Childhood Obesity最新文献

Recent literature proposed an association between physical activity (PA) and carotenoid status due to their overlapping role in mediating oxidative stress. However, this relationship has yet to be explored in young children. This study examined the relationship between objectively measured PA (ActiGraph triaxial accelerometry) and skin carotenoid levels (pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy) in a sample of 3- to 5-years-old. Fourteen children (44 ± 7 months old, 71% male) from a single child care center were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Linear regression modeling indicated more time spent in PA was associated with higher skin carotenoid scores (β = 3.448, p = 0.032). These findings from our pilot study indicate a potential cross-sectional link between physical activity and carotenoid status in young children.

Background: Although positive coparenting, or how parents relate during childrearing, is known to support children's socioemotional development, the role of coparenting in supporting children's healthy eating and growth is poorly understood. This study examined associations between coparenting quality, the home food environment, and young children's body mass index (BMI). Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 290 mothers and their 3-year-old children who participated in the Sprout study. Mothers who indicated they had a coparent in their household completed surveys to assess coparenting quality, food parenting practices, family mealtime routines and structure, and home food availability. Mothers also reported the foods served at two typical meals, and a healthy meal index (HMI) score was calculated to assess the nutritional quality of meals. Children's height and weight were measured and used to calculate BMI z-scores (BMIz). Results: Mothers who reported more positive coparenting also reported providing children more guidance for healthy eating (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), less use of food to control children's emotions (β = -0.15, p < 0.01), less use of food as a reward (β = -0.27, p < 0.01), more structured mealtimes (β = 0.22, p < 0.001), and more household availability of fruits and vegetables (β = 0.11, p < 0.01). Mothers who reported greater coparent agreement on childrearing also had children with lower BMIz (β = -0.11, p = 0.03). Mothers who reported greater endorsement of their partner's childrearing competency had a higher mean HMI score (β = 1.82, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Among dual-parent, highly resourced families with young children, stronger coparenting practices were associated with several food-related parenting practices that support healthy eating and weight among young children.

Background: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings are key for improving health behaviors, including physical activity (PA) and nutrition. In 2017, the province of British Columbia (BC) implemented a provincial-level Active Play policy supported by a capacity-building intervention. Significant improvements in all PA policies and practices and the majority of nutrition policies were observed post-implementation. The purpose of this study was to understand if PA and nutrition policies and practices were maintained at 5+ years post-provincial policy implementation. Methods: This study employed a repeated cross-sectional design to distribute surveys querying about PA and nutrition policies and practices to ECEC centers across BC at three time points: time 1, prior to implementation of the Active Play standard (2016-2017) and capacity-building intervention, time 2, 1-2 years post-implementation (2018-2019), and time 3, 5+ years post-implementation (2022-2023). Results: The majority of PA and all nutrition policies were maintained from time 2 (n = 378) to time 3 (n = 639). Prevalence of policies related to the provision of activities that address fundamental movement skills (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30) and total amount of active play (OR = 0.56) significantly decreased from time 2 to time 3. All reported PA practice prevalence levels decreased to time 1 levels. Conclusions: Center-level health behavior policies were largely maintained 5 years post-implementation, except some PA policies and practices returned to pre-implementation levels. Staff capacity and turnover as well as change in implementation support may explain these changes. Ongoing implementation support is needed to ensure maintenance of health promoting policies and practices in ECEC.

Background: Steatotic liver disease (SLD) represents a multisystem disease and is a common complication of childhood obesity. We studied fat content at the abdominal level (liver, subcutaneous, and visceral) and the response to childhood obesity management. Methods: In this retrospective longitudinal study, 8-18-year-olds with a body mass index (BMI) z-score above 1.28 (corresponding to a BMI above the 90th percentile), as a proxy for obesity, were offered person-centered, family-oriented obesity management in a hospital setting and in a magnetic resonance (MR) scan. Liver fat content (LFC) was assessed by MR spectroscopy, whereas subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were assessed by MR imaging. We conducted nonparametric tests to evaluate baseline-to-follow-up changes and comparisons between participants with and without an MR assessment. Additionally, a logistic regression model examined the association between changes in LFC and BMI z-score. Results: The study group comprised 1002 children and adolescents (52% females) with an MR assessment at baseline. The median age was 13.0 years, the median BMI was 28.4, and the BMI z-score was 2.90. At baseline, 378 (38%) exhibited SLD defined by an LFC above 1.5%. Among the 322 with a follow-up MR scan, 76% of the patients with SLD reduced their LFC. BMI z-score and VAT (both p < 0.001) were reduced during intervention. Conclusions: SLD is highly prevalent (38%) in children and adolescents with obesity. A chronic care obesity management model reduced the fat content in the liver, the visceral fat, and the degree of obesity.

Background: Maternal depression has been linked with increased risk of childhood obesity. Furthermore, maternal negative affectivity in early childhood has been associated with food fussiness. We explored the relationship between longitudinal maternal well-being mid-pregnancy, at 2 years and 5 years postpartum and children's appetitive traits at 5 years of age. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the ROLO (randomized control trial of low glycemic diet in pregnancy) longitudinal birth cohort study including pregnancy (n = 279), 2 years (n = 168), and 5 years (n = 295) postpartum. Maternal well-being was measured using the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index. Children's appetitive traits were measured at 5 years of age using the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Bivariate correlation and then linear regression, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to determine relationships between maternal well-being at each timepoint and offspring's appetitive traits at 5 years old. Results: Mean maternal well-being was higher at 5 years postpartum (63.3%) than mid-pregnancy (58.2%) or at 2 years postpartum (61.0%) (p = 0.001). No relationships were observed between maternal well-being mid-pregnancy and child's appetitive traits at 5 years. In adjusted regression, at 2 years postpartum, maternal well-being was negatively associated with "Emotional Overeating" (B = -0.029, p = 0.024), "Satiety Responsiveness" (B = -0.040, p = 0.014), "Slowness Eating" (B = -0.072, p = <0.001), and "Emotional Undereating" (B = -0.054, p = 0.010) and positively associated with "Enjoyment of Food" (B = 0.050, p = 0.007). Maternal well-being at 5 years postpartum was negatively associated with "Satiety Responsiveness" (B = -0.025, p = 0.033) and "Slowness Eating" (B = -0.031, p = 0.024). Conclusion: Maternal well-being in early childhood may influence children's appetitive traits; however, further research is required to fully explore this relationship.

Background: During summer, children may meet fewer 24 hours Movement Guidelines (24 hr-MGs) [moderate-vigorous physical activity (PA): ≥60 minutes/day, screen time: ≤2 hours/day, sleep: 9-11 hours/day) compared with the school year. Structured environments within community settings (e.g., summer programs) support guideline adherence. Information about the relationship between structured home environments and 24 hr-MGs is needed. This mixed-methods study examined which features of the family, home, and community environment supported children in meeting 24 hr-MGs during the school year and summer. Methods: Children's PA and sleep data were estimated from wrist-worn accelerometry, and screen time was assessed via parent-reported nightly surveys (14 days) at two time points [school year: (March-April) and summer (July-August) of 2021]. Parents completed a survey at each time point with 13 measures of the family (e.g., screen time rules), home (e.g., bed sharing), and community (e.g., summer program enrollment) environment. Multilevel mixed effect logistic regression estimated the odds of meeting 24 hr-MGs at each time point. Parents (n = 20) completed a qualitative interview and thematic analysis revealed parents perceived facilitators and barriers to guideline adherence. Results: Summer program enrollment and bedtime rules were associated with greater odds of meeting the PA [odds ratios (ORs): 4.9, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): (1.4, 17.1)] and ≥two 24 hr-MGs [OR: 2.2, 95 CI: (1.2, 4.0)] during summer, respectively. Parents perceived family rules/routines supported guideline adherence and lack of access to summer programs was a barrier. Conclusions: Structured environments at home and in the community can support children in meeting 24 hr-MGs guidelines. Interventions that expand access to summer programming and encourage implementation of structured home routines may support meeting multiple 24 hr-MGs during summer.

Background: There is need to identify evidence-based early childhood obesity prevention programs that are feasible and demonstrate cost-effectiveness for a broader health impact. This scale-out study leveraged community-engaged principles to compare the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of three delivery modes of a childhood obesity prevention family meals program (Simple Suppers) that demonstrated positive impacts on child and caregiver diet/nutritional health-related outcomes in a previous experimental trial tested among elementary-aged children. Methods: This three-arm (in-person, online, hybrid) pre-(T0) and post-(T1)-test study included families recruited from Head Start. Forty-five families (45 caregivers; 55 children) completed the study. The program was adapted to families with younger children (3-5 years). During the 8-week program, participants received weekly group education and meals through in-person, online, or hybrid format. Feasibility outcomes were attendance, acceptability (post-test survey; focus groups), fidelity, and cost (food; staff). Participant outcomes were related to diet/nutritional health. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare T0 to T1 differences in participant outcomes across delivery modes. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as the net-cost of the program by changes in outcomes. Results: Overall attendance was 51.2%, and higher for in-person (72.0%) and hybrid (59.7%). Program satisfaction rate was highest for hybrid (93.0%), as well as program fidelity (96.7%). Focus group results revealed areas of program improvement, behavior change, and program approval. Cost was lowest for hybrid ($17.09/family). Children in the hybrid group had a reduced waist circumference (p = 0.02) versus in-person and online groups. Conclusion: The hybrid mode of Simple Suppers demonstrated the greatest scaling potential for a broader public health impact.

Objective: Relationships between gonadotropins, sex hormones, and vascular structure and function in adolescents of varying weight statuses have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined associations among these in female and male adolescents with normal weight or obesity. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of adolescents (n = 58; 12-<18 years) grouped according to BMI percentile (BMI%) into normal weight (5th-<85th BMI%; n = 25) and obesity (≥95th BMI%; n = 33) categories. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estradiol. Vascular function was measured via ultrasonography for measures of carotid artery diameter compliance (cDC), incremental elastic modulus (cIEM), and brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD). Results: Females with obesity had a significantly (p = 0.009) greater mean FMD compared with those with normal weight. FSH, LH, testosterone, and estradiol did not differ between normal weight and obesity groups in either sex. After adjusting for age and multiple comparisons, higher testosterone was associated with decreased cDC (R² = 0.189; p = 0.018) and increased cIEM (R² = 0.346; p = 0.002) across all females. In all males, higher estradiol was associated with decreased cDC (R² = 0.404; p = 0.006) and increased cIEM (R² = 0.411; p = 0.003). Conclusion: We found that testosterone and estradiol were associated with vascular measures in female and male adolescents, respectively. Future studies are needed to confirm these relationships in larger cohorts and among those with BMIs in the overweight (85th-<95th BMI%) and severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of the 95th percentile and/or ≥35 kg/m²) categories.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the obesity epidemic, with both adults and children demonstrating rapid weight gain during the pandemic. However, the impact of having a COVID-19 diagnosis on this trend is not known. Methods: Using longitudinal data from January 2019 to June 2023 collected by the US National Institute for Health's National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), children (age 2-18 years) with positive COVID-19 test results {n = 11,474, 53% male, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 5.57 [±3.29] years, 54% White, mean [SD] 5.2 [±2.9] BMI observations per participant} were matched with COVID-19-negative children with identical demographic characteristics and similar observation window. We compared BMI percentile trajectories between the COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative cohorts, with further evaluation performed on COVID-19-positive patients stratified by hospitalization status. Results: COVID-19-positive patients had a greater increase in $\%BM{I}_{p95}$ than COVID-19-negative patients (average increase of 2.34 (±7.73) compared to 1.46 (±6.09), p < 0.0005). COVID-19-positive patients gained more weight after their diagnosis of COVID-19 than before. Nonhospitalized children gained more weight than hospitalized children [average increase in $\%BM{I}_{p95}$ of 2.38 (±7.65) compared to 1.87 (±8.54)]. Mixed-effect regression analyses demonstrated that these associations remained even after adjusting for time, demographics, and baseline $\%BM{I}_{p95}$. Conclusions: Having a COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with more rapid weight gain, especially after diagnosis and early in the pandemic. Future research should explore the reasons for this association and the implications for future health emergencies.

It is unknown if children and youth who live in rural or "less rural" locations who enroll in the provincially funded Generation Health Clinic (British Columbia, Canada), a family-based lifestyle program for weight management, present with different health behaviors at baseline. Thus, we assessed sociodemographic and health behavior (diet, physical activity, and sleep) collected between 2015 and 2019. Data were stratified by age (children: ≤12 years; adolescents: ≥13 years) and geographical location ("less urban" and urban) based on Statistics Canada definitions and then analyzed using independent t-tests and chi-square tests. We found that more "urban" children consumed more daily family meals (p < 0.001), ate out weekly (p = 0.02), ate "other" vegetables (p = 0.002), and had less frequent sports drink consumption (p < 0.001) compared with less urban children. No significant differences in health behaviors were seen in adolescents. These findings suggest that a participant's geographical location should be considered when developing family-based interventions for weight management.