M. Bakaul, A. Nirmalathas, C. Lim, D. Novak, R. Waterhouse
Hybrid multiplexing and demultiplexing schemes with the capability to integrate microwave and millimeter-wave frequency radio-over-fiber signals in a wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) infrastructure are proposed. The proposed schemes exploit the benefits of a spectrally efficient wavelength-interleaving technique and enhance the performance of optical millimeter-wave signals without employing an additional device. The schemes are demonstrated experimentally with simultaneous transport of 1 Gbit/s baseband, 2.5 GHz microwave, and 37.5 GHz millimeter-wave signals that have the potential to converge last-mile optical and wireless technologies, leading to an integrated dense WDM network in the access and metro domains.
{"title":"Spectrally efficient hybrid multiplexing and demultiplexing schemes toward the integration of microwave and millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber systems in a WDM-PON infrastructure","authors":"M. Bakaul, A. Nirmalathas, C. Lim, D. Novak, R. Waterhouse","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000462","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid multiplexing and demultiplexing schemes with the capability to integrate microwave and millimeter-wave frequency radio-over-fiber signals in a wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) infrastructure are proposed. The proposed schemes exploit the benefits of a spectrally efficient wavelength-interleaving technique and enhance the performance of optical millimeter-wave signals without employing an additional device. The schemes are demonstrated experimentally with simultaneous transport of 1 Gbit/s baseband, 2.5 GHz microwave, and 37.5 GHz millimeter-wave signals that have the potential to converge last-mile optical and wireless technologies, leading to an integrated dense WDM network in the access and metro domains.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"462-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of routing traffic on multihop clear optical channels and deciding the virtual topology of optical channels to form on a physical network of fibers to minimize the cost of electronic switching equipment has become known as traffic grooming in optical networks. Traffic grooming is recognized as an important research area, because the joint opto-electric routing problem is a hard one, yet necessary because of the large cost of pure electronic switching. This problem has been shown to be NP-complete (nondeterminstic polynomial complete) even for very simple practical topologies such as a path network. In previous work, we have shown that at least the subproblem of routing traffic on a given virtual topology to minimize electronic switching (NP-hard for path networks with arbitrary traffic matrices) becomes polynomial when the traffic on the path is restricted to be egress traffic, that is, all traffic requests are destined for a single egress node. In that work, the objective was to minimize the raw OEO (opto-electro-optic) metric (number of bits electronically switched per second) totaled over all network nodes. Of late, it has become clear that electronic switching equipment cost is best counted in quantized units, e.g., in the number of transceiver interfaces at network nodes. In this paper, we consider the traffic grooming problem in unidirectional, WDM path networks with the goal of minimizing the number of transceivers. We conclusively show that the problem is NP-hard, even under the restriction of the egress traffic model. In the case of egress traffic, we give a simple heuristic that will never be worse than twice the optimal.
{"title":"Minimizing transceivers in optical path networks","authors":"P. Iyer, R. Dutta, C. Savage","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000454","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of routing traffic on multihop clear optical channels and deciding the virtual topology of optical channels to form on a physical network of fibers to minimize the cost of electronic switching equipment has become known as traffic grooming in optical networks. Traffic grooming is recognized as an important research area, because the joint opto-electric routing problem is a hard one, yet necessary because of the large cost of pure electronic switching. This problem has been shown to be NP-complete (nondeterminstic polynomial complete) even for very simple practical topologies such as a path network. In previous work, we have shown that at least the subproblem of routing traffic on a given virtual topology to minimize electronic switching (NP-hard for path networks with arbitrary traffic matrices) becomes polynomial when the traffic on the path is restricted to be egress traffic, that is, all traffic requests are destined for a single egress node. In that work, the objective was to minimize the raw OEO (opto-electro-optic) metric (number of bits electronically switched per second) totaled over all network nodes. Of late, it has become clear that electronic switching equipment cost is best counted in quantized units, e.g., in the number of transceiver interfaces at network nodes. In this paper, we consider the traffic grooming problem in unidirectional, WDM path networks with the goal of minimizing the number of transceivers. We conclusively show that the problem is NP-hard, even under the restriction of the egress traffic model. In the case of egress traffic, we give a simple heuristic that will never be worse than twice the optimal.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"454-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dramatic growth in Internet Protocol (IP) traffic demand is driving the need for new high-bandwidth IP interfaces. Today, router-to-router and router-to-transport system connections using Ethernet interfaces are limited to 10 Gbits/s (10GE) or slower. Although techniques, such as link aggregation, allow a limited degree of extensibility beyond 10 Gbits/s, they are limited in terms of scalability, introduce additional complexity, and reduce throughput efficiency. Discussion now centers on defining an Ethernet architecture that meets the needs of carriers and is conducive to implementation by the switch and server vendors. In this paper, we consider aggregation at the physical layer (APL) as a means to reuse existing 10GE physical layers (PHYs), while offering interface scalability to 100 Gbits/s and beyond. With APL, aggregation is performed at the PHY, whereby full Ethernet frames are transmitted across the aggregated PHYs in a parallel fashion. This ensures equal utilization of all links and allows aggregate bandwidth between nodes to scale with each new link added. We have demonstrated the applicability of such an approach by implementing a 100 Gbits/s interface using off-the-shelf components and running it over a live 4,000 km backbone network of a tier-1 Internet service provider.
{"title":"Scaling Ethernet speeds to 100 Gbits/s and beyond","authors":"A. Wander, A. Varma, D. Perkins, V. Vusirikala","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000429","url":null,"abstract":"Dramatic growth in Internet Protocol (IP) traffic demand is driving the need for new high-bandwidth IP interfaces. Today, router-to-router and router-to-transport system connections using Ethernet interfaces are limited to 10 Gbits/s (10GE) or slower. Although techniques, such as link aggregation, allow a limited degree of extensibility beyond 10 Gbits/s, they are limited in terms of scalability, introduce additional complexity, and reduce throughput efficiency. Discussion now centers on defining an Ethernet architecture that meets the needs of carriers and is conducive to implementation by the switch and server vendors. In this paper, we consider aggregation at the physical layer (APL) as a means to reuse existing 10GE physical layers (PHYs), while offering interface scalability to 100 Gbits/s and beyond. With APL, aggregation is performed at the PHY, whereby full Ethernet frames are transmitted across the aggregated PHYs in a parallel fashion. This ensures equal utilization of all links and allows aggregate bandwidth between nodes to scale with each new link added. We have demonstrated the applicability of such an approach by implementing a 100 Gbits/s interface using off-the-shelf components and running it over a live 4,000 km backbone network of a tier-1 Internet service provider.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"429-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking addresses a broad scope of enabling technologies, architectures, and systems designed for next-generation optical routers.
《光网络杂志》的这一期专题讨论了为下一代光路由器设计的广泛的使能技术、架构和系统。
{"title":"Optical routers: introduction to the feature issue","authors":"K. Bergman, M. Glick, S. Yoo","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000505","url":null,"abstract":"This feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking addresses a broad scope of enabling technologies, architectures, and systems designed for next-generation optical routers.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"505-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Stohr, A. Akrout, R. Buss, B. Charbonnier, F. V. Dijk, A. Enard, S. Fedderwitz, D. Jäger, M. Huchard, F. Lecoche, J. Marti, R. Sambaraju, A. Steffan, A. Umbach, M. Weiss
Some of the work carried out within the European integrated project Integrated Photonic mm-Wave Functions for Broadband Connectivity (IPHOBAC) on the development of photonic components and radio-over-fiber technologies for broadband wireless communication is reviewed. In detail, 60 GHz outdoor radio systems for >10 Gbits/s and 60 GHz indoor wireless systems offering >1 Gbit/s wireless transmission speeds are reported. The wireless transmission of uncompressed high-definition TV signals using the 60 GHz band is also demonstrated.
{"title":"60 GHz radio-over-fiber technologies for broadband wireless services [Invited]","authors":"A. Stohr, A. Akrout, R. Buss, B. Charbonnier, F. V. Dijk, A. Enard, S. Fedderwitz, D. Jäger, M. Huchard, F. Lecoche, J. Marti, R. Sambaraju, A. Steffan, A. Umbach, M. Weiss","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000471","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the work carried out within the European integrated project Integrated Photonic mm-Wave Functions for Broadband Connectivity (IPHOBAC) on the development of photonic components and radio-over-fiber technologies for broadband wireless communication is reviewed. In detail, 60 GHz outdoor radio systems for >10 Gbits/s and 60 GHz indoor wireless systems offering >1 Gbit/s wireless transmission speeds are reported. The wireless transmission of uncompressed high-definition TV signals using the 60 GHz band is also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"471-487"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Vlachos, C. Raffaelli, S. Aleksic, N. Andriolli, Dimitris Apostolopoulos, H. Avramopoulos, D. Erasme, D. Klonidis, M. Petersen, M. Scaffardi, K. Schulze, M. Spiropoulou, S. Sygletos, Ioannis Tomkos, C. Vázquez, O. Zouraraki, F. Neri
This paper describes recent research activities and results in the area of photonic switching carried out within the framework of the EU-funded e-Photon/ONe+ network of excellence, Virtual Department on Optical Switching. Technology aspects of photonics in switching and, in particular, recent advances in wavelength conversion, ring resonators, and packet switching and processing subsystems are presented as the building blocks for the implementation of a high-performance router for the next-generation Internet.
{"title":"Photonics in switching: enabling technologies and subsystem design","authors":"K. Vlachos, C. Raffaelli, S. Aleksic, N. Andriolli, Dimitris Apostolopoulos, H. Avramopoulos, D. Erasme, D. Klonidis, M. Petersen, M. Scaffardi, K. Schulze, M. Spiropoulou, S. Sygletos, Ioannis Tomkos, C. Vázquez, O. Zouraraki, F. Neri","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000404","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes recent research activities and results in the area of photonic switching carried out within the framework of the EU-funded e-Photon/ONe+ network of excellence, Virtual Department on Optical Switching. Technology aspects of photonics in switching and, in particular, recent advances in wavelength conversion, ring resonators, and packet switching and processing subsystems are presented as the building blocks for the implementation of a high-performance router for the next-generation Internet.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"404-428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking gives a wide overview of the progress on certain key areas in the field of radio-over-optical-fiber network technologies, including the enabling technologies, architectures, and systems design.
{"title":"Radio-over-optical-fiber networks : Introduction to the feature issue","authors":"Jianjun Yu, G. Chang, A. Koonen, G. Ellinas","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000488","url":null,"abstract":"This feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking gives a wide overview of the progress on certain key areas in the field of radio-over-optical-fiber network technologies, including the enabling technologies, architectures, and systems design.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"488-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the issue of survivable routing to prevent arbitrary single-link failures in WDM networks when the traffic information is partially known. Two novel protection schemes called valiant-load-balancing- (VLB-) based hop constraint segment protection (VLB-HCSP) and hop constraint minimizing leaf nodes (HCMLN) are proposed and evaluated. Simulation results confirm our expectation that VLB-HCSP can achieve a desirable compromise between cost and failure recovery time compared with the previous VLB-based method, while HCMLN performs even more inspiringly for being able to provide both a low-cost budget and a fast recovery at the same time, in contrast to VLB-HCSP and the other existing schemes.
{"title":"Survivable and traffic-oblivious routing in WDM networks: valiant load balancing versus tree routing","authors":"Rui Dai, Lemin Li, Sheng Wang, Xiaoning Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000438","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the issue of survivable routing to prevent arbitrary single-link failures in WDM networks when the traffic information is partially known. Two novel protection schemes called valiant-load-balancing- (VLB-) based hop constraint segment protection (VLB-HCSP) and hop constraint minimizing leaf nodes (HCMLN) are proposed and evaluated. Simulation results confirm our expectation that VLB-HCSP can achieve a desirable compromise between cost and failure recovery time compared with the previous VLB-based method, while HCMLN performs even more inspiringly for being able to provide both a low-cost budget and a fast recovery at the same time, in contrast to VLB-HCSP and the other existing schemes.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"438-453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate a feedback scheme for automatic polarization control suitable for packet and burst transmission on systems using polarization and time-division-multiplexed traffic. A key feature of the control scheme is to make the packet pattern essentially invisible to the controller enabling the use of standard polarization control modules and control algorithms. The scheme is evaluated experimentally in terms of packet loss ratio (PLR) measurements for different burst lengths and patterns covering the entire range of potential traffic loads. In terms of measured PLR the results show a maximum power penalty of only 0.2 dB compared with continuous light transmission.
{"title":"Effect of traffic patterns on automatic polarization control with polarization and time-division multiplexed optical packet transmission","authors":"V. Tuft, S. Bjornstad, D. Hjelme","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000393","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate a feedback scheme for automatic polarization control suitable for packet and burst transmission on systems using polarization and time-division-multiplexed traffic. A key feature of the control scheme is to make the packet pattern essentially invisible to the controller enabling the use of standard polarization control modules and control algorithms. The scheme is evaluated experimentally in terms of packet loss ratio (PLR) measurements for different burst lengths and patterns covering the entire range of potential traffic loads. In terms of measured PLR the results show a maximum power penalty of only 0.2 dB compared with continuous light transmission.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"8 1","pages":"393-403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Liu, X. Hong, Jian Wu, Yawei Yin, S. Cai, Jintong Lin
It is well known that the classic transmission control protocol (TCP) Reno is inadequate to address the requirements of emerging grid applications on an optical burst switching (OBS) network. To find the most efficient TCP in the scenario of grid over OBS, in this paper, the implementation of a traffic-driven labeled OBS (LOBS) network test bed is presented and the performance of several prominent high-speed TCPs, including HSTCP, TCP Westwood, and FAST TCP, are experimentally compared over the test bed. A modified theoretical model for TCP Reno over OBS is investigated, which is more accurate in modeling TCP Reno throughput compared with previous works and can further verify the experimental results.
{"title":"Experimental comparison of high-speed transmission control protocols on a traffic-driven labeled optical burst switching network test bed for grid applications","authors":"Lei Liu, X. Hong, Jian Wu, Yawei Yin, S. Cai, Jintong Lin","doi":"10.1364/JON.8.000491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.8.000491","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that the classic transmission control protocol (TCP) Reno is inadequate to address the requirements of emerging grid applications on an optical burst switching (OBS) network. To find the most efficient TCP in the scenario of grid over OBS, in this paper, the implementation of a traffic-driven labeled OBS (LOBS) network test bed is presented and the performance of several prominent high-speed TCPs, including HSTCP, TCP Westwood, and FAST TCP, are experimentally compared over the test bed. A modified theoretical model for TCP Reno over OBS is investigated, which is more accurate in modeling TCP Reno throughput compared with previous works and can further verify the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":49154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optical Networking","volume":"58 1","pages":"491-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/JON.8.000491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66593655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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