regional Dynamics of the Newly Built Residential Area in Bulgaria for the 2005 – 2021 Period","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.03","url":null,"abstract":"Residential construction, as part of the construction sector, has developed quite dynamically over the last twenty years. This paper examines the dynamics of new housing construction over a seventeen-year period. The panel dataset includes household-related factors of demographic, social, and economic character regarding the demand for newly built housing estate. Different specifications of econometric panel models for the dynamics of new housing construction at district level in Bulgaria are built and estimated. The results show that the dependence of housing area of newly built dwellings by regions in Bulgaria is directly proportional to natural increase, migration, average annual wage, and number of pupils, and inversely proportional to unemployment. Interestingly, the variable “net enrollment rate of children in kindergartens” did not show the expected effect on the growth of newly built housing.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of the concept of sustainability accounting assumes the adoption of a conventional reporting framework to set guidelines for presenting and disclosing useful information for satisfying the information needs of stakeholders’ groups. The standards developed by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board could be an adequate reporting framework for satisfying investors’ information needs. The challenges for accounting science and practice are related to presenting and disclosing qualitative information by conventional reporting framework, which should satisfy the information needs of stakeholders’ groups in accordance with companies’ sustainability policy.
{"title":"Conventional Sustainability Accounting Standards – Essence and Perspectives","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.09","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the concept of sustainability accounting assumes the adoption of a conventional reporting framework to set guidelines for presenting and disclosing useful information for satisfying the information needs of stakeholders’ groups. The standards developed by the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board could be an adequate reporting framework for satisfying investors’ information needs. The challenges for accounting science and practice are related to presenting and disclosing qualitative information by conventional reporting framework, which should satisfy the information needs of stakeholders’ groups in accordance with companies’ sustainability policy.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of adequate understanding and evaluation of the system of agrarian governance is among the most topical academic and practical tasks. The goal of the article is to adapt the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics and to propose an adequate definition and framework for analyzing the system of agrarian governance in Bulgaria. Based on a critical analysis of research and practical experience, it is underlined that agrarian governance is to be studied as a complex system, including four principle components: agrarian and related agents involved in management decision-making; rules, forms and mechanisms that govern the behavior, activities and relationships of agrarian agents; processes and activities related to making governing decisions; a specific social order resulting from the governing process and functioning of the system. The analysis of agrarian governance should include the individual elements of the system, different levels of governance and the main functional areas of agrarian governance, for each of which adequate quantitative or qualitative methods from the institutional approach are suggested. The assessment must take into account the personal characteristics of agents, the institutional environment, transaction costs, the comparative effectiveness of alternative structures, and the “time factor”.
{"title":"A Framework for Defining and Analyzing Agrarian Governance","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of adequate understanding and evaluation of the system of agrarian governance is among the most topical academic and practical tasks. The goal of the article is to adapt the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics and to propose an adequate definition and framework for analyzing the system of agrarian governance in Bulgaria. Based on a critical analysis of research and practical experience, it is underlined that agrarian governance is to be studied as a complex system, including four principle components: agrarian and related agents involved in management decision-making; rules, forms and mechanisms that govern the behavior, activities and relationships of agrarian agents; processes and activities related to making governing decisions; a specific social order resulting from the governing process and functioning of the system. The analysis of agrarian governance should include the individual elements of the system, different levels of governance and the main functional areas of agrarian governance, for each of which adequate quantitative or qualitative methods from the institutional approach are suggested. The assessment must take into account the personal characteristics of agents, the institutional environment, transaction costs, the comparative effectiveness of alternative structures, and the “time factor”.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The object of research in this article is company competitiveness as an actual management phenomenon, and the subject is company competitiveness through intellectual property – identification, achievement and maintenance. The goal is: to research and prove the importance of intellectual property for the competitiveness of companies in the modern business environment – technological and digital. Author’s thesis: In the conditions of the modern business environment, characterized by high technology, difficult predictability and dynamic changes, intellectual property is a decisive factor for achieving and maintaining competitiveness. The article offers an analysis of successful companies in the world and in Bulgaria with an assessment of the place and importance of intellectual property in the achieved competitiveness.
{"title":"Intellectual Property of Companies as a Factor for Achieving and Maintaining Competitiveness","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.02","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research in this article is company competitiveness as an actual management phenomenon, and the subject is company competitiveness through intellectual property – identification, achievement and maintenance. The goal is: to research and prove the importance of intellectual property for the competitiveness of companies in the modern business environment – technological and digital. Author’s thesis: In the conditions of the modern business environment, characterized by high technology, difficult predictability and dynamic changes, intellectual property is a decisive factor for achieving and maintaining competitiveness. The article offers an analysis of successful companies in the world and in Bulgaria with an assessment of the place and importance of intellectual property in the achieved competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article aims to investigate the development of a little studied in our country, but at the same time considered as one of the most promising, significant and rapidly developing technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution – the metaverse. Therefore, the object of the study is precisely the metaverse, and its subject – the appearance, essence, development, and perspectives of the metaverse. In order to achieve this goal, a descriptive approach is used to describe what the metaverse is, an explanatory approach is used to explain how the metaverse works, and then a prognostic approach is used to see the prospects of the metaverse. Following this logic, the article begins with the emergence of the idea of the metaverse and the first steps towards its realization. Then it goes with an explanation of what the metaverse is, examining the basic elements that are necessary for it to function, continues with the different realities through which the metaverse can reveal itself, with the digital twins and avatars through which the physical world is duplicated in the metaverse, and ends with the different types of metaverses in the context of the increasing competition between companies and the emergence of multiple metaverse projects. The article ends with the prospects for the development of the metaverse and ultimately with the conclusion that it implies many new perspectives and contradictions that humanity will somehow have to deal with.
{"title":"The Metaverse – the Next Stage of the Internet","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.08","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to investigate the development of a little studied in our country, but at the same time considered as one of the most promising, significant and rapidly developing technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution – the metaverse. Therefore, the object of the study is precisely the metaverse, and its subject – the appearance, essence, development, and perspectives of the metaverse. In order to achieve this goal, a descriptive approach is used to describe what the metaverse is, an explanatory approach is used to explain how the metaverse works, and then a prognostic approach is used to see the prospects of the metaverse. Following this logic, the article begins with the emergence of the idea of the metaverse and the first steps towards its realization. Then it goes with an explanation of what the metaverse is, examining the basic elements that are necessary for it to function, continues with the different realities through which the metaverse can reveal itself, with the digital twins and avatars through which the physical world is duplicated in the metaverse, and ends with the different types of metaverses in the context of the increasing competition between companies and the emergence of multiple metaverse projects. The article ends with the prospects for the development of the metaverse and ultimately with the conclusion that it implies many new perspectives and contradictions that humanity will somehow have to deal with.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on determining the specifics of human resources through the prism of their role in the insurance company, their participation in its activity and their contribution to the results. The article presents at a conceptual level the approach, structure, goals and tasks of such a study, and describes the expected results. The structure of the insurance company is described in view of the distribution of human resources. The arguments for the need for such a study, imposed by the dynamics of development of the insurance sector, the new challenges before it and the role of people as the main resource, are also indicated.
{"title":"Research of the System for Evaluation and Development of Human Resources in an Organization from the Insurance Sector","authors":"","doi":"10.37075/isa.2023.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37075/isa.2023.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on determining the specifics of human resources through the prism of their role in the insurance company, their participation in its activity and their contribution to the results. The article presents at a conceptual level the approach, structure, goals and tasks of such a study, and describes the expected results. The structure of the insurance company is described in view of the distribution of human resources. The arguments for the need for such a study, imposed by the dynamics of development of the insurance sector, the new challenges before it and the role of people as the main resource, are also indicated.","PeriodicalId":486963,"journal":{"name":"Ikonomičeski i socialni alternativi","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135181091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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