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A review on the analytical methods, chemical structures, distribution characteristics, sources, and biogeochemical processes of dissolved black carbon 关于溶解黑碳的分析方法、化学结构、分布特征、来源和生物地球化学过程的综述
IF 5.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1139/er-2023-0092
C. Zhan, Aiai Shu, Yongming Han, Junji Cao, Xianli Liu
Incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels yields a variety of chemically distinct pyrolysis residues collectively referred to as black carbon (BC). Among these residues, dissolved black carbon (DBC) constitutes the water-soluble fraction, making it a significant component of the global dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. Consequently, it exerts an impact on the aquatic carbon cycle and global climate change. Owing to its unique molecular structure, DBC exhibits reduced reactivity in aquatic environments, thereby influencing the toxicity and environmental geochemical behavior of organic pollutants and heavy metals. While recent years have seen a surge in studies on DBC, yielding valuable insights, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the fate and cycling of DBC. This review consolidates the advancements in analytical and determination methods for DBC and offers a critical assessment of the advantages and limitations associated with various analytical techniques. Furthermore, it comprehensively surveys our current understanding of DBC, encompassing its molecular composition, spatial distribution, sources, and biogeochemical processes. The review also underscores prevailing challenges related to quantitative and qualitative methods and underscores research gaps concerning the physic-chemical transformation of DBC. The overarching aim is to advance our comprehension of the biogeochemical cycle of DBC.
生物质和化石燃料的不完全燃烧会产生各种化学性质不同的热解残留物,统称为黑碳(BC)。在这些残留物中,溶解黑碳(DBC)是水溶性部分,是全球溶解有机碳(DOC)池的重要组成部分。因此,它对水生碳循环和全球气候变化产生了影响。由于其独特的分子结构,DBC 在水生环境中表现出较低的反应活性,从而影响有机污染物和重金属的毒性和环境地球化学行为。虽然近年来有关二溴环十二烷的研究激增,并产生了宝贵的见解,但在二溴环十二烷的归宿和循环方面仍然存在巨大的知识差距。本综述总结了 DBC 分析和测定方法的进展,并对各种分析技术的优势和局限性进行了严格评估。此外,它还全面考察了我们目前对 DBC 的了解,包括其分子组成、空间分布、来源和生物地球化学过程。该综述还强调了与定量和定性方法有关的普遍挑战,并着重指出了有关 DBC 物理化学转化的研究空白。总体目标是推动我们对 DBC 生物地球化学循环的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Wetlands as integral parts of surface water – groundwater interactions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Area: review and synthesis 湿地作为阿萨巴斯卡油砂地区地表水-地下水相互作用的组成部分:回顾与综述
IF 5.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1139/er-2023-0064
O. Volik, Richard Petrone, Jonathan Price
Wetlands comprise unique water storage and conveyance mechanisms that maintain landscape integrity under the sub-humid climate in the Athabasca Oil Sands Area. In addition to their internal function, wetlands support a two-way hydrological connection to adjacent uplands and provide water for downstream water courses. Understanding the role of wetlands as integral parts of surface water (SW) – groundwater (GW) exchange can provide insights into the functioning of the hydrological system as a whole and contribute to thoughtful water management strategies and better coordination of monitoring efforts in the areas affected by oil sands (OS) activities. As such, this paper summarizes the current state of hydrological knowledge on the role of wetlands in SW – GW interactions based on studies conducted within the Western Boreal Plains. In particular, the role of wetland soils and their properties in SW – GW interactions, the effects of wetlands on landscape hydrological connectivity and watershed runoff, and features of ‘wetland – aquifer” and “wetland – open waterbody” interactions were reviewed. Given that alteration of SW – GW interactions in wetlands can occur as a result of anthropogenic disturbances, coordination of GW, SW, and wetland monitoring efforts and targeting areas where increased SW – GW exchange occurs would be beneficial for the economic and logistical efficiency of the OS monitoring network.
湿地包括独特的储水和输送机制,在亚湿润气候下保持阿萨巴斯卡油砂区景观的完整性。除了其内部功能外,湿地还支持与邻近高地的双向水文连接,并为下游水道提供水。了解湿地作为地表水(SW) -地下水(GW)交换的组成部分的作用,可以深入了解整个水文系统的功能,有助于制定周到的水资源管理战略,并更好地协调受油砂活动影响地区的监测工作。因此,本文基于在西部北方平原进行的研究,总结了湿地在SW - GW相互作用中的作用的水文知识现状。重点综述了湿地土壤在西南—西南相互作用中的作用及其性质,湿地对景观水文连通性和流域径流的影响,以及“湿地—含水层”和“湿地—开放水体”相互作用的特征。鉴于湿地中SW - GW相互作用的改变可能是人为干扰的结果,因此,GW、SW和湿地监测工作的协调,以及针对SW - GW交换增加的地区,将有利于生态系统监测网络的经济和后勤效率。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Implementation in Canada’s Forest Ecosystems Part II: Successes and Barriers to Effective Implementation 审查加拿大森林生态系统适应和减缓气候变化的实施情况,第二部分:成功和有效实施的障碍
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1139/er-2022-0131
Effah Kwabena Antwi, Henrike Burkhardt, John Boakye-Danquah, Tyler Christopher Doucet, Evisa Abolina
With its northern location, the exposure and vulnerability of Canada’s forest ecosystems to climate change impacts are all too glaring. While there is now an extensive body of literature describing expected climate change impacts and potential responses, studies characterizing the implementation of adaptation and mitigation practices in forest management remain rare in the Canadian forest sector. Using a systematic literature review approach, we examined reports on forest management practices implemented in response to climate change, specifically focusing on governance and institutional arrangements that either support or limit climate change adaptation and mitigation responses. Our literature sample size of 24 documents suggests that the body of literature reporting on adaptation and mitigation practices in Canadian forest management is scarce. Governments remain the dominant actors providing funding and leading the implementation and reporting of climate change adaptation activities, primarily in response to national or international climate change commitments. Forest practices such as enhanced silviculture, assisted migration, and nature-based solutions were the most frequently reported. However, given the scarcity of literature, it is difficult to conclude the scope of practice uptake in Canada. Barriers such as lack of information/data, inter-jurisdictional knowledge transfer, policy conflicts, forest tenure models, technical capacity gaps, and economic barriers to adaptation need to be overcome in order to strengthen climate change response in forest management in Canada. Better coordination of reporting at the provincial and national levels and improved information flows between the private and governments are needed.
由于地处北部,加拿大森林生态系统对气候变化影响的暴露和脆弱性太明显了。虽然现在有大量文献描述预期的气候变化影响和可能的应对措施,但在加拿大森林部门,描述在森林管理中实施适应和缓解做法的研究仍然很少。采用系统的文献综述方法,我们审查了关于为应对气候变化而实施的森林管理实践的报告,特别关注支持或限制气候变化适应和减缓措施的治理和制度安排。我们的文献样本量为24份文件,这表明报告加拿大森林管理中适应和减缓做法的文献很少。政府仍然是提供资金和领导实施和报告气候变化适应活动的主要行为体,主要是为了响应国家或国际气候变化承诺。诸如加强造林、协助移徙和基于自然的解决办法等森林做法是最常报告的。然而,由于文献的缺乏,很难得出加拿大实践吸收的范围。为了加强加拿大森林管理对气候变化的响应,需要克服诸如缺乏信息/数据、管辖区间知识转移、政策冲突、森林权属模式、技术能力差距和适应的经济障碍等障碍。需要更好地协调省一级和国家一级的报告,并改善私营部门和政府之间的信息流动。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Implementation in Canada’s Forest Ecosystems Part I: Reporting, Science and institutional/governance supporting practices in Canada 审查加拿大森林生态系统适应和减缓气候变化的实施情况。第一部分:加拿大的报告、科学和机构/治理支助做法
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1139/er-2022-0130
Effah Kwabena Antwi, Henrike Burkhardt, John Boakye-Danquah, Tyler Christopher Doucet, Evisa Abolina
Canada is recognized as a global leader in sustainable forest management. Canadian forests and the forest sector remain vital pillars of the Canadian economy and home to many rural and remote communities. However, climate change is an existential threat to the sustainability of forests and forest-dependent communities. While both direct and indirect threats posed by climate change to Canada’s forest sector are now well understood, our understanding of specific forest practices that have emerged from the body of science to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts is not well documented. Through a review of the scientific and grey literature, this paper expands our knowledge and operational gaps associated with implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation practices in Canadian forests. The study found a dearth of literature specifically dedicated to reporting on the type of forest practices currently in use across Canada to address mitigation and adaptation. Most reports or studies were published in 2019 or later, with federal and provincial governments being the dominant actors in reporting and monitoring, research, and funding. Across the 15 terrestrial ecozones in Canada, forest practices linked to climate change were reported in 12 ecozones, with most practices reported in the Montane Cordillera located in western Canada. Common forest practices reported include fuel management, assisted migration, enhanced silvicultural activities, and carbon offset projects. We conclude that climate change adaptation/mitigation practices in Canada are in their early stages of implementation. Many practices remain in experimental stages (e.g., genetic trials) or are implemented at a relatively small scale in Canada (e.g., climate-based seed transfer, carbon reserves). The literature suggests that the most mainstream practices associated with climate change mitigation in Canada include tree planting for carbon sequestration and the designation of protected areas to enhance ecosystem resilience. We conclude that despite increasing reports linking climate change benefits with reported forest practices, the reporting in the scientific literature is scarce, poorly reported, and often not grounded in credible evidence.
加拿大被公认为可持续森林管理的全球领导者。加拿大森林和森林部门仍然是加拿大经济的重要支柱,也是许多农村和偏远社区的家园。然而,气候变化对森林和依赖森林的社区的可持续性构成了生存威胁。虽然气候变化对加拿大森林部门造成的直接和间接威胁现在已得到充分了解,但我们对减轻和适应气候变化影响的科学体系中出现的具体森林实践的理解并没有得到很好的记录。通过对科学文献和灰色文献的审查,本文扩大了我们在加拿大森林实施气候变化适应和减缓做法方面的知识和业务差距。该研究发现,缺乏专门用于报告加拿大各地目前使用的森林实践类型的文献,以解决缓解和适应问题。大多数报告或研究都是在2019年或之后发表的,联邦和省政府是报告和监测、研究和资助的主要参与者。在加拿大的15个陆地生态区中,有12个生态区报告了与气候变化相关的森林实践,其中大多数实践报告发生在加拿大西部的山地科迪勒拉。报告的常见森林做法包括燃料管理、辅助迁移、加强造林活动和碳抵消项目。我们的结论是,加拿大适应/减缓气候变化的做法正处于实施的早期阶段。许多做法仍处于试验阶段(例如,基因试验)或在加拿大以相对较小的规模实施(例如,基于气候的种子转移、碳储备)。文献表明,在加拿大,与减缓气候变化有关的最主流做法包括植树以固碳和指定保护区以增强生态系统的复原力。我们的结论是,尽管越来越多的报告将气候变化的益处与报告的森林实践联系起来,但科学文献中的报告很少,报道不充分,而且往往没有可靠的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon sequestration and storage implications of three forest management regimes in the Wabanaki-Acadian Forest: A review of the evidence Wabanaki-Acadian森林三种森林管理制度对碳汇和碳储量的影响:证据综述
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1139/er-2022-0097
Emma Cox, Thomas M. Beckley, Megan de Graaf
Forests contain substantial carbon stores, including above and below ground, living and non-living biomass. Different management regimes produce different outcomes related to stored and sequestered carbon in forests. The geographic focus of this paper is the Wabanaki-Acadian Forest of the Maritime Provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island). This manuscript reviews literature to evaluate the carbon impacts of (1) intensive forest management for fiber products, (2) unharvested (or conservation) forest, and (3) climate-focused, ecological forestry. Each of these forest management strategies and concomitant silviculture regimes sequester and store carbon at varying rates and across different carbon pools in the forest. The literature suggests that unharvested (conservation) forests store and sequester the most carbon, and traditional, intensive fiber management stores and sequesters the least. Ecological forestry may provide the best balance between carbon sequestration and storage and climate adaptability, while also allowing for the provision of some timber/fibre products. This paper also discusses the co-benefits offered by forests under each of the three management regimes. New research, in general and in the region, needs to examine further below-ground carbon dynamics in soil as most efforts to document carbon focuses on above ground carbon pools.
森林含有大量的碳储量,包括地上和地下、生物和非生物生物量。不同的管理制度在森林碳储存和固存方面产生不同的结果。本文的地理重点是加拿大沿海省份(新不伦瑞克省、新斯科舍省和爱德华王子岛)的Wabanaki-Acadian森林。本文通过文献综述来评估以下三个方面的碳影响:(1)纤维产品集约化森林经营;(2)未采伐(或保护)森林;(3)以气候为中心的生态林业。每一种森林管理策略和伴随的造林制度都以不同的速率和在森林中不同的碳库中吸收和储存碳。文献表明,未采伐的(保护)森林储存和封存的碳最多,而传统的集约化纤维管理储存和封存的碳最少。生态林业可以在碳封存和储存与气候适应性之间提供最佳平衡,同时也允许提供一些木材/纤维产品。本文还讨论了三种管理制度下森林所提供的共同效益。总的来说,在该地区,新的研究需要进一步研究土壤中的地下碳动态,因为大多数记录碳的努力都集中在地上的碳库上。
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","authors":"Emma Cox, Thomas M. Beckley, Megan de Graaf","doi":"10.1139/er-2022-0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0097","url":null,"abstract":"Forests contain substantial carbon stores, including above and below ground, living and non-living biomass. Different management regimes produce different outcomes related to stored and sequestered carbon in forests. The geographic focus of this paper is the Wabanaki-Acadian Forest of the Maritime Provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island). This manuscript reviews literature to evaluate the carbon impacts of (1) intensive forest management for fiber products, (2) unharvested (or conservation) forest, and (3) climate-focused, ecological forestry. Each of these forest management strategies and concomitant silviculture regimes sequester and store carbon at varying rates and across different carbon pools in the forest. The literature suggests that unharvested (conservation) forests store and sequester the most carbon, and traditional, intensive fiber management stores and sequesters the least. Ecological forestry may provide the best balance between carbon sequestration and storage and climate adaptability, while also allowing for the provision of some timber/fibre products. This paper also discusses the co-benefits offered by forests under each of the three management regimes. New research, in general and in the region, needs to examine further below-ground carbon dynamics in soil as most efforts to document carbon focuses on above ground carbon pools.","PeriodicalId":49208,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136062894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A multi-realm perspective on applying potential tipping points to environmental decision-making 在环境决策中应用潜在引爆点的多领域视角
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1139/er-2023-0042
Meagan Harper, Trina Rytwinski, Irena F. Creed, Brian Helmuth, John P Smol, Joseph R Bennett, Dalal Hanna, Leonardo A. Saravia, Juan Rocha, Charlotte Carrier-Belleau, Aubrey Foulk, Ana Hernandez Martinez De La Riva, Courtney Robichaud, Lauren Sallan, Angeli Sahdra, Steven J Cooke
Ecosystems experiencing pressures are at risk of rapidly transitioning (‘tipping’) from one state to another. Identifying and managing these so-called tipping points continues to be a challenge in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, particularly when multiple potentially interacting drivers are present. Knowledge of tipping points, the mechanisms that cause them, and their implications for management practices are evolving, but often in isolation within specific ecological realms. Here we summarize current knowledge of tipping points in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial realms, and provide a multi-realm perspective of the challenges and opportunities for applying this knowledge to ecosystem management. We brought together conservation practitioners and global experts in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial tipping points and identified seven challenges that environmental policymakers and managers contend with including: 1) predictability, 2) spatiotemporal scales, 3) interactions, 4) reversibility, 5) socio-ecological context, 6) complexity and heterogeneity, and 7) selecting appropriate action. We highlight opportunities for cross-scalar and cross-realm knowledge production and provide recommendations for enabling management of tipping points. Although knowledge of tipping points is imperfect, we stress the need to continue working towards incorporating tipping points perspectives in environmental management across all realms.
承受压力的生态系统面临着从一种状态迅速过渡到另一种状态的风险。在海洋、淡水和陆地生态系统中,识别和管理这些所谓的临界点仍然是一项挑战,特别是在存在多种潜在相互作用的驱动因素的情况下。关于临界点的知识、引起临界点的机制及其对管理实践的影响正在不断发展,但往往在特定的生态领域内是孤立的。在这里,我们总结了目前关于海洋、淡水和陆地领域临界点的知识,并提供了将这些知识应用于生态系统管理的挑战和机遇的多领域视角。我们汇集了海洋、淡水和陆地临界点的保护从业者和全球专家,并确定了环境政策制定者和管理者面临的七大挑战,包括:1)可预测性,2)时空尺度,3)相互作用,4)可逆性,5)社会生态背景,6)复杂性和异质性,7)选择适当的行动。我们强调了跨标量和跨领域知识生产的机会,并提供了支持临界点管理的建议。虽然临界点的知识是不完善的,但我们强调需要继续努力,将临界点的观点纳入所有领域的环境管理。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a quantitative definition of Cyanobacteria blooms 蓝藻华的定量定义
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1139/er-2022-0121
Diego Germán Frau
Cyanobacteria blooms represent a global problem with human health and economic and ecosystem nuisance effects. Until now, we have used arbitrary and sometimes confusing criteria to decide whether we are in the presence of a Cyanobacteria bloom. Through scientometric analysis of studies published between 1953 and 2022, I aimed to identify a threshold value that can be used to quantify Cyanobacteria blooms numerically. I considered several methodological approaches (field, field-experimental, and satellite data) and kinds of environments (coastal, marine, and continental ecosystems). The analysis revealed that 48% of the papers used “cyanobacteria bloom” or similar terms qualitatively without providing or employing a quantitative definition. These papers were focused on other topics related to the ecology of Cyanobacteria (78%), while some others (21%) defined blooms by using visual criteria (scum visualization or water discoloration). Of the other half (52%), a few were mathematical models or review papers (5%), while the rest (65%) defined blooms quantitatively. Of these, most reports (approximately 80%) were from eutrophic inland waters and reported mean values for blooms between 80 000 and 249 000 cells mL −1 or 41 and 69 µg L −1 of chlorophyll- a. Calculations were also carried out for oligotrophic to mesotrophic inland waters and marine-coastal waters, which had fewer reports available in the literature. This is a first attempt to identify a consensual definition based on values reported as blooms in nature, a threshold that can undoubtedly be useful in the future to make possible comparisons among several environments and temporal scales.
蓝藻华代表了一个全球性的问题与人类健康和经济和生态系统的滋扰影响。到目前为止,我们一直使用武断的,有时令人困惑的标准来决定我们是否在蓝藻华的存在。通过对1953年至2022年间发表的研究进行科学计量学分析,我旨在确定一个可用于量化蓝藻华的数值阈值。我考虑了几种方法方法(实地、实地实验和卫星数据)和各种环境(沿海、海洋和大陆生态系统)。分析显示,48%的论文定性地使用了“蓝藻华”或类似的术语,而没有提供或采用定量定义。这些论文的重点是与蓝藻生态学相关的其他主题(78%),而其他一些(21%)则通过视觉标准(浮渣可视化或水变色)来定义水华。在另一半(52%)中,有一些是数学模型或评论论文(5%),而其余(65%)则定量地定义了花朵。其中,大多数报告(约80%)来自富营养化内陆水域,报告的藻华平均值在80000 - 249000 cells mL - 1或41 - 69µg L - 1的叶绿素- a之间。还对贫营养化至中营养化内陆水域和海洋-沿海水域进行了计算,这在文献中报道较少。这是第一次尝试根据自然界中开花的报告值来确定一个共识定义,这个阈值无疑可以在未来在几种环境和时间尺度之间进行可能的比较。
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引用次数: 0
Note of appreciation 感谢信
3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1139/er-2023-0015
{"title":"Note of appreciation","authors":"","doi":"10.1139/er-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49208,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Reviews","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136244860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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