Chung‐Fu Cheng, Trevor J. McCraw, Theo H. Solomon, Michael R. Yan, G. Wnek, A. Olah, Eric Baer
Previous studies have shown that gel‐spun‐ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) produces thin fibril products that exhibit high tensile moduli (35–200 GPa). The elaborate gel‐spinning process involves complex drawing stages with solvent incorporation. In this study, a previously proposed two‐stage, environmentally friendly solventless methodology was optimized. The two‐stage process included cross‐rolling (Stage 1) and orientation (Stage 2) to obtain oriented HDPE thin rods with an impressively high modulus using conventional HDPE. The optimization of the process was successfully achieved by thoroughly investigating the voiding mechanism. In addition, rapid relaxation during orientation supports the cavitation mechanism. Owing to this optimization, a modulus of 75 GPa was readily attained. The significant enhancement in the mechanical properties was a direct result of the optimization of our processing methodology to achieve a high degree of orientation. Notably, the fabricated oriented HDPE thin rods showed moduli comparable to those of the gel‐spun UHMWPE fibers but were at least 40 times thicker. Our comprehensive characterization of the voiding process and stress relaxation during our two‐stage process indicated the formation of a highly taut network structure and craze‐like configuration with controlled delamination. Thus, our proposed hierarchical model was refined to elucidate the process‐structure‐property relationships in greater detail. An optimized two‐stage environmentally friendly solventless process has been developed to create oriented polyethylene thin rods with impressively high modulus (75 GPa). The optimization was achieved by thoroughly investigating the voiding effect during cross‐rolling and crystalline relaxation during orientation. Comparison of the modulus from our process are similar to various commercial, gel‐spun fibers. Our thin rod products are at least 40 times thicker than commercial gel‐spun fibers. The thin rod product has impressively high modulus‐to‐weight and strength‐to‐weight ratios for future study in composite systems.
{"title":"High elastic modulus polyethylene: Process‐structure‐property relationships","authors":"Chung‐Fu Cheng, Trevor J. McCraw, Theo H. Solomon, Michael R. Yan, G. Wnek, A. Olah, Eric Baer","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10130","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have shown that gel‐spun‐ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) produces thin fibril products that exhibit high tensile moduli (35–200 GPa). The elaborate gel‐spinning process involves complex drawing stages with solvent incorporation. In this study, a previously proposed two‐stage, environmentally friendly solventless methodology was optimized. The two‐stage process included cross‐rolling (Stage 1) and orientation (Stage 2) to obtain oriented HDPE thin rods with an impressively high modulus using conventional HDPE. The optimization of the process was successfully achieved by thoroughly investigating the voiding mechanism. In addition, rapid relaxation during orientation supports the cavitation mechanism. Owing to this optimization, a modulus of 75 GPa was readily attained. The significant enhancement in the mechanical properties was a direct result of the optimization of our processing methodology to achieve a high degree of orientation. Notably, the fabricated oriented HDPE thin rods showed moduli comparable to those of the gel‐spun UHMWPE fibers but were at least 40 times thicker. Our comprehensive characterization of the voiding process and stress relaxation during our two‐stage process indicated the formation of a highly taut network structure and craze‐like configuration with controlled delamination. Thus, our proposed hierarchical model was refined to elucidate the process‐structure‐property relationships in greater detail.\u0000An optimized two‐stage environmentally friendly solventless process has been developed to create oriented polyethylene thin rods with impressively high modulus (75 GPa).\u0000The optimization was achieved by thoroughly investigating the voiding effect during cross‐rolling and crystalline relaxation during orientation.\u0000Comparison of the modulus from our process are similar to various commercial, gel‐spun fibers. Our thin rod products are at least 40 times thicker than commercial gel‐spun fibers.\u0000The thin rod product has impressively high modulus‐to‐weight and strength‐to‐weight ratios for future study in composite systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"32 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a consequence of their magnificent performance like mechanical, electrical and chemical properties, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are widely used as a secondary reinforcement in composite field. It has been developed by arc discharging process under atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, MWCNTs doped nano‐composite were developed through hand lay‐up and followed by vacuum bagging techniques. Quasi – isotropic symmetrical laminate of eight layers (0/90)/(±45)/(±45)/(0/90)//(0/90)/(±45)/(±45)/(0/90) were fabricated under room temperature. To fabricate the composite laminates, purified MWCNTs were homogeneously dispersed in glass fiber reinforced epoxy with 0.5%, 1.25%, and 2 wt% loading. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain to failure and fracture behavior of unfilled and MWCNTs doped composite laminates were evaluated. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) was employed to evaluate the structural and morphological characteristics of advanced nano‐composites. Reinforcement effect is found to be more pronounced in 1.25% MWCNTs embedded glass fiber reinforced polymer. This reinforcement effect was corroborated by tensile fractography which depicted by hackle region. Results indicated that tensile strength of 1.25 wt% nano‐composite increased by 47.36% with respect to 0.5 wt% MWCNT doped composites. Development of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by arcing process. Fabrication of MWCNTs doped glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Mechanical characterization of nano‐composites. Modeling of nano‐composites by Halpin‐Tsai equation. Fractrography of nano‐composites in details.
{"title":"Influence of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical characteristics of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites: An experimental and analytical approach","authors":"Sunil Kumar Chaudhary, K. Singh","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10131","url":null,"abstract":"As a consequence of their magnificent performance like mechanical, electrical and chemical properties, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are widely used as a secondary reinforcement in composite field. It has been developed by arc discharging process under atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, MWCNTs doped nano‐composite were developed through hand lay‐up and followed by vacuum bagging techniques. Quasi – isotropic symmetrical laminate of eight layers (0/90)/(±45)/(±45)/(0/90)//(0/90)/(±45)/(±45)/(0/90) were fabricated under room temperature. To fabricate the composite laminates, purified MWCNTs were homogeneously dispersed in glass fiber reinforced epoxy with 0.5%, 1.25%, and 2 wt% loading. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain to failure and fracture behavior of unfilled and MWCNTs doped composite laminates were evaluated. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) was employed to evaluate the structural and morphological characteristics of advanced nano‐composites. Reinforcement effect is found to be more pronounced in 1.25% MWCNTs embedded glass fiber reinforced polymer. This reinforcement effect was corroborated by tensile fractography which depicted by hackle region. Results indicated that tensile strength of 1.25 wt% nano‐composite increased by 47.36% with respect to 0.5 wt% MWCNT doped composites.\u0000Development of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by arcing process.\u0000Fabrication of MWCNTs doped glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites.\u0000Mechanical characterization of nano‐composites.\u0000Modeling of nano‐composites by Halpin‐Tsai equation.\u0000Fractrography of nano‐composites in details.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"112 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Muir, Neelima Tripathi, Arturo Rodriguez‐Uribe, A. Mohanty, M. Misra
The recycled nylon (RN)‐based biocomposites were fabricated by adding 25% lignin biocarbon. Lignin was pyrolyzed at 300, 600, and 900°C to produce Lig300, Lig600, and Lig900 biocarbon (BioC) samples, respectively. Higher functionality of Lig600 (unlike Lig900) allowed for improved interfacial interaction with the polar nylon matrix. Mechanical properties were further enhanced for RN_Lig600 composite with enhanced flexural and tensile strength by 18% and 8%, respectively, compared to neat polymer (RN). RN_Lig900 composite showed enhancement in tensile and flexural modulus by 32.6% and 51.1%, respectively, compared to RN. Incorporation of Lig900 in RN matrix resulted in 77.9% reduction in burning rate compared to RN. These results show the potential of lignin BioC as a filler in RN composites for flame retardant applications and mechanical enhancement, such as in the automotive industry. Effect of pyrolysis temperatures (300, 600, and 900°C) on lignin biomass. Composites prepared from recycled polyamide 6 from carpet waste and biocarbon. Improved interfacial adhesion of 600°C biocarbon with recycled nylon matrix. Enhanced thermal, mechanical properties, reduced flammability of biocomposites. Sustainable biocomposites with 900°C biocarbon reduced burning rate by 78%.
{"title":"Sustainable biocomposites from pyrolyzed lignin and recycled nylon 6 with enhanced flame retardant behavior: Studies on manufacturing and quality performance evaluation","authors":"Victoria Muir, Neelima Tripathi, Arturo Rodriguez‐Uribe, A. Mohanty, M. Misra","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10123","url":null,"abstract":"The recycled nylon (RN)‐based biocomposites were fabricated by adding 25% lignin biocarbon. Lignin was pyrolyzed at 300, 600, and 900°C to produce Lig300, Lig600, and Lig900 biocarbon (BioC) samples, respectively. Higher functionality of Lig600 (unlike Lig900) allowed for improved interfacial interaction with the polar nylon matrix. Mechanical properties were further enhanced for RN_Lig600 composite with enhanced flexural and tensile strength by 18% and 8%, respectively, compared to neat polymer (RN). RN_Lig900 composite showed enhancement in tensile and flexural modulus by 32.6% and 51.1%, respectively, compared to RN. Incorporation of Lig900 in RN matrix resulted in 77.9% reduction in burning rate compared to RN. These results show the potential of lignin BioC as a filler in RN composites for flame retardant applications and mechanical enhancement, such as in the automotive industry.\u0000Effect of pyrolysis temperatures (300, 600, and 900°C) on lignin biomass.\u0000Composites prepared from recycled polyamide 6 from carpet waste and biocarbon.\u0000Improved interfacial adhesion of 600°C biocarbon with recycled nylon matrix.\u0000Enhanced thermal, mechanical properties, reduced flammability of biocomposites.\u0000Sustainable biocomposites with 900°C biocarbon reduced burning rate by 78%.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"116 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites (NFRCs) are increasingly favored over synthetic fiber‐reinforced alternatives due to their beneficial properties and environmental sustainability. Mechanical properties of composites are critical to ensure optimized utilization of NFRCs. Here, this research explores the effects of different fiber parameters on the tensile strength of high‐density polymer composites reinforced with banana fiber and utilizes the Taguchi method for both experimental and statistical analysis of the outcomes. Three different parameters are considered here: weight fractions, fiber orientation angle, and plasma treatment to fabricate the composites using the compression molding process. Taguchi analysis revealed that fiber orientation angle has the greatest influence among the three variables, with plasma treatment and weight fraction following in impact on tensile strength. The composite that exhibited the highest tensile strength was determined to have a weight fraction of 10%, a fiber orientation angle of 90°, and a plasma treatment period of 5 min. This combination yielded a strength of 30.351 MPa. The analysis of the interaction between any two factors was done using contour plots. In order to compare the experimental tensile strength values with the anticipated values derived from the regression equation, regression analysis was carried out. Composites were made up of recycled HDPE (rHDPE) from plastic bottles using a compression molding technique. The Taguchi method is applied to achieve an experimental design employing an L4 orthogonal array. Contour plot analysis is conducted to identify points of minimum and maximum responses, as anticipated from the results. Tensile strength was optimized to a maximum of 30.351 MPa.
{"title":"Tensile properties of banana fiber reinforced recycled high‐density polyethylene composites: An experimental investigation","authors":"Md. Syduzzaman, Mahin Akter, Foysal Mahmud, Diti Rani Bhowmick, Afia Sultana Maliha, Fahmida Faiza Fahmi, Tanvir Hossain, Md. Ahasan Ahamed","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10125","url":null,"abstract":"Natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites (NFRCs) are increasingly favored over synthetic fiber‐reinforced alternatives due to their beneficial properties and environmental sustainability. Mechanical properties of composites are critical to ensure optimized utilization of NFRCs. Here, this research explores the effects of different fiber parameters on the tensile strength of high‐density polymer composites reinforced with banana fiber and utilizes the Taguchi method for both experimental and statistical analysis of the outcomes. Three different parameters are considered here: weight fractions, fiber orientation angle, and plasma treatment to fabricate the composites using the compression molding process. Taguchi analysis revealed that fiber orientation angle has the greatest influence among the three variables, with plasma treatment and weight fraction following in impact on tensile strength. The composite that exhibited the highest tensile strength was determined to have a weight fraction of 10%, a fiber orientation angle of 90°, and a plasma treatment period of 5 min. This combination yielded a strength of 30.351 MPa. The analysis of the interaction between any two factors was done using contour plots. In order to compare the experimental tensile strength values with the anticipated values derived from the regression equation, regression analysis was carried out.\u0000Composites were made up of recycled HDPE (rHDPE) from plastic bottles using a compression molding technique.\u0000The Taguchi method is applied to achieve an experimental design employing an L4 orthogonal array.\u0000Contour plot analysis is conducted to identify points of minimum and maximum responses, as anticipated from the results.\u0000Tensile strength was optimized to a maximum of 30.351 MPa.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"68 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas, A. Mohanty, M. S. Al‐Abdul‐Wahid, M. Misra
Grafting polymers with reactive maleic anhydride is a common approach for the synthesis of new material with the capability of acting as a compatibilizer in polymer blends. Accordingly, this research showed a new approach for grafting maleic anhydride onto renewable cellulose acetate using an initiator. The grafting process through extrusion showed good stability with continuous production of all grafted samples. Moreover, two different grafting processes, namely one‐step and two‐step processes, were shown to produce materials with very similar characteristics. Grafting of maleic anhydride onto cellulose acetate by reacting with its hydroxyl groups was confirmed by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Rheological studies also demonstrated the enhanced flowability and lower viscosity of the grafted material in comparison to the plasticized cellulose acetate. Grafting maleic anhydride onto plasticized cellulose acetate by reactive extrusion. Detection of grafted maleic anhydride onto cellulose acetate through NMR analysis. High thermal stability of grafted materials. Significant reduction in viscosity of plasticized cellulose acetate after grafting
{"title":"A new approach for grafting plasticized cellulose acetate biodegradable plastic with maleic anhydride: Processing and characterization","authors":"Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas, A. Mohanty, M. S. Al‐Abdul‐Wahid, M. Misra","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10121","url":null,"abstract":"Grafting polymers with reactive maleic anhydride is a common approach for the synthesis of new material with the capability of acting as a compatibilizer in polymer blends. Accordingly, this research showed a new approach for grafting maleic anhydride onto renewable cellulose acetate using an initiator. The grafting process through extrusion showed good stability with continuous production of all grafted samples. Moreover, two different grafting processes, namely one‐step and two‐step processes, were shown to produce materials with very similar characteristics. Grafting of maleic anhydride onto cellulose acetate by reacting with its hydroxyl groups was confirmed by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Rheological studies also demonstrated the enhanced flowability and lower viscosity of the grafted material in comparison to the plasticized cellulose acetate.\u0000Grafting maleic anhydride onto plasticized cellulose acetate by reactive extrusion.\u0000Detection of grafted maleic anhydride onto cellulose acetate through NMR analysis.\u0000High thermal stability of grafted materials.\u0000Significant reduction in viscosity of plasticized cellulose acetate after grafting\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140448664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries and designs with ease. 3D printing—fused deposition modeling (FDM) has emerged as a prevalent technique, owing to its versatility and cost‐effectiveness. However, the FDM process is complex and depends on multiple parameters, which makes it challenging to obtain high‐quality and consistent 3D printed components. The purpose of this study is to simplify the printing process for users and potentially improve the overall quality and consistency of printed objects. This research delved into optimising 3D printing parameters, specifically raster orientation and in‐fill speed, for PLA material through three experimental studies. The mean effect of these parameters and the effects of their interaction through analysis of variance (ANOVA) on tensile properties were also discussed. Initial experiments identified the most suitable parameters and its optimal values for PLA, which were then applied to five different materials: PETG, PLA tough, Recycle PLA, Plain PLA, and ABS. Tensile tests assessed the printed parts, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze fracture interfaces and material failure causes. This study identified a raster of 45°/−45° and 30 mm/s infill speed as optimal for diverse 3D printing materials. Notably, ABS, PETG, and tough PLA exhibited better tensile strengths, surpassing manufacturer benchmarks. However, Plain PLA and Recycled PLA, despite lower tensile strengths, proved valuable for specific applications. Interestingly, all tested materials showed greater flexibility than manufacturer recommendations, suggesting their suitability in scenarios needing both strength and flexibility. This study's results offer promising avenues for refining 3D printing practices, to the advantage of all users. The findings from this study offer significant insights for future research to investigate the effect of other process parameters on the quality of 3D printed parts, leading to further advancements of AM. Optimised 3D printing parameters. Applicability of optimised settings extended across various materials. ABS, PETG, and tough PLA exceeded manufacturer benchmarks in tensile strength. Experimental and ANOVA findings are in good agreement, revealing significant process parameters.
快速成型制造（AM）通过轻松制造复杂的几何形状和设计，彻底改变了制造业。三维打印-熔融沉积建模（FDM）因其多功能性和成本效益而成为一种流行的技术。然而，FDM 工艺复杂且取决于多个参数，这使得获得高质量且一致的三维打印部件具有挑战性。本研究的目的是简化用户的打印过程，并提高打印对象的整体质量和一致性。本研究通过三项实验研究，对聚乳酸材料的三维打印参数（特别是光栅方向和填充速度）进行了优化。此外，还通过方差分析（ANOVA）讨论了这些参数的平均效应及其对拉伸性能的交互效应。最初的实验确定了最适合聚乳酸的参数及其最佳值，然后将其应用于五种不同的材料：PETG、韧性聚乳酸、回收聚乳酸、普通聚乳酸和 ABS。拉伸试验对打印部件进行了评估，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）用于分析断裂界面和材料失效原因。这项研究确定了 45°/-45° 的光栅和 30 mm/s 的填充速度是各种 3D 打印材料的最佳选择。值得注意的是，ABS、PETG 和韧性聚乳酸表现出更好的拉伸强度，超过了制造商的基准。不过，尽管普通聚乳酸和回收聚乳酸的拉伸强度较低，但它们在特定应用中仍具有价值。有趣的是，所有测试材料都显示出比制造商推荐值更高的柔韧性，这表明它们适用于同时需要强度和柔韧性的应用场合。这项研究的结果为完善三维打印实践提供了很好的途径，有利于所有用户。优化的 3D 打印参数：优化设置的适用性扩展到各种材料：ABS、PETG 和韧性聚乳酸的拉伸强度超过了制造商的基准；实验结果和方差分析结果非常吻合，揭示了重要的工艺参数。
{"title":"Optimising 3D printing parameters through experimental techniques and ANOVA‐Based statistical analysis","authors":"N. Naveed, Muhammad Naveed Anwar","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10122","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling the fabrication of complex geometries and designs with ease. 3D printing—fused deposition modeling (FDM) has emerged as a prevalent technique, owing to its versatility and cost‐effectiveness. However, the FDM process is complex and depends on multiple parameters, which makes it challenging to obtain high‐quality and consistent 3D printed components. The purpose of this study is to simplify the printing process for users and potentially improve the overall quality and consistency of printed objects. This research delved into optimising 3D printing parameters, specifically raster orientation and in‐fill speed, for PLA material through three experimental studies. The mean effect of these parameters and the effects of their interaction through analysis of variance (ANOVA) on tensile properties were also discussed. Initial experiments identified the most suitable parameters and its optimal values for PLA, which were then applied to five different materials: PETG, PLA tough, Recycle PLA, Plain PLA, and ABS. Tensile tests assessed the printed parts, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze fracture interfaces and material failure causes. This study identified a raster of 45°/−45° and 30 mm/s infill speed as optimal for diverse 3D printing materials. Notably, ABS, PETG, and tough PLA exhibited better tensile strengths, surpassing manufacturer benchmarks. However, Plain PLA and Recycled PLA, despite lower tensile strengths, proved valuable for specific applications. Interestingly, all tested materials showed greater flexibility than manufacturer recommendations, suggesting their suitability in scenarios needing both strength and flexibility. This study's results offer promising avenues for refining 3D printing practices, to the advantage of all users. The findings from this study offer significant insights for future research to investigate the effect of other process parameters on the quality of 3D printed parts, leading to further advancements of AM.\u0000Optimised 3D printing parameters.\u0000Applicability of optimised settings extended across various materials.\u0000ABS, PETG, and tough PLA exceeded manufacturer benchmarks in tensile strength.\u0000Experimental and ANOVA findings are in good agreement, revealing significant process parameters.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"358 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140447115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel quaternary copolymer of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was synthesized with acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), sodium α‐alkenyl‐sulfonate (AOS), and dimethyl‐hexadecyl‐allyl‐ammonium chloride (C16‐DMAAC), using ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfate (NH4)2S2O8‐NaHSO3) as initiators. The structure of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy. It can be found that the thickening capacity, shearing resistance, temperature‐resistance, salt‐resistance, and emulsification properties of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC were superior to those of most widely and cost‐effective partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution at the same concentration. Specifically, the viscosity retention rate of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC (3000 mg/L) solution was 86%, which was better than that of HPAM solution (52%) after 30 s of mechanical shearing at 28000 r/min. In addition, the enhanced oil recovery of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC solution was 16% at 65 °C, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of HPAM solution (11%). Significantly, successful synthesis of zwitterionic quaternary copolymer emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to designing appropriate copolymers for enhanced oil recovery. A novel zwitterionic quaternary copolymer of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was successfully synthesized. The performance on thickening capacity, shearing resistance, temperature‐resistance, salt‐resistance, and emulsification properties of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was superior to that of the most widely used partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). The enhanced oil recovery of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC (16%) was about 1.5 times higher than that of HPAM (11%).
{"title":"Synthesis and performance evaluation of a novel zwitterionic quaternary copolymer for enhanced oil‐recovery application","authors":"Xiaoping Qin, Zhaolin Xie, Peng Tang, Hui Yang, Cuixia Li, Xiaoliang Yang, Tong Peng","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10120","url":null,"abstract":"A novel quaternary copolymer of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was synthesized with acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), sodium α‐alkenyl‐sulfonate (AOS), and dimethyl‐hexadecyl‐allyl‐ammonium chloride (C16‐DMAAC), using ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfate (NH4)2S2O8‐NaHSO3) as initiators. The structure of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy. It can be found that the thickening capacity, shearing resistance, temperature‐resistance, salt‐resistance, and emulsification properties of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC were superior to those of most widely and cost‐effective partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution at the same concentration. Specifically, the viscosity retention rate of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC (3000 mg/L) solution was 86%, which was better than that of HPAM solution (52%) after 30 s of mechanical shearing at 28000 r/min. In addition, the enhanced oil recovery of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC solution was 16% at 65 °C, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of HPAM solution (11%). Significantly, successful synthesis of zwitterionic quaternary copolymer emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to designing appropriate copolymers for enhanced oil recovery.\u0000A novel zwitterionic quaternary copolymer of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was successfully synthesized.\u0000The performance on thickening capacity, shearing resistance, temperature‐resistance, salt‐resistance, and emulsification properties of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC was superior to that of the most widely used partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM).\u0000The enhanced oil recovery of AA/AM/AOS/C16‐DMAAC (16%) was about 1.5 times higher than that of HPAM (11%).\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140484204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yen Ying Hong, Anjali Madhavan Shijo, Junichi Narita
The growing concerns surrounding food loss and waste, coupled with the amplified need for effective antimicrobial technologies due to the COVID‐19 pandemic have highlighted the significance of antimicrobial solutions. This study introduces novel polymer‐based antibacterial films to address such challenges by combining antibacterial properties with durability. Using stearyldiethanolamine (C18DEA) as the active ingredient, the polyethylene‐based (PE) film is designed to prevent bacterial growth on its surface. The present study investigated the antibacterial mechanism, durability, and effectiveness of the films against representative gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial strains. The films developed in this study demonstrated notable durability against high water temperatures and harsh light exposure for preserving its antibacterial function on the tested bacteria from both representative groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bacteria in contact with film surface revealed damages to cellular structure leading to cell lysis even at the lower tested concentration of 800 ppm C18DEA in the film. Our proposed bactericidal mechanism suggests the alkyl chain of C18DEA disrupts bacterial cell membranes, leading to irreversible damage and cell death. Overall, the films hold significant promise for diverse applications, including extended shelf life for perishable foods and enhanced hygiene management, driven by their durability and potent antimicrobial effects. Mechanism of action of a PE film with C18DEA as active ingredient was studied. Broad‐spectrum bactericidal effect on gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Films demonstrated resistance to high water temperatures and light exposure. Study highlights the films' application in hygiene, safety, and food preservation.
{"title":"Mechanism of a novel antibacterial polymeric film with freshness‐retentive and hygiene‐keeping functions","authors":"Yen Ying Hong, Anjali Madhavan Shijo, Junichi Narita","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10110","url":null,"abstract":"The growing concerns surrounding food loss and waste, coupled with the amplified need for effective antimicrobial technologies due to the COVID‐19 pandemic have highlighted the significance of antimicrobial solutions. This study introduces novel polymer‐based antibacterial films to address such challenges by combining antibacterial properties with durability. Using stearyldiethanolamine (C18DEA) as the active ingredient, the polyethylene‐based (PE) film is designed to prevent bacterial growth on its surface. The present study investigated the antibacterial mechanism, durability, and effectiveness of the films against representative gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial strains. The films developed in this study demonstrated notable durability against high water temperatures and harsh light exposure for preserving its antibacterial function on the tested bacteria from both representative groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bacteria in contact with film surface revealed damages to cellular structure leading to cell lysis even at the lower tested concentration of 800 ppm C18DEA in the film. Our proposed bactericidal mechanism suggests the alkyl chain of C18DEA disrupts bacterial cell membranes, leading to irreversible damage and cell death. Overall, the films hold significant promise for diverse applications, including extended shelf life for perishable foods and enhanced hygiene management, driven by their durability and potent antimicrobial effects.\u0000Mechanism of action of a PE film with C18DEA as active ingredient was studied.\u0000Broad‐spectrum bactericidal effect on gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria.\u0000Films demonstrated resistance to high water temperatures and light exposure.\u0000Study highlights the films' application in hygiene, safety, and food preservation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anandarup Bhattacharyya, Nitish Mishra, Tuhin Dolui, J. Chanda, P. Ghosh, R. Mukhopadhyay
The J‐integral approach manifests itself in an efficient way to determine the crack growth and failure mechanism of tread and sidewall compounds used in tyres. Therefore, for a pure shear (PS) specimen of carbon black filled natural rubber, the J‐integral formula was vivisected, and the material parameters were defined using the concepts of solid mechanics considering the planar stress conditions. Theoretical calculations, experimental observations, and finite element analysis were executed to calculate the J value for different strain percentages. Different hyperelastic material models were used to understand the hyperelastic behavior of the test compound, but Yeoh model was found to be the best fit with the least error against the experimental test data. The frequency sweep dynamic mechanical analyzer test was done to observe the viscoelastic response of the material. It was observed that the J value decreased with decreasing contour radius and had exhibited stark difference with the global tearing energy values, indicating the effects of stress softening and the dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material. Further, the J value attained from finite element methods for a random strain 22% was used to predict the crack growth rate of the pre‐notched PS specimen. J‐integral formula for pure shear specimen using solid mechanics approach. J value comparison of theoretical, experimental, and finite element methods. Dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material. Different hyperelastic models compared and Yeoh model chosen for analysis. Prediction of crack growth rate at a random strain percentage.
{"title":"Insights on the J‐integral expression of pure shear carbon black filled natural rubber specimen and predicting the crack growth rate using finite element method","authors":"Anandarup Bhattacharyya, Nitish Mishra, Tuhin Dolui, J. Chanda, P. Ghosh, R. Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10111","url":null,"abstract":"The J‐integral approach manifests itself in an efficient way to determine the crack growth and failure mechanism of tread and sidewall compounds used in tyres. Therefore, for a pure shear (PS) specimen of carbon black filled natural rubber, the J‐integral formula was vivisected, and the material parameters were defined using the concepts of solid mechanics considering the planar stress conditions. Theoretical calculations, experimental observations, and finite element analysis were executed to calculate the J value for different strain percentages. Different hyperelastic material models were used to understand the hyperelastic behavior of the test compound, but Yeoh model was found to be the best fit with the least error against the experimental test data. The frequency sweep dynamic mechanical analyzer test was done to observe the viscoelastic response of the material. It was observed that the J value decreased with decreasing contour radius and had exhibited stark difference with the global tearing energy values, indicating the effects of stress softening and the dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material. Further, the J value attained from finite element methods for a random strain 22% was used to predict the crack growth rate of the pre‐notched PS specimen.\u0000J‐integral formula for pure shear specimen using solid mechanics approach.\u0000J value comparison of theoretical, experimental, and finite element methods.\u0000Dependence of J value on the elastic characteristics of the material.\u0000Different hyperelastic models compared and Yeoh model chosen for analysis.\u0000Prediction of crack growth rate at a random strain percentage.\u0000","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"29 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer is one of the largest contributors to plastic wastes causing detrimental effects on various sectors of society, and is not biodegradable in nature. In the first stage, river sand and a recycled HDPE as a binder were used to manufacture eco‐friendly plastic sand bricks with various sand(s):plastic(p) ratios: 60s:40p; 65s:35p; 70s:30p; 75s:25p; 80s:20p; 85s:15p. In the second stage, 1%, 5%, and 10% of Kaolin Clay was added to each ratio of sand:plastic, respectively. Three mechanical tests were conducted: compressive strength, impact, and short beam strength. First, the addition of 5% Kaolin Clay to 75s:25p ratio increased compressive strength significantly from 21.4 to 52.76 MPa. Second, the addition of 10% Kaolin Clay in the ratio of 75s:25p mixture increased the impact strength from 4.8 to 5 J. Finally, the addition of 5% Kaolin Clay in the ratio of 60s:40p mixture increased the short beam strength significantly from 1.84 to 2.27 MPa. SEM analysis showed a well‐compacted interface indicating effective bonding between the HDPE and river sand particles in the 75s:25p ratio. Hence, the results of this study present a potential for the use of recycled HDPE plastic to manufacture plastic sand bricks. Highlights Addition of Kaolin Clay improved the mechanical properties of the composite material.
{"title":"The use of recycled high‐density polyethylene waste to manufacture eco‐friendly plastic sand bricks","authors":"Kimendren Gounden, Festus Maina Mwangi, Turup Pandurangan Mohan, Krishnan Kanny","doi":"10.1002/pls2.10106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer is one of the largest contributors to plastic wastes causing detrimental effects on various sectors of society, and is not biodegradable in nature. In the first stage, river sand and a recycled HDPE as a binder were used to manufacture eco‐friendly plastic sand bricks with various sand(s):plastic(p) ratios: 60s:40p; 65s:35p; 70s:30p; 75s:25p; 80s:20p; 85s:15p. In the second stage, 1%, 5%, and 10% of Kaolin Clay was added to each ratio of sand:plastic, respectively. Three mechanical tests were conducted: compressive strength, impact, and short beam strength. First, the addition of 5% Kaolin Clay to 75s:25p ratio increased compressive strength significantly from 21.4 to 52.76 MPa. Second, the addition of 10% Kaolin Clay in the ratio of 75s:25p mixture increased the impact strength from 4.8 to 5 J. Finally, the addition of 5% Kaolin Clay in the ratio of 60s:40p mixture increased the short beam strength significantly from 1.84 to 2.27 MPa. SEM analysis showed a well‐compacted interface indicating effective bonding between the HDPE and river sand particles in the 75s:25p ratio. Hence, the results of this study present a potential for the use of recycled HDPE plastic to manufacture plastic sand bricks. Highlights Addition of Kaolin Clay improved the mechanical properties of the composite material.","PeriodicalId":488843,"journal":{"name":"SPE polymers","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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