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WEAPONIZING COMMUNICATION. WORDS VS. BULLETS IN THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR 传播武器化。文字与子弹俄乌战争中的枪林弹雨
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-13
Iulia Cojocaru
In the light of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the article is built around the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the current information environment, as it is necessary both for the public opinion and for the authorities to adapt and respond effectively to the security environment dynamics. The present paper seeks response to the following research question: “How did the Ukrainian Strategic Communication (StratCom) campaigns function in supporting the Ukrainian state to resist the first year of war?”. For the development of the answer, we relied on a qualitative approach, analysing several discourses of the Ukrainian President in mass-media, in the first year of the war. We started from identifying some key-aspects regarding the background of the Russian-Ukrainian relations that Kremlin has exploited in developing their hostile information campaigns, such as common historical landmarks or the religious, cultural and linguistic values shared by these two states. Next, we observed how these issues were included in the Russian officials’ discourse through various messages. Further, we presented Ukraine’s information strategy, implemented beginning with 2014 (after Crimea’s annexation), that was mainly carried through their StratCom campaigns, so that in the final part of the article to analyse some elements of Ukraine’s President discourses, starting with the first days of the war. Our conclusions lead to the fact that Ukraine’s StratCom campaigns have decisively contributed to supporting its resistance in the first year of constant attacks from an undeniably stronger enemy.
鉴于俄乌冲突仍在继续,本文围绕着促进更好地了解当前信息环境这一目标展开,因为这对公众舆论和当局适应和有效应对安全环境动态都是必要的。本文旨在回答以下研究问题:"乌克兰战略传播(StratCom)活动在支持乌克兰国家抵御战争第一年中发挥了怎样的作用?为了找到答案,我们采用了定性方法,分析了战争第一年乌克兰总统在大众媒体上的一些言论。我们首先确定了克里姆林宫在开展敌对信息宣传活动时所利用的俄乌关系背景的一些关键方面,如两国共同的历史地标或共同的宗教、文化和语言价值观。接下来,我们观察了俄罗斯官员如何通过各种信息将这些问题纳入其言论。此外,我们还介绍了乌克兰从 2014 年(克里米亚被吞并后)开始实施的信息战略,该战略主要通过其 StratCom 运动来实施,因此在文章的最后部分,我们将从战争的最初几天开始分析乌克兰总统话语中的一些要素。我们的结论是,乌克兰的 "战略通信 "活动在第一年面对无可否认的强大敌人的持续攻击时,为支持乌克兰的抵抗做出了决定性的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
VULNERABILITIES TRANSPOSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IN ECOLOGICAL RISKS AND THREATS TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY 气候变化对生态风险和国家安全威胁的影响所带来的脆弱性
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-17
Mirela Atanasiu
Climate changes effects determine major transformations of interactions between socio-economic and natural environment, phenomena that directly affect the overall security (international, national, regional) systems. In the security equation, vulnerabilities in different sectors expose systems to threats and associated risks and their existence represents gaps and malfunctions in assuring systems’ overall resilience. In this paper, we start from the research hypothesis that vulnerabilities are a constitutive element of the climate security equation seen as a logical construction of a causal nature, respectively: the effects of climate changes are the source of ecological threats and associated risks facilitated or multiplied by exploited vulnerabilities whose presence/absence gives the measure of the impact over the respective security system. In this regard, our topic is focused on a narrower subject, namely the identification of vulnerabilities that have the potential to be exploited in generating ecological threats and associated risks against Romanian national security. In order to achieve our goal, concepts like “environmental security”, “climate security”, “ecology”, “climate change”, “vulnerability”, “ecological risks and threats”, and “resilience” will be approached in the capacity of their interdisciplinary entanglement between security and ecology.
气候变化的影响决定了社会经济与自然环境之间相互作用的重大转变,这种现象直接影响(国际、国家、地区)整体安全系统。在安全等式中,不同部门的脆弱性使系统面临威胁和相关风险,它们的存在代表着在确保系统整体复原力方面的差距和失灵。在本文中,我们从以下研究假设出发:脆弱性是气候安全等式中的一个构成要素,被视为一种因果性质的逻辑结构,分别是:气候变化的影响是生态威胁和相关风险的来源,被利用的脆弱性促进或倍增了这些威胁和风险。在这方面,我们的主题集中在一个范围较窄的主题上,即确定有可能被利用来产生针对罗马尼亚国家安全的生态威胁和相关风险的薄弱环节。为了实现我们的目标,我们将从安全与生态之间的跨学科纠葛的角度来探讨 "环境安全"、"气候安全"、"生态学"、"气候变化"、"脆弱性"、"生态风险和威胁 "以及 "复原力 "等概念。
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引用次数: 0
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SECURITY: THE CASE FOR BLACK SEA 气候变化与安全:黑海案例
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-16
Maria Emanuela Mihailov, Lucian Grigorescu, Romel Pera
Climate change poses significant challenges to global security by exacerbating existing threats and creating new ones. Competition over scarce resources such as food, water, and land will likely increase as extreme weather events and temperature rise will become more frequent. Climate-related migration is expected to increase political tensions, and in some regions, could contribute to instability and conflict. The changing climate will also impact infrastructure, the economy, and public health, which will have far-reaching security implications. The current issue of climate change highlights the spectre of a new source of instability and conflict that can affect national/international peace and security. Although comparative research and projects on the security implications of climate change are expanding, there are still major knowledge gaps. The paper presents the specialized literature on short-term climate change and its possible influence on the Black Sea regional security. It is increasing the potential insecurities that can arise from extreme environmental phenomena. Based on the assessment, the authors outline priorities for future research in the area of interest and cover the necessary adjustments to facilities, materials, and equipment due to progressive weather changes. It also highlights that natural disasters may increase in number or virulence, necessitating the contribution of armed forces to national security.
气候变化加剧了现有威胁并产生了新的威胁,对全球安全构成了重大挑战。随着极端天气事件和气温上升变得更加频繁,对食物、水和土地等稀缺资源的争夺可能会加剧。与气候有关的移民预计会加剧政治紧张局势,在某些地区可能会助长不稳定和冲突。不断变化的气候还将影响基础设施、经济和公共卫生,从而产生深远的安全影响。当前的气候变化问题凸显了不稳定和冲突新根源的幽灵,可能会影响国家/国际和平与安全。尽管有关气候变化对安全影响的比较研究和项目在不断扩大,但仍然存在重大的知识差距。本文介绍了有关短期气候变化及其对黑海地区安全可能产生的影响的专业文献。它增加了极端环境现象可能带来的潜在不安全因素。根据评估结果,作者概述了相关领域未来研究的重点,并介绍了因天气逐渐变化而对设施、材料和设备进行的必要调整。报告还强调,自然灾害的数量或毒性可能会增加,这就需要武装部队为国家安全做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
EU’S SOUTHERN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY TOWARDS LIBYA AND SYRIA 欧盟对利比亚和叙利亚的南方邻国政策
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-14
Vasile-Dumitru Rațiu
The EU is actively involved in the dynamics of the states in its immediate vicinity to make them more stable. This involvement requires a high financial effort. In this paper I will analyse how the European Union (EU) implemented and intends to continue the neighbourhood policy with two states that went through the “Arab Spring” and became conflict zones. For the states in question, namely Libya and Syria, EU provides humanitarian aid and wishes them to recover from their failed state. The main objectives pursued by the EU within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) are stabilization of neighbouring countries, promotion of EU key interests and facilitation of regional cooperation. In addition to the neighbourhood policy instrument, between the EU and the two states there is a significant increase in trade relations from year to year. This increase in economic exchanges also leads to a deepening of bilateral relations. This rapprochement can transpose models of good governance from the EU to these failed states, and over time can create an environment conducive to state reconstruction, where the citizen is at the centre of attention and the rulers’ own interests are no longer at the forefront. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the EU southern neighbourhood policy, with an emphasis on Libya and Syria. The starting hypothesis of the research is that the EU’s ENP aid to Libya and Syria ensures minimal stability for the two countries and a better neighbourhood for it. As a working methodology, I will use the qualitative analysis of documentary materials.
欧盟积极参与其周边国家的动态发展,以使这些国家更加稳定。这种参与需要大量的资金投入。在本文中,我将分析欧盟(EU)是如何对经历了 "阿拉伯之春 "并成为冲突地区的两个国家实施并打算继续实施睦邻政策的。对于这两个国家,即利比亚和叙利亚,欧盟提供人道主义援助,并希望它们从失败的状态中恢复过来。欧盟在欧洲睦邻政策(ENP)中追求的主要目标是稳定邻国局势、促进欧盟的关键利益和推动区域合作。除睦邻政策工具外,欧盟与这两个国家之间的贸易关系也逐年大幅增长。经济往来的增加也导致了双边关系的深化。这种和睦关系可以将欧盟的善治模式移植到这些失败的国家,随着时间的推移,可以创造一个有利于国家重建的环境,在这种环境中,公民成为关注的中心,统治者自身的利益不再是最重要的。本文旨在分析欧盟的南部邻国政策,重点是利比亚和叙利亚。研究的出发假设是,欧盟对利比亚和叙利亚的ENP援助确保了这两个国家最低限度的稳定,并为其提供了一个更好的睦邻关系。作为一种工作方法,我将对文献资料进行定性分析。
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引用次数: 0
ROMANIA’S SPACE ASPIRATIONS AND THE EU SPACE STRATEGY FOR SECURITY AND DEFENCE 罗马尼亚的空间愿望与欧盟安全和防卫空间战略
Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-15
Ulpia-Elena Botezatu
The article explores the interplay between European Union’s Space Strategy for Security and Defence and Romania’s space aspirations, analysing its key facets and their potential effects. As space gains significance for security and defence of the EU as a whole, understanding its opportunities and challenges is crucial. Investigating elements such as shared threat awareness, space system resilience, response strategies, and responsible behaviour in outer space, the article provides insights for stakeholders to harness EU space capabilities. The article concludes by assessing implications for the domestic realm. EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence addresses space intricacies with political, operational and other fields of action. By focusing on vital components such as threat understanding, system protection, responsive measures, and cooperative behaviour, the article sheds light on EU Space Strategy’s strategic importance in the defence and security realms.
文章探讨了欧盟安全与防卫空间战略与罗马尼亚空间愿望之间的相互作用,分析了其主要方面及其潜在影响。随着太空对整个欧盟的安全和防卫日益重要,了解其机遇和挑战至关重要。文章调查了共同威胁意识、空间系统复原力、应对战略和负责任的外层空间行为等要素,为利益攸关方利用欧盟空间能力提供了真知灼见。文章最后评估了对国内领域的影响。欧盟安全与防卫空间战略》通过政治、行动和其他领域的行动来解决错综复杂的空间问题。通过重点关注威胁理解、系统保护、应对措施和合作行为等重要组成部分,文章阐明了欧盟太空战略在国防和安全领域的战略重要性。
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引用次数: 0
SANCTIONS EVASION AND VIRTUAL ASSETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY 规避制裁和虚拟资产:对国家安全的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-11
Bogdan VACUSTA
2022 was the year marking a significant increase in the use of virtual assets for illicit activities such as sanctions evasion. Most of the entities conducting these activities are linked to Russia, North Korea and Iran, which are subject to international sanctions imposed by the international community. The paper presents key elements about the use of virtual assets in illicit activities by sanctioned entities and highlights the necessity to increase defence and intelligence resources for better data analysis on this type of entities. Analyzing data about virtual assets transactions requires strong collaboration between public and private organizations, with a focus on an intelligence-led approach, considering the growing links between cybercrime, money laundering, terrorist financing, special operations conducted by adversaries. In order to support this collaboration, it is essential to prioritize the education of decision-makers on the necessity to focus on technical data.
2022年是虚拟资产用于逃避制裁等非法活动大幅增加的一年。从事这些活动的大多数实体都与俄罗斯、北韩和伊朗有关,这些国家受到国际社会的制裁。该文件提出了受制裁实体在非法活动中使用虚拟资产的关键要素,并强调有必要增加国防和情报资源,以便更好地对这类实体进行数据分析。考虑到网络犯罪、洗钱、恐怖主义融资和对手进行的特殊行动之间日益增长的联系,分析虚拟资产交易的数据需要公共和私人组织之间强有力的合作,重点是以情报为主导的方法。为了支持这种合作,必须优先教育决策者关注技术数据的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
A REALIST PERSPECTIVE ON THE WORLD BEFORE THE WAR IN UKRAINE: WAS THE PANDEMIC AN INHIBITOR OF THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER? 对乌克兰战争前世界的现实主义看法:大流行病是否阻碍了权力斗争?
Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-08
Alexandra SARCINSCHI, Cristian BĂHNĂREANU
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the world to consider an increase in international cooperation to manage this security threat, particularly under the WHO and with the support of the great powers. The surprise was that the WHO was accused of failure and the great powers developed protectionist and nationalist tendencies, with states coming to the fore once again as the most important actors in world politics. In this context, the paper explores a trend that continued to exist even during the pandemic, even though the war in Ukraine was clearly not on the international agenda: namely a continuation of the struggle for power as traditional Realism define it, but with new sources of power to be explored according to the current trends in the security environment: medical resources and a continuing development of military power, despite the economic problems that have arisen.
COVID-19大流行的爆发促使世界各国考虑加强国际合作,以应对这一安全威胁,特别是在世界卫生组织的领导下,并在大国的支持下。令人惊讶的是,世卫组织被指责为失败,大国发展了保护主义和民族主义倾向,国家再次成为世界政治中最重要的角色。在此背景下,本文探讨了一种趋势,即使在大流行期间仍然存在,即使乌克兰战争显然不在国际议程上:即传统现实主义所定义的权力斗争的继续,但根据当前安全环境的趋势,需要探索新的权力来源:医疗资源和军事力量的持续发展,尽管出现了经济问题。
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引用次数: 0
STRUCTURING RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY 在共同安全和防务政策的背景下构建弹性
Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-09
Dragoș ILINCA
Resilience is a dimension with a pronounced multidisciplinary character covering a wide range of areas of society, which gives it a fluid profile and difficult to fit into a conceptual-functional typology. The interest in resilience is undoubtedly one of the trends of the current decade, however precursory elements are found throughout history in the most diverse forms of manifestation. As in the case of other dimensions explored in recent years from the perspective of European cooperation in the field of security and defence, resilience was quickly integrated into the steps carried out under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), becoming one of the key objectives of the European Union’s external action toolkit and, last but not least, of the operational commitments carried out globally by this organization. The contribution of the EU Global Security Strategy (EUGS) in designing resilience as a central element of the European security and defence cooperation agenda was defining. The main direction promoted by the EUGS was to strengthen resilience aspects in external action, while taking a structured approach to exploring options for strengthening internal resilience. Subsequently, the outbreak of the war in Ukraine as a result of Russia’s aggression additionally valued the strategic significance of states’ resilience and, subsequently, the importance of the EU’s contribution in this direction. This study is aiming to bring into light the way in which CSDP answers to the challenge of consolidating the resilience. In this vein, the methodological approach that was implemented responded the multidisciplinary character of this topic. In order to consolidate the comprehensive character of the present study, a historical perspective has been used that correlates the evolution of resilience in EU context with the development of various CSDP instruments. In this sense, an important direction of research is represented by the interaction between resilience and EU’s external action and how the EU response to crisis situations has evolved. To a similar extent, this paper approached the resilience from the perspective of internal security of European Union, especially in the context of the war in Ukraine. A special note is made on how the latest EU strategic document (Strategic Compass) placed resilience as being one of the strategic objectives of CSDP. Given all of these aspects, the main conclusions of the article are emphasising the importance of adequate calibration of national approach in generating resilience, not only in the conceptual area but also on the practical aspects such as capabilities and resources required by a strong resilience. At the same time, a special attention is given to how the partnership and external interaction, especially between EU and NATO, are tailored to enhance and complement the national contributions in the field of resilience.
弹性是一个具有明显多学科特征的维度,涵盖了广泛的社会领域,这使它具有流动的轮廓,难以适应概念功能类型学。对弹性的兴趣无疑是当前十年的趋势之一,然而,在整个历史中,以最多样化的表现形式发现了前兆因素。正如近年来从欧洲安全和防务领域合作的角度探讨的其他方面的情况一样,复原力迅速纳入在共同安全和防务政策(CSDP)主持下开展的步骤,成为欧洲联盟对外行动工具箱的关键目标之一,最后但并非最不重要的是,成为该组织在全球开展的业务承诺的关键目标之一。欧盟全球安全战略(EUGS)在将弹性设计为欧洲安全和防务合作议程的核心要素方面的贡献是明确的。EUGS推动的主要方向是加强外部行动中的复原力方面,同时采取结构化方法探索加强内部复原力的备选办法。随后,由于俄罗斯的侵略而在乌克兰爆发的战争进一步强调了国家复原力的战略意义,并随后强调了欧盟在这方面作出贡献的重要性。本研究旨在揭示CSDP如何应对巩固弹性的挑战。在这方面,所实施的方法学方法回应了本主题的多学科特征。为了巩固本研究的综合性,我们采用了历史视角,将欧盟背景下弹性的演变与各种CSDP工具的发展联系起来。从这个意义上说,弹性与欧盟外部行动之间的相互作用以及欧盟对危机局势的反应是如何演变的,是一个重要的研究方向。同样,本文从欧盟内部安全的角度,特别是在乌克兰战争的背景下,探讨了弹性问题。特别说明了最新的欧盟战略文件(战略指南针)如何将弹性作为CSDP的战略目标之一。考虑到所有这些方面,本文的主要结论强调了充分校准国家方法在产生复原力方面的重要性,不仅在概念领域,而且在实际方面,如强大复原力所需的能力和资源。与此同时,特别关注如何调整伙伴关系和外部互动,特别是欧盟和北约之间的伙伴关系和外部互动,以加强和补充各国在复原力领域的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
SOFT COMPUTING IN PREVENTING RANSOMWARE RELYING ON LARGER-SCALE DATA AND ANALYSIS 软件计算在防止勒索软件依赖于更大规模的数据和分析
Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-12
Attila Mate KOVACS
Ransomware attacks continue to pose a significant threat to organizations and individuals worldwide. The attackers’ ability to constantly evolve and adapt their tactics challenges traditional cybersecurity approaches to keep pace. Ransomware attacks targeting the healthcare industry accounted for 45% of all reported cyberattacks. The nature and scale of attacks and the increasing healthcare technology adoption will continue to pose ransomware attack risks. However, by collecting and analyzing large volumes of data and applying soft computing techniques, cybersecurity experts can improve their ability to detect and prevent ransomware attacks. As a result, soft computing offers options for detecting and preventing malware attacks. Using methods from the field of soft computing, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms, makes it possible to conduct a thorough analysis of large data sets. These can yield insightful information that can help recognize and react to ransomware attacks. These techniques can also help to decrypt files that have been encrypted using ransomware.
勒索软件攻击继续对全球的组织和个人构成重大威胁。攻击者不断发展和调整策略的能力挑战了传统网络安全方法的步伐。针对医疗保健行业的勒索软件攻击占所有报告的网络攻击的45%。攻击的性质和规模以及越来越多的医疗保健技术的采用将继续构成勒索软件攻击的风险。然而,通过收集和分析大量数据以及应用软件计算技术,网络安全专家可以提高他们检测和防止勒索软件攻击的能力。因此,软计算提供了检测和防止恶意软件攻击的选项。使用软计算领域的方法,如模糊逻辑、神经网络和遗传算法,使得对大型数据集进行彻底分析成为可能。这些可以产生有洞察力的信息,有助于识别和应对勒索软件攻击。这些技术还可以帮助解密使用勒索软件加密的文件。
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引用次数: 0
COMPLEX SECURITY CHALLENGES ̶ COMPLEX RESPONSES 复杂的安全挑战——复杂的响应
Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.53477/1842-9904-23-10
Endre SZŰCS, Miklós Miklós SZAKALI
Due to the increasing complexity of the security challenges, it is necessary to change the approach and understand security in a much more complex way than before. We consider it even more important to provide the capabilities needed to meet complex security challenges than changing the theoretical approach. Without providing the necessary capabilities, we will not have a chance to prevent and manage complex security challenges. In the present article, we examine the possibility to ensure complex military and civilian capabilities corresponding to complex security challenges. Also, it is being considered the development and the usability of the defence planning system, generated and used by the military, in order to provide civilian capabilities. Furthermore, we propose to set a parallel structure for military and civilian capability development to provide adequate complex capabilities for complex challenges.
由于安全挑战的复杂性日益增加,有必要改变方法,以比以前复杂得多的方式理解安全。我们认为提供满足复杂安全挑战所需的能力比改变理论方法更为重要。如果不提供必要的能力,我们就没有机会预防和管理复杂的安全挑战。在本文中,我们研究了确保复杂的军事和民用能力与复杂的安全挑战相对应的可能性。此外,正在考虑由军方产生和使用的国防规划系统的发展和可用性,以便提供民用能力。此外,我们建议建立军民能力发展并行结构,为复杂挑战提供足够的复杂能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Strategic impact
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