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An audit of perioperative speech pathology intervention on improving enhanced recovery after surgery in oesophagectomy patients. 围手术期语言病理学干预对改善食道切除术患者术后恢复的审计。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2388066
Amelia Starkey, Laura Lincoln, Douglas Fenton-Lee, Lauren J Christie

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a speech-language pathology (SLP) pathway on recovery following oesophagectomy.

Method: An audit was conducted at a single metropolitan public hospital in Sydney, Australia. Patients between 2014-2021 undergoing a three-stage oesophagectomy (n = 41) were included in the study. The sample was divided into two groups, those who received usual care (2014-2019) and those who received perioperative SLP assessment and intervention (2020-2021), with data collected across swallowing and health outcomes. Patient demographics and outcomes between the two groups were compared.

Result: Patients who received perioperative SLP intervention commenced oral intake faster postoperatively (SLP intervention group Mdn = 6.50 days, IQR = 6.00-7.00; usual care group Mdn = 9.00 days, IQR = 7.00-13.25; p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in rates of aspiration on the postoperative leak test (p = 0.32). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in length of hospital stay or number of swallowing-related medical images completed during their admission.

Conclusion: Perioperative SLP intervention has a positive impact on commencing oral intake following a three-stage oesophagectomy, however, it does not have a significant impact on rates of aspiration postoperatively. This pathway may contribute to enhanced recovery after oesophagectomy.

目的:评估语言病理学(SLP)路径对食道切除术后康复的影响:在澳大利亚悉尼的一家大都市公立医院进行了一项审计。研究对象包括 2014-2021 年间接受三阶段食道切除术的患者(n = 41)。样本分为两组,一组接受常规护理(2014-2019 年),另一组接受围手术期 SLP 评估和干预(2020-2021 年),收集的数据涵盖吞咽和健康结果。比较了两组患者的人口统计学特征和结果:结果:接受围手术期SLP干预的患者术后开始口腔摄入的时间更快(SLP干预组Mdn = 6.50天,IQR = 6.00-7.00;常规护理组Mdn = 9.00天,IQR = 7.00-13.25;p = 0.001)。在术后漏气测试中,各组间的吸入率差异无统计学意义(P = 0.32)。在住院时间或入院期间完成的与吞咽相关的医学影像数量方面,两组之间没有统计学意义上的差异:围手术期SLP干预对三段式食管切除术后开始口腔摄入有积极影响,但对术后吸入率没有显著影响。这一途径可能有助于促进食道切除术后的恢复。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term evaluation of psychosocial impact and stuttering severity after intensive stuttering therapy. 对口吃强化治疗后的社会心理影响和口吃严重程度进行长期评估。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2371869
Birte Wiele, Susanne Cook, Erik X Raj, Stefan Heim

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term stability of objective and subjective psychosocial improvements and fluency more than 10 years after participation in an intensive stuttering therapy camp.

Method: Ten former participants in intensive stuttering therapy (IST; mean age at time of intervention 14; 2 years) participated in this study. Outcomes of the IST at that time were assessed with the Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI-3; Riley, 1994) and a questionnaire to measure the psychosocial impact of stuttering. A semi-structured video call and a general questionnaire for the long-term evaluation were used to gauge the participants' perceptions of the IST. These follow-up data were compared to the therapy outcomes reported by Cook (2011, 2013).

Result: Therapy effects on the severity of stuttering and psychosocial impact were stable over the follow-up period of more than 10 years. Moreover, scores for psychosocial impact and severity of stuttering further decreased from the end of the IST to the long-term evaluation. The intensive time and the periodically offered follow-up treatments were described as particularly positive by the participants.

Conclusion: Intensive stuttering therapy in childhood or adolescence can have a long-term positive effect on both internal and external stuttering symptoms.

目的:本研究的目的是评估参加口吃强化治疗营十多年后客观和主观社会心理改善及流利程度的长期稳定性:十名曾经参加过口吃强化治疗营(IST;干预时的平均年龄为 14;2 岁)的学员参加了本研究。通过口吃严重程度量表(SSI-3;Riley,1994年)和口吃对社会心理影响的调查问卷,对当时参加口吃强化治疗的结果进行了评估。在长期评估中,还使用了半结构化视频通话和普通问卷来评估参与者对 IST 的看法。这些跟踪数据与库克(2011、2013 年)报告的治疗结果进行了比较:结果:在超过10年的随访期间,治疗对口吃严重程度和社会心理影响的效果保持稳定。此外,从 IST 结束到长期评估期间,心理社会影响和口吃严重程度的得分进一步下降。参与者对强化治疗时间和定期提供的后续治疗给予了特别积极的评价:儿童或青少年时期的口吃强化治疗可对口吃的内部和外部症状产生长期的积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
Caregivers' reports of the home literacy environments of children with developmental language disorder and typically developing peers during the COVID-19 pandemic. 护理人员对 COVID-19 大流行期间患有语言发育障碍的儿童和发育正常的同龄儿童的家庭识字环境的报告。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2364811
Katharine M Radville, Rouzana Komesidou, Julie Wolter, Jessie Ricketts, Tiffany P Hogan

Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) are at heightened risk for reading difficulty. We investigated the home literacy environments of kindergarten children with DLD and typically developing (TD) peers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: We analysed scores from standardised assessments of oral language, nonverbal intelligence, and word reading in conjunction with home literacy questionnaire data at three time points.

Result: Frequency of engagement in home literacy activities did not differ by group during school closures or when schools reopened. Caregivers from both groups reported increased home literacy engagement during closures. Engagement returned to pre-pandemic levels when schools reopened. For the DLD group, the child's word reading ability and interest in literacy were positively associated with the home literacy environment. Family history of language and/or literacy difficulty was negatively associated with the home literacy environment. For the TD group, only the child's interest in literacy was positively associated with the home literacy environment.

Conclusion: These findings elucidate the need for further research related to home literacy and families of children with DLD, with a focus on identifying potential strengths and vulnerabilities related to child and caregiver factors.

目的:患有发育性语言障碍(DLD)的儿童阅读困难的风险更高。在 COVID-19 大流行期间,我们对患有发育性语言障碍的幼儿园儿童和发育正常(TD)的同龄儿童的家庭识字环境进行了调查:我们分析了三个时间点的口语、非语言智能和单词阅读标准化评估得分以及家庭识字问卷调查数据:结果:在学校关闭期间和学校重新开放后,各组参与家庭识字活动的频率没有差异。两组的照顾者都表示在学校关闭期间参与家庭识字活动的人数有所增加。学校重新开学后,参与度恢复到大流行前的水平。对于 DLD 组,儿童的文字阅读能力和识字兴趣与家庭识字环境呈正相关。家庭语言和/或识字困难史与家庭识字环境呈负相关。在TD组中,只有儿童的识字兴趣与家庭识字环境呈正相关:这些研究结果表明,有必要进一步开展有关家庭识字和 DLD 儿童家庭的研究,重点是确定与儿童和照顾者因素相关的潜在优势和弱点。
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引用次数: 0
Expressive vocabulary intervention for four 2- to 3-year-old children with cerebral palsy and speech/language difficulties: A single-case A-B study. 对四名患有脑瘫和言语/语言障碍的 2-3 岁儿童进行表达性词汇干预:单例 A-B 研究。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2373259
Anna Nyman, Carmela Miniscalco, Anette Lohmander, Sofia Strömbergsson

Purpose: To evaluate a parent-delivered expressive vocabulary intervention using focused stimulation for young children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method: A single case A-B design was used. Use of expressive target words was evaluated during the baseline (A) and intervention (B) phases. Untrained expressive words were used as control behaviour. Four 2- to 3-year-old boys with CP and their parents participated. All participants had an expressive vocabulary of less than 50 words at study intake. Following training, parents delivered the intervention daily at home for 5 weeks. Generalisation of the intervention was measured with a parent-rated vocabulary checklist.

Result: Two participants showed clear gains and one participant showed a smaller gain in target words. Two of these three participants did not improve on control words, but one participant increased his use of both target and control words. One participant did not increase his use of either control or target words. All participants improved on parent-reported expressive vocabulary, and for two children, improvements were large.

Conclusion: Parent-delivered focused stimulation may lead to gains in expressive vocabulary in children with CP and speech and language difficulties. The intervention would be suitable for larger single-case studies with more experimental control.

目的:评估针对脑性瘫痪(CP)幼儿的由家长提供的表达性词汇干预方法:方法:采用单例 A-B 设计。在基线(A)和干预(B)阶段对表达性目标词的使用进行评估。未经训练的表达词作为对照行为。四名 2 至 3 岁的患有小儿麻痹症的男孩及其父母参加了此次活动。所有参与者在接受研究时的表达词汇量均少于 50 个单词。训练结束后,家长每天在家进行干预,为期 5 周。通过家长评分的词汇核对表来衡量干预措施的推广情况:结果:两名参与者的目标词汇量明显增加,一名参与者的目标词汇量增幅较小。这三位参与者中有两位在控制词汇上没有进步,但有一位在目标词汇和控制词汇的使用上都有提高。一名学员在控制词和目标词的使用上都没有提高。所有参与者在家长报告的表达词汇量方面都有所提高,其中两名儿童的提高幅度较大:结论:由家长提供的集中刺激可能会提高患有CP和言语及语言障碍的儿童的词汇表达能力。该干预措施适合进行更多实验控制的大型单例研究。
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引用次数: 0
Contemporary clinical conversations about stuttering: Can intervention stop early stuttering development? 关于口吃的当代临床对话:干预能阻止口吃的早期发展吗?
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2371870
Brooke L Edwards, Eric S Jackson, Elaina Kefalianos, Stacey Sheedy, Mark Onslow

Purpose: To discuss whether early intervention can stop stuttering development. To inform junior clinicians and students of speech-language pathology about contemporary views on this issue.

Method: The issue was discussed by two university researchers and two speech-language pathologists who provide public clinical services. Written conversational turns in an exchange were limited to 100 words each. When that written dialogue was concluded, each participant provided 200 words of final reflection about the issue.

Result: Most differences that emerged centred on the clinical evidence base for early intervention, which emphasises stuttering reduction, and how it should be interpreted.

Conclusion: The evidence base for early intervention has limitations and it should be interpreted cautiously. One interpretation is that reducing stuttering severity is a justifiable core of early management. Another interpretation focuses on ease of communication, anticipation of stuttering, and covert stuttering.

目的:讨论早期干预能否阻止口吃的发展。让初级临床医生和言语病理学学生了解当代对这一问题的看法:两名大学研究人员和两名提供公共临床服务的言语病理学家讨论了这一问题。交流中的书面对话轮流进行,每人限 100 字。书面对话结束后,每位参与者就这一问题进行 200 字的最后反思:结果:大多数分歧都集中在强调减少口吃的早期干预的临床证据基础,以及如何解释这一基础:结论:早期干预的证据基础存在局限性,应谨慎解读。一种解释是,减少口吃的严重程度是早期管理的合理核心。另一种解释则侧重于沟通的便利性、对口吃的预期以及隐蔽性口吃。
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引用次数: 0
Retrieval practice and word learning in children who are hard of hearing. 重听儿童的检索练习和单词学习。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2381465
Beatriz de Diego-Lázaro

Purpose: Many children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) show poorer auditory word-learning skills than children with typical hearing (TH). The goal of this study was to test the effect of retrieval practice on word learning in children who are hard of hearing (HH).

Method: Twenty-six TH children and 16 children who are HH completed a speech perception and a vocabulary test, and a rapid word-learning game to learn new words under no retrieval, immediate retrieval, and spaced retrieval conditions.

Result: Linear mixed-effect models revealed that learning condition and time predicted 48% of the variance in word recognition, and age predicted 15% of word recall variance. We observed no differences in word recognition and recall between TH children and children who are HH. Children learned and remembered more words in the immediate and spaced retrieval practice conditions than in the no retrieval condition.

Conclusion: Retrieval practice is more effective for word learning and retention than passive exposure (no retrieval). Clinical and educational practices for children who are DHH could combine explicit instruction using targeted exposures and retrieval of new words with naturalistic approaches. Future studies should assess retrieval practice in real-life interventions to inform clinical and educational practices.

目的:与典型听力(TH)儿童相比,许多耳聋和重听(DHH)儿童的听觉单词学习能力较差。本研究旨在测试检索练习对重听儿童单词学习的影响:方法:26 名重听儿童和 16 名重听儿童完成了言语感知和词汇测试,并在不检索、立即检索和间隔检索的条件下,通过快速单词学习游戏学习新单词:线性混合效应模型显示,学习条件和时间预测了48%的单词识别差异,年龄预测了15%的单词记忆差异。我们观察到,TH 儿童和 HH 儿童在单词识别和记忆方面没有差异。与无检索条件相比,儿童在即时和间隔检索练习条件下学习和记忆的单词更多:检索练习比被动接触(不检索)对单词学习和记忆更有效。针对 DHH 儿童的临床和教育实践可以将使用有针对性的暴露和检索新单词的明确指导与自然方法相结合。未来的研究应评估现实干预中的检索实践,为临床和教育实践提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
The telehealth surge: Speech-language pathology mode of service delivery and consumer characteristics during COVID-19. 远程医疗浪潮:COVID-19 期间的语言病理学服务提供模式和消费者特征。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2388061
Vincent Learnihan, Sue-Ellen Hogg, Kimberley Davis

Purpose: To examine the characteristics of speech-language pathology (SLP) consumers prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, with respect to the mode of service delivery within a local health district in New South Wales, Australia, to inform future health service planning.

Method: Observational study examining SLP occasions of service data pre-COVID-19 (2019-2019; n = 6413) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021; n = 6908). Spatial mapping and multilevel models were used to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics, telehealth utilisation, and videoconferencing.

Result: During COVID-19, SLP occasions of service increased by 7.7% compared to pre-COVID-19. Model 1 found odds of adopting telehealth (telephone or videoconference) during COVID-19 were significantly higher for those aged 0-4 and 5-17 years compared to older age groups. Consumers in inner regional areas were significantly less likely to adopt telehealth than in major city areas, whereas females were significantly more likely to adopt telehealth. Those living in areas experiencing higher relative disadvantage were less likely to use telehealth. Model 2 found odds of adopting videoconferencing only were also significantly higher for the younger age groups (0-4 and 5-17 years) and females.

Conclusion: A rapid transition to a virtual model of care was critical to the successful delivery of SLP services during COVID-19. Immediate prioritisation and integration of targeted models of care, where suitability is high and benefits most likely to be experienced, is feasible.

目的:研究澳大利亚新南威尔士州一个地方卫生区在 COVID-19 大流行之前和期间与服务提供模式有关的言语病理学(SLP)消费者的特征,为未来的卫生服务规划提供信息:观察研究:检查 COVID-19 前(2019-2019 年;n = 6413)和 COVID-19 大流行期间(2020-2021 年;n = 6908)的 SLP 服务场合数据。利用空间映射和多层次模型研究了社会人口特征、远程医疗利用率和视频会议之间的关联:结果:在 COVID-19 期间,SLP 服务次数比 COVID-19 前增加了 7.7%。模型 1 发现,在 COVID-19 期间,0-4 岁和 5-17 岁年龄组采用远程保健(电话或视频会议)的几率明显高于较大年龄组。内陆地区的消费者采用远程保健的几率明显低于大城市地区的消费者,而女性采用远程保健的几率明显更高。生活在相对弱势地区的人使用远程保健的可能性较低。模型 2 发现,年龄较小(0-4 岁和 5-17 岁)和女性仅采用视频会议的几率也明显较高:在 COVID-19 期间,迅速过渡到虚拟医疗模式对成功提供 SLP 服务至关重要。立即优先考虑和整合目标护理模式是可行的,因为这些模式非常适合,而且最有可能产生效益。
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引用次数: 0
The translatability of communication interventions in paediatric autism: A scoping review. 儿童自闭症沟通干预措施的可转化性:范围综述。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2388060
Victoria Sandham, Anne E Hill, Fiona Hinchliffe, Rebecca M Armstrong

Purpose: Translation of research is requisite for speech-language pathologists; however, barriers have been reported. This review aimed to identify the extant literature published on communication for autistic children, and examine the replicability and translatability of communication interventions for speech-language pathologists providing services to children with autism.

Method: A scoping review was conducted using a six-stage protocol. Following initial database searching and screening, data were extracted from included studies for demographic characteristics and Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist elements. Stakeholder consultation interviews with 13 speech-language pathologists who work with autistic children were also undertaken.

Result: The database search revealed 4719 studies on the topic of communication in autistic children, of which 762 were communication intervention studies. Of these included intervention studies, 30% were considered replicable according to the TIDieR checklist. Stakeholder consultation revealed that poorly described intervention studies hindered translation efforts.

Conclusion: The vast amount of autism communication intervention literature and the variable quality of intervention description reporting are barriers to accessing high quality literature for translation to practice. Improved reporting of intervention descriptions in autism communication intervention studies would support research translation into clinical settings.

目的:研究成果的转化是言语病理学家的必备条件,但也有报道称存在障碍。本综述旨在确定自闭症儿童沟通方面的现有文献,并研究为自闭症儿童提供服务的语言病理学家的沟通干预措施的可复制性和可转化性:方法:采用六阶段方案进行了范围界定审查。在对数据库进行初步搜索和筛选后,从纳入的研究中提取了人口统计学特征和干预措施描述与复制模板(TIDieR)核对表要素的数据。此外,还对 13 名从事自闭症儿童工作的语言病理学家进行了利益相关者咨询访谈:数据库搜索结果显示,共有 4719 项关于自闭症儿童沟通问题的研究,其中 762 项为沟通干预研究。在这些纳入的干预研究中,有 30% 根据 TIDieR 核对表被认为是可复制的。利益相关者的咨询结果表明,描述不清的干预研究阻碍了翻译工作:结论:自闭症沟通干预文献数量庞大,干预描述报告的质量参差不齐,这些都是获取高质量文献并将其转化为实践的障碍。改进自闭症沟通干预研究中的干预描述报告将有助于将研究成果转化为临床实践。
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引用次数: 0
Australian SLPs' knowledge and actions regarding the early signs of autism: When does caution become gatekeeping? 澳大利亚语言康复师对自闭症早期症状的认识和行动:谨慎何时变成把关?
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2371846
Rebecca Sutherland, Ann Turnbull, Amber Toms, Cassandra Perry, Astrid Watts

Purpose: Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are often the first point of contact for families of children with autism. Despite this, little is known about SLPs' understanding of autism and its early indicators. This study sought to investigate what Australian SLPs know about autism, the early indicators, and the actions they take when they identify these characteristics.

Method: A 34 question cross-sectional online survey was distributed through professional networks, social media channels, and industry contacts to Australian SLPs. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed.

Result: The 70 participants worked in various contexts around the country. The majority of participants demonstrated sound knowledge of the main characteristics of autism, and some early indicators. Quantitative analysis identified a significant correlation between participant age and confidence talking to parents about possible autism. Overarching themes were identified: (a) caution may delay or prevent SLPs from taking action, (b) some factors may influence SLPs' action, and (c) SLPs take action.

Conclusion: Australian SLPs working with children have the knowledge and understanding of the main characteristics of autism and some early indicators. However, they demonstrate a cautious approach around the subject of autism, and this caution may cause delays for children requiring diagnostic services.

目的:语言病理学家通常是自闭症儿童家庭的第一联系人。尽管如此,人们对语言病理学家对自闭症及其早期指标的了解却知之甚少。本研究旨在调查澳大利亚语言矫正师对自闭症、早期指标的了解程度,以及他们在发现这些特征时所采取的行动:方法:通过专业网络、社交媒体渠道和行业联系人向澳大利亚自闭症辅助治疗师分发了一份 34 个问题的横断面在线调查。对定量和定性数据进行了分析:结果:70 名参与者在全国各地不同的环境中工作。大多数参与者对自闭症的主要特征和一些早期指标有充分的了解。定量分析发现,参与者的年龄与与父母谈论可能的自闭症的信心之间存在明显的相关性。研究还发现了一些重要的主题:(结论:结论:从事儿童工作的澳大利亚自闭症辅助治疗师对自闭症的主要特征和一些早期指标有一定的了解和认识。然而,他们在自闭症问题上表现出谨慎的态度,这种谨慎可能会导致需要诊断服务的儿童的病情延误。
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引用次数: 0
Developmental changes in the word co-occurrences of Spanish-English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder. 有发育性语言障碍和无发育性语言障碍的西英双语儿童词语共同出现率的发育变化。
IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2024.2381467
Prarthana Shivabasappa, Elizabeth D Peña, Lisa M Bedore

Purpose: The study aimed to understand how bilingual children with typical language development (TLD) and those with developmental language disorder (DLD) use frequent word co-occurrences in their narratives.

Method: We studied the change over time in the word co-occurrences used by 30 Spanish-English bilingual children with and without DLD (experimental group). An additional normative group consisted of 98 TLD Spanish-English bilingual first graders. Children narrated two Spanish and two English stories in kindergarten and first grade. Employing a Python program on the transcribed narratives, we extracted all adjacent two-word and three-word co-occurrences. From the normative group, the 90 most frequently occurring two-word and 90 most frequently occurring three-word co-occurrences were extracted. The type and tokens of word co-occurrences each child in the experimental group produced out of the 180 identified word co-occurrences were analysed.

Result: Overall, children at first grade produced more word co-occurrences types than in kindergarten. Children with DLD used fewer types of word co-occurrences but produced them as often as than their TLD peers. Children with DLD increased their word co-occurrences from kindergarten to first grade at the same rate although at a lower frequency. Children in both groups produced similar types and tokens of word co-occurrences in both Spanish and English, except tokens of two word co-occurrences. Children produced two word co-occurrences more often in English than in their Spanish narratives.

Conclusion: The results shed light on children with DLD's deficits in production of word co-occurrences, indirectly reflecting possible deficits in statistical pattern detection.

目的:本研究旨在了解具有典型语言发育(TLD)和发育性语言障碍(DLD)的双语儿童如何在他们的叙述中使用频繁出现的词语:我们研究了 30 名患有和未患有发育性语言障碍的西班牙语-英语双语儿童(实验组)在使用共现词方面随时间发生的变化。另一个标准组由 98 名患有 TLD 的一年级西英双语学生组成。孩子们讲述了幼儿园和一年级的两个西班牙语故事和两个英语故事。我们使用 Python 程序对转录的叙述内容进行了提取,提取了所有相邻的两个词和三个词的共现。我们从标准组中提取了 90 个出现频率最高的双字共现词和 90 个出现频率最高的三字共现词。分析了实验组每个儿童在 180 个已识别的词语共现中产生的词语共现的类型和标记:结果:总体而言,一年级儿童比幼儿园儿童产生了更多的词语共现类型。有 DLD 的儿童使用的词语共现类型较少,但与有 TLD 的儿童相比,他们产生词语共现的频率相同。从幼儿园到一年级,患有 DLD 的儿童的词语共现次数增加的速度相同,但频率较低。两组儿童在西班牙语和英语中产生的词语共现类型和词块相似,但两个词语共现的词块除外。儿童在英语叙述中出现两个词共同出现的频率高于在西班牙语叙述中出现的频率:研究结果表明,患有 DLD 的儿童在产生词语共现方面存在缺陷,这间接反映了他们在统计模式检测方面可能存在缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
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