Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-03
S. Turdimurodov
In this article, the term graduonimia (leveling) developed in Uzbek linguistics and advanced in world linguistics and some features related to its emergence through euphemistic units were analyzed linguistically.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF EUPHEMISM IN WRITTEN AND SPOKEN SPEECH","authors":"S. Turdimurodov","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-03","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the term graduonimia (leveling) developed in Uzbek linguistics and advanced in world linguistics and some features related to its emergence through euphemistic units were analyzed linguistically.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"77 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-05
Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz, Hira Munir, Dr Umer ud din, Iffat Sultana, Anam Ikhtiar, Beenish Anwar
The primary objective of this study is to explore the speeches made by well-known political figure in Pakistan, Mr. Imran Khan, following his removal on April 10, 2022. The research explores the persuasiveness of Khan's speeches, spurred on by his considerable influence, especially among young people. The context of Fairclough's 3D model was used to analyze five carefully selected speeches that were given between June 19, 2022, and March 25, 2023. After being translated from Urdu into English, the speeches were examined. Using the 3D model required close examination of the discourse practices, text, and sociocultural background in order to reveal the complex relationships between language, power, and sociopolitical setting in Pakistan. The analysis shows how skillfully Khan uses rhetorical elements like irony, satire, and intertextuality to address important topics, advocate for change, and raise social consciousness. These findings shed light on wider issues of public opinion, government, and social standards in addition to helping to comprehend Khan's communication tactics. This research sets the stage for future discussions on discourse analysis, political communication dynamics, and the role of language in shaping political discourse, ultimately enhancing our understanding of modern political dialogue in Pakistan.
{"title":"ANALYZING IMRAN KHAN’S POST-PREMIERSHIP SPEECHES: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE","authors":"Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz, Hira Munir, Dr Umer ud din, Iffat Sultana, Anam Ikhtiar, Beenish Anwar","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-05","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this study is to explore the speeches made by well-known political figure in Pakistan, Mr. Imran Khan, following his removal on April 10, 2022. The research explores the persuasiveness of Khan's speeches, spurred on by his considerable influence, especially among young people. The context of Fairclough's 3D model was used to analyze five carefully selected speeches that were given between June 19, 2022, and March 25, 2023. After being translated from Urdu into English, the speeches were examined. Using the 3D model required close examination of the discourse practices, text, and sociocultural background in order to reveal the complex relationships between language, power, and sociopolitical setting in Pakistan. The analysis shows how skillfully Khan uses rhetorical elements like irony, satire, and intertextuality to address important topics, advocate for change, and raise social consciousness. These findings shed light on wider issues of public opinion, government, and social standards in addition to helping to comprehend Khan's communication tactics. This research sets the stage for future discussions on discourse analysis, political communication dynamics, and the role of language in shaping political discourse, ultimately enhancing our understanding of modern political dialogue in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"277 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-04
Dr. Samah Saffuri Khoury
Objectives: In view of the changes that happened after Nakba which this reality wrought in all aspects of everyday life, we wish to see how this was reflected in very short stories and the extent to which writers used the grotesque in order to describe the unfortunate situation in which people found themselves, the resulting tendency to avoid the dominant ideologies and ideas and to attempt to promote marginal notions, for the purpose of stimulating the reader and restoring his equilibrium. Methods: In this study I will examine the use of grotesque events in very short stories written by Palestinians from three different sectors: Palestinians inside Israel, Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and Palestinians abroad. Our aim is to discover how the distorted reality imposed by the wake of the War of 1948 affected the use of the grotesque as a literary technique for expressing this reality. The study consists of two parts. In the theoretical part we define the grotesque in literature and its use by writers, especially since the twentieth century. In the applied part we analyze very short Palestinian stories of three types and examine the use of the grotesque in them. Conclusions: I Found that The grotesque in the stories reflects the state of decline among human beings on every level, especially in the superficial and mechanical way people treat their fellow human beings, and the lack of empathy with the other.
{"title":"THE GROTESQUE IN EVENTS OF PALESTINIAN VERY SHORT STORIES","authors":"Dr. Samah Saffuri Khoury","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue07-04","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: In view of the changes that happened after Nakba which this reality wrought in all aspects of everyday life, we wish to see how this was reflected in very short stories and the extent to which writers used the grotesque in order to describe the unfortunate situation in which people found themselves, the resulting tendency to avoid the dominant ideologies and ideas and to attempt to promote marginal notions, for the purpose of stimulating the reader and restoring his equilibrium. Methods: In this study I will examine the use of grotesque events in very short stories written by Palestinians from three different sectors: Palestinians inside Israel, Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and Palestinians abroad. Our aim is to discover how the distorted reality imposed by the wake of the War of 1948 affected the use of the grotesque as a literary technique for expressing this reality. The study consists of two parts. In the theoretical part we define the grotesque in literature and its use by writers, especially since the twentieth century. In the applied part we analyze very short Palestinian stories of three types and examine the use of the grotesque in them. Conclusions: I Found that The grotesque in the stories reflects the state of decline among human beings on every level, especially in the superficial and mechanical way people treat their fellow human beings, and the lack of empathy with the other.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"2 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-03
Djalilova Zarnigor Obidovna
This study examines the pedagogical and psychological implications of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into education. As AI technologies become more prevalent in educational settings, it is crucial to understand their impact on teaching and learning processes from both pedagogical and psychological perspectives. This paper explores how AI tools influence teaching methods, student engagement, learning outcomes, and the overall educational environment. Additionally, it investigates the psychological effects of AI integration on students, educators, and educational stakeholders. By addressing these aspects, this research aims to provide insights into the effective and ethical utilization of AI technologies in integrative education.
{"title":"THE PEDAGOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN INTEGRATIVE EDUCATION","authors":"Djalilova Zarnigor Obidovna","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-03","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the pedagogical and psychological implications of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into education. As AI technologies become more prevalent in educational settings, it is crucial to understand their impact on teaching and learning processes from both pedagogical and psychological perspectives. This paper explores how AI tools influence teaching methods, student engagement, learning outcomes, and the overall educational environment. Additionally, it investigates the psychological effects of AI integration on students, educators, and educational stakeholders. By addressing these aspects, this research aims to provide insights into the effective and ethical utilization of AI technologies in integrative education.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140271900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-08
Khikmatova Nargiza Ravshanovna
This study aims to spotlight the postmodern tendency of metafiction in Ian Watson’s novel “Chekhov's Journey”. Metafiction is self-conscious in relation to language, literary form, and storytelling in fiction. This form of fiction accentuates its construct and reminds the readers to be aware of a fictional work. Ian Watson is a noteworthy science-fiction writer, and his famous novelsare ‘The Embedding’ (1973) and ‘The Jonah Kit’ (1975), which brought him prestigious awards, while in this study we will focus on his metafictional work ‘Chekhov’s Journey’. This novel exhibits the subject of postmodern metafiction. In this novel, a modern-day actor uses hypnosis to simulate Anton Chekhov's 1890 journey through Siberia. The method of study adopted the metafiction theories proposed by Patricia Waugh and Linda Hutcheon. It highlights Ian Watson’s texts that represent the elements of metafiction through the protagonists. Using various theories related to postmodern metafiction, the view of metafiction in the work is substantiated and explored. The postmodern perspective of metafiction is explored in Ian Watson’s text and analyzed with metafiction theories. The study results are compared and discussed with other studies and contemporary texts concerning metafiction. The findings show that metafiction is applicable in the given work of Ian Watson. He projects the aspects of metafiction in his work through his writing, especially narration, both fiction and reality.
{"title":"BIOGRAPHICAL TRUTH THROUGH THE PRISM OF METAFICTIONAL REPRESENTATION IN IAN WATSON’S CHEKHOV’S JOURNEY","authors":"Khikmatova Nargiza Ravshanovna","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-08","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to spotlight the postmodern tendency of metafiction in Ian Watson’s novel “Chekhov's Journey”. Metafiction is self-conscious in relation to language, literary form, and storytelling in fiction. This form of fiction accentuates its construct and reminds the readers to be aware of a fictional work. Ian Watson is a noteworthy science-fiction writer, and his famous novelsare ‘The Embedding’ (1973) and ‘The Jonah Kit’ (1975), which brought him prestigious awards, while in this study we will focus on his metafictional work ‘Chekhov’s Journey’. This novel exhibits the subject of postmodern metafiction. In this novel, a modern-day actor uses hypnosis to simulate Anton Chekhov's 1890 journey through Siberia. The method of study adopted the metafiction theories proposed by Patricia Waugh and Linda Hutcheon. It highlights Ian Watson’s texts that represent the elements of metafiction through the protagonists. Using various theories related to postmodern metafiction, the view of metafiction in the work is substantiated and explored. The postmodern perspective of metafiction is explored in Ian Watson’s text and analyzed with metafiction theories. The study results are compared and discussed with other studies and contemporary texts concerning metafiction. The findings show that metafiction is applicable in the given work of Ian Watson. He projects the aspects of metafiction in his work through his writing, especially narration, both fiction and reality.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"63 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140399450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-04
Khajieva Feruza, Rakhimova Shakhnoza
This article studies the profound transformations ushered in by postmodernism in the mid-20th century, focusing on its impact on culture, truth, representation, and the traditional understanding of knowledge. Contrary to the view of postmodernism as a linear progression from modernism, we explore the perspectives of Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard, presenting it as a cyclical moment within the continuous innovation of high modernism. Lyotard redefines the role of postmodern artists and writers as akin to philosophers, liberated from pre-established norms and engaged in a perpetual quest fornew rules within their works. Baudrillard’s insights into the evolution of science fiction reflect a broader postmodern reevaluation of reality as fragmented and simulacral. Furthermore, we address the so-called crisis of representation identified by Lyotard, challenging the realistic epistemology that views knowledge and art as mirrors of an external reality. By examining fragmented narration in literature, we propose a more inclusive approach to representing the multifaceted nature of reality. This article contributes to the understanding of postmodernism, highlighting its significance in redefining cultural expressions and our approach to knowledge and representation.
本文研究了后现代主义在 20 世纪中期带来的深刻变革，重点探讨了后现代主义对文化、真理、表象和传统知识理解的影响。与将后现代主义视为现代主义的线性发展相反，我们探讨了让-弗朗索瓦-利奥塔（Jean-Francois Lyotard）和让-鲍德里亚（Jean Baudrillard）的观点，将其视为高度现代主义持续创新中的一个循环时刻。利奥塔将后现代艺术家和作家的角色重新定义为类似于哲学家，他们从既定的规范中解放出来，在作品中不断追求新的规则。鲍德里亚对科幻小说演变的洞察，反映了后现代对现实作为碎片化和模拟性的更广泛的重新评价。此外，我们还探讨了利奥塔（Lyotard）提出的所谓 "再现危机"（crisis of representation），挑战了将知识和艺术视为外部现实镜像的现实主义认识论。通过研究文学作品中的碎片化叙述，我们提出了一种更具包容性的方法来表现现实的多面性。本文有助于加深对后现代主义的理解，强调后现代主义在重新定义文化表现形式以及我们的知识和表现方法方面的重要意义。
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING POSTMODERNISM THROUGH THE THEORIES OF LYOTARD AND BAUDRILLARD","authors":"Khajieva Feruza, Rakhimova Shakhnoza","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-04","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the profound transformations ushered in by postmodernism in the mid-20th century, focusing on its impact on culture, truth, representation, and the traditional understanding of knowledge. Contrary to the view of postmodernism as a linear progression from modernism, we explore the perspectives of Jean-Francois Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard, presenting it as a cyclical moment within the continuous innovation of high modernism. Lyotard redefines the role of postmodern artists and writers as akin to philosophers, liberated from pre-established norms and engaged in a perpetual quest fornew rules within their works. Baudrillard’s insights into the evolution of science fiction reflect a broader postmodern reevaluation of reality as fragmented and simulacral. Furthermore, we address the so-called crisis of representation identified by Lyotard, challenging the realistic epistemology that views knowledge and art as mirrors of an external reality. By examining fragmented narration in literature, we propose a more inclusive approach to representing the multifaceted nature of reality. This article contributes to the understanding of postmodernism, highlighting its significance in redefining cultural expressions and our approach to knowledge and representation.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"398 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140281619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-05
Toleubayeva A.O
Today many metaphor researchers work in the framework of cognitive linguistics. The cognitive linguistics revolution began in 1980 with the publication of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By. In their book, Lakoff and Johnson amassed an amazing number of examples showing that the way we talk about abstract domains appears to be systematically structured by the way wetalk about certain more concrete domains. Thus, we talk about theories and arguments as if they were buildings: theories can have support and arguments can be demolished. These observations gave rise to the theory of conceptual metaphor which moved metaphor out of language into our conceptual organization. According to Lakoff and Johnson, linguistic expressions such as ‘to demolish a theory’ or ‘the foundation of a theory’ are not isolated expressions but parts of the conceptual metaphor THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS.
如今，许多隐喻研究人员都在认知语言学的框架内工作。认知语言学革命始于 1980 年乔治-拉科夫（George Lakoff）和马克-约翰逊（Mark Johnson）的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》（Metaphors We Live By）一书的出版。在他们的书中，拉科夫和约翰逊收集了大量令人惊叹的例子，表明我们谈论抽象领域的方式似乎是由我们谈论某些更具体领域的方式所系统构建的。因此，我们谈论理论和论点时，就好像谈论建筑物一样：理论可以得到支持，论点可以被推翻。这些观察结果催生了概念隐喻理论，它将隐喻从语言移到了我们的概念组织中。拉科夫和约翰逊认为，"摧毁理论 "或 "理论的基础 "等语言表达不是孤立的表达，而是概念隐喻 "理论是建筑 "的一部分。
{"title":"COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC METAPHORS","authors":"Toleubayeva A.O","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-05","url":null,"abstract":"Today many metaphor researchers work in the framework of cognitive linguistics. The cognitive linguistics revolution began in 1980 with the publication of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By. In their book, Lakoff and Johnson amassed an amazing number of examples showing that the way we talk about abstract domains appears to be systematically structured by the way wetalk about certain more concrete domains. Thus, we talk about theories and arguments as if they were buildings: theories can have support and arguments can be demolished. These observations gave rise to the theory of conceptual metaphor which moved metaphor out of language into our conceptual organization. According to Lakoff and Johnson, linguistic expressions such as ‘to demolish a theory’ or ‘the foundation of a theory’ are not isolated expressions but parts of the conceptual metaphor THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-06
Bonu Ashirova
Modern social pedagogy, for example, assessing the situation of identity crisis in the postmodern space, emphasizes not only the narrative etiology of this crisis but also emphasizes the need for a special purposeful formation of an educational attitude tofight against it. Recall that, according to Jameson's formulation, the narrative process actually creates reality and at the same time rejects its relativity, that is, any claim to adequacy as a representation of some non-narrative reality. . The most important attribute of narrative characterisation is its self-sufficiency. As noted by R. Barthes, the procedural nature of the story "is not intended to directly affect reality, but for the event itself, that is, ultimately beyond any function other than symbolic activity." will open. Debate on narrative actualizes the problem of self-identification of the subject, and expands the problem area of research into the field of communicative strategy.
例如，现代社会教育学在评估后现代空间中的身份危机状况时，不仅强调这种危机的叙事根源，而且强调有必要特别有目的地形成一种教育态度，以对抗这种危机。回顾一下，根据詹姆逊的表述，叙事过程实际上创造了现实，同时也拒绝其相对性，即任何作为某种非叙事现实的表征的适当性主张。.叙事特征最重要的属性是其自足性。正如 R. Barthes 所指出的，故事的程序性 "不是为了直接影响现实，而是为了事件本身，也就是说，最终超越了象征活动之外的任何功能"。关于叙事的辩论将主体的自我认同问题现实化，并将研究的问题领域扩展到交际策略领域。
{"title":"BASIC RULES OF THE THEORY OF NARRATIVE (STORY) IN MODERN LINGUISTICS","authors":"Bonu Ashirova","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-06","url":null,"abstract":"Modern social pedagogy, for example, assessing the situation of identity crisis in the postmodern space, emphasizes not only the narrative etiology of this crisis but also emphasizes the need for a special purposeful formation of an educational attitude tofight against it. Recall that, according to Jameson's formulation, the narrative process actually creates reality and at the same time rejects its relativity, that is, any claim to adequacy as a representation of some non-narrative reality. . The most important attribute of narrative characterisation is its self-sufficiency. As noted by R. Barthes, the procedural nature of the story \"is not intended to directly affect reality, but for the event itself, that is, ultimately beyond any function other than symbolic activity.\" will open. Debate on narrative actualizes the problem of self-identification of the subject, and expands the problem area of research into the field of communicative strategy.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"80 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140282273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-07
Djumayeva Guli Tulkinovna
This article highlights the importance of validity and reliability in creating speaking tests, particularly for the Russian National Exam Practice Exam Papers. These tests provide a comprehensive assessment of language skills, encouraging meaningful language use. However, improvements include clearer instructions, authentic materials, and revised test procedures for easier administration.
{"title":"ENHANCING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN SPEAKING TESTS","authors":"Djumayeva Guli Tulkinovna","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-07","url":null,"abstract":"This article highlights the importance of validity and reliability in creating speaking tests, particularly for the Russian National Exam Practice Exam Papers. These tests provide a comprehensive assessment of language skills, encouraging meaningful language use. However, improvements include clearer instructions, authentic materials, and revised test procedures for easier administration.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"60 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140399927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.37547/ijll/volume04issue02-04
Yoqubova Mahliyo Jabborali qizi
English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands. The language has undergone major changes and developments in its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and orthography throughout its over 1500 year history. This article provides an overview of the key influences and developments that have shaped the English language into its present global form. It examines the linguistic influences of Celtic, Norse, French, Latin, Greek and other languages on English. It also explores the impact of historical events, the growth of literacy, the invention of the printing press, dictionary compilation and standardized spelling on the development of English. The analysis shows that English has an unparalleled capacity to absorb, adapt and incorporate words and features from other languages. Through the early spread of English around the British Isles, and later via 19th and 20th century colonization and globalization, English has become the most widely spoken language worldwide with over 1.35 billion speakers.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE","authors":"Yoqubova Mahliyo Jabborali qizi","doi":"10.37547/ijll/volume04issue02-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue02-04","url":null,"abstract":"English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands. The language has undergone major changes and developments in its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and orthography throughout its over 1500 year history. This article provides an overview of the key influences and developments that have shaped the English language into its present global form. It examines the linguistic influences of Celtic, Norse, French, Latin, Greek and other languages on English. It also explores the impact of historical events, the growth of literacy, the invention of the printing press, dictionary compilation and standardized spelling on the development of English. The analysis shows that English has an unparalleled capacity to absorb, adapt and incorporate words and features from other languages. Through the early spread of English around the British Isles, and later via 19th and 20th century colonization and globalization, English has become the most widely spoken language worldwide with over 1.35 billion speakers.","PeriodicalId":488877,"journal":{"name":"International Journal Of Literature And Languages","volume":"878 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140467491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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