the Indian Journal of Pharmacy最新文献

Introduction: Surgical site infections are one of the major challenges in surgical practice. The antibiotic prophylaxis, though scientific, still lacks clarity on the timing of the administration of the drugs.

Methods: An interventional study was planned in the Department of General Surgery at PGIMER, Chandigarh. One hundred twenty-seven patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. They were divided into two groups using a table of random numbers into Group A (n = 67) where the drug was administered 0-30 min before incision, and Group B (n = 60) where the drug was injected 30-60 min before incision. Both the surgical team and the investigator for the SSI were blinded.

Results: The distribution of sex ratio, comorbidities, and the hematological parameters was equal among groups. The mean blood loss, operative times, and the type of surgical procedures were also distributed equally. There was significantly low SSI in Group A (n = 2) versus Group B (n = 8) (P = 0.03). Drains were placed in 41 patients; 9 out of the 10 patients who reported SSI had an intraoperative drain placed. The placement of the drain was significantly associated with SSI (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Administering prophylactic antibiotics within 30 min before the surgical incision is effective. Placement of the Drain must be avoided to prevent SSI.

Sweet's syndrome is also called as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome was first reported in association with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It is very rare. To the best of our knowledge, bleomycin-induced Sweet's syndrome has not been reported previously.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX), as a widely used medication for sedation, its usage has increased significantly. The concerns about its side effects remain, making a thorough safety evaluation necessary. Data on adverse drug events related to DEX from the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2023 were collected from the US Food and Drug Administration. Signal quantification techniques were used for the analysis, including reporting odds ratios (RORs), proportional reporting ratios, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network and empirical Bayes geometric mean. An analysis of 20,629,811 adverse event (AE) reports identified 1977 cases of DEX-related AEs, covering 24 system organ classes and 344 preferred terms (PTs). The most common PTs were bradycardia (n = 263), cardiac arrest (n = 150), and hypotension (n = 141). Based on the ROR algorithm, the top three were: transcranial electrical motor evoked potential monitoring abnorma, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and trigemino-cardiac reflex. In addition, this study identified the adverse effects such as diabetes insipidus, coronary arteriospasm, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which were not previously mentioned in the instructions. It is essential to monitor, identify, and address these adverse reactions effectively.

Objective: Acorus calamus L. (Sweet Flag), known in India as "Vacha," is widely used in traditional medicine, particularly for cognitive enhancement in infants. While traditionally considered safe, β-asarone - a key constituent - has shown potential genotoxicity in some in vitro studies. This study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic potential of Indian A. calamus rhizome, its extracts, and pure β-asarone using the Ames test in accordance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines.

Materials and methods: Samples tested included pure β-asarone, dried rhizome powder, and extracts prepared in acidic and alkaline aqueous media. Marker compounds (β-asarone, α-asarone, and shyobunone) were quantified. The Ames test was conducted under GLP using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 (Moltox Inc., USA). Each strain was tested with and without metabolic activation using Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 homogenate. Positive controls included 2-aminoanthracene, sodium azide, mitomycin C, 9-aminoacridine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. The vehicle was used as a negative control. Doses tested ranged from 39.06 to 5000 µg/plate.

Results: No mutagenic response was observed in any of the tested samples across all five strains under either condition (±S9). Positive controls showed expected increases in revertant colonies. Revertant counts for test samples did not reach the threshold for a positive response (≥3 × control for TA1535, TA97a; ≥2× for TA98, TA100, and TA102).

Conclusions: Under the test conditions, A. calamus rhizome and β-asarone did not exhibit mutagenicity. Further studies, including chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity evaluations, are recommended to confirm safety across formulations.

Introduction: SGLT2 inhibitors have a wide extent of restorative movement and higher chance of hypoglycemia because of their affront autonomous action in treating type 2 diabetes. SGLT2 inhibitors have great security and resistance when utilized as monotherapy or in conjunction with other oral hypoglycemic medicines. Since SGLT2 inhibitors can cause hyperglycemia, which results in vaginal and urinary tract infection contaminations. When compared, dapagliflozin had higher contaminations. The key issue displayed is that ketoacidosis and that it may take a little time to analyze it.

Objectives: To compare the security of canagliflozin and dapagliflozin by watching the long-term impacts on the urinary volume, changes in renal status, and metabolic changes.

Research methodology: A Planned Interventional Comparative Ponder conducted among 1726 patients who were conceded to in the General Medicine and Endocrine Departments, Anu Group of hospitals, Vijayawada over 12 months from December 2021 to December 2022. By alluding to the patient's fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar, renal function test, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and the finding seriousness score of adverse drug reaction (ADR) utilizing Naranjo scale.

Results: Patients had most common ADRs after utilizing Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin, were hypotension and dehydration, respectively.

Conclusion: We concluded that in patients had ADRs after utilizing Canagliflozin versus Dapagliflozin where hypotension and dehydration were more common, respectively. ADRs in the control population was weight pick up had the negative impact and hypoglycemia was found to be more in the control population compared to canagliflozin and dapagliflozin endorsed bunches. Weight loss had a positive impact on canagliflozin and dapagliflozin-endorsed groups.

Ticagrelor is an oral antiplatelet drug. The most common ticagrelor side effects include bleeding, dyspnea, bradycardia and in rare cases, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Isolated thrombocytopenia followed by a single-bolus dosage of ticagrelor is extremely uncommon. We encountered a 68-year-old male who had experienced rapid onset of chest pain and sweating for a day. The initial cardiac assessment suggested acute coronary syndrome and other laboratory tests, including a hemogram, were normal. The patient developed severe thrombocytopenia after receiving a loading dose of ticagrelor, despite the fact that no other thrombocytopenia-causing medicines were given to him. After discontinuing ticagrelor, the patient's platelet count gradually recovered with no need for additional transfusions or unnecessary investigations.

Vildagliptin, among the most commonly used, OHA, belongs to group dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, has recently been associated with bullous pemphigoid, characterized by fluid-filled blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. We report the series of three cases of bullous pemphigoid in patients of diabetes, who developed bullous pemphigoid after vildagliptin use.

Background: In this century, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a major public health problem, because it is a leading cause of death worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance is caused by the overprescription of antibiotics as well as self-medication. In 2010, antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed medications according to the Montenegrin Institute of Public Health. To reduce side effects, improve treatment efficacy, and prevent AMR, it is necessary to have greater control and help formulating national and international level policies over antibiotic prescription and their use.

Aims: This research focuses on the analysis of requests for the dispensing of reserve antibiotics and the justification of their prescription and use.

Materials and methods: In the Clinical Center of Montenegro, 174 requests for restricted antibiotics were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: Data analysis of 174 requests for restricted antibiotics determined that an antibiogram has been performed in only 21.84% of cases, which means that there were 78.16% of cases of empirical antibiotic use. In 72.25% of cases, restricted antibiotics were included in therapy without prior use of unrestricted antimicrobial therapy.

Conclusions: Based on data analytics, it can be concluded that using restricted antibiotics in therapy is not completely in line with rational antibiotics implementation. Restricted antibiotics are used without culture sensitivity tests in more than 2/3rd of cases. Similarly, restricted antibiotics were used as first-line therapy.

Background: This research focused on establishing a highly sensitive and reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for detecting and quantifying 5F-MDMB-PICA in rat plasma, as well as thoroughly assessing its pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as plasma half-life and volume of distribution.

Material and methods: Male Wistar rats were orally administered 5F-MDMB-PICA at two concentrations: 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight. Following administration, blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. To optimize analyte recovery and minimize matrix effects, plasma samples were subjected to a dual extraction protocol combining liquid-liquid extraction and protein precipitation. The processed samples were subsequently analyzed using GC-electron ionization/MS.

Results: The analytical method was validated in accordance with Food and Drug Administration guidelines, demonstrating excellent selectivity and robust calibration curves over a concentration range of 0.5-1000 ng/mL, exhibiting linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was established at 10 ng/mL. Interassay precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%), ranged from 2.54% to 3.94%, while interassay accuracy (bias%) was maintained at 9.44% for the analyte. Subsequently, the validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic profiling of 5F-MDMB-PICA in rat plasma. Following oral administration, 5F-MDMB-PICA was rapidly absorbed, with a plasma half-life (t1/2) spanning 14.82-26.16 h. The volume of distribution (Vd) ranged from 86.43 to 205.39 L, and plasma clearance rates were measured between 2.28 and 9.60 L/h.

Conclusions: A precise and accurate GC-MS method was successfully developed and validated for the quantification of 5F-MDMB-PICA in rat plasma, enabling comprehensive assessment of its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and tissue distribution. These results provide valuable insights that may enhance the understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 5F-MDMB-PICA.