Body mass and organ size dynamics during flight-feather moult vary among waterfowl species. To better understand adaptations of the African waterfowl, we measured how body masses of Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus gambensis),South African Shelduck (Tadorna cana), Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata), Red-billed Teal (Anas erythrorhyncha) and Southern Pochard (Netta erythrophthalma) change during flight-feather moult. We further assessed how pectoral muscle size of Spur-winged Goose and South African Shelduck varied during the same period of flight-feather moult. Our results indicate that Spur-winged Goose and South African Shelduck underwent atrophy and subsequent regeneration of the pectoral muscles, while their body mass decreased at the onset of moult and later stabilized from the time when flight feathers were two-thirds grown until moult was completed. Body mass of Yellow-billed Duck and Red-billed Teal decreased from the onset of moult until the mid-point but thereafter increased rapidly, returning to pre-moult levels by the time moult was completed. Southern Pochard gradually lost mass from the start of moult almost until moult completion, at which time mass increased slightly.We conclude that African waterfowl exhibit different fluctuations in body mass and pectoral muscle size during flight-feather moult. Taken together, these findings suggest that no single hypothesis can fully explain the interspecific differences in the moult strategies of African waterfowl as reflected in changes in body and pectoral muscle conditions.
{"title":"Body Mass and Pectoral Muscle Size Changes in African Waterfowl During Moult","authors":"M. Ndlovu, G. Cumming, P. Hockey","doi":"10.3957/056.047.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.047.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Body mass and organ size dynamics during flight-feather moult vary among waterfowl species. To better understand adaptations of the African waterfowl, we measured how body masses of Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus gambensis),South African Shelduck (Tadorna cana), Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata), Red-billed Teal (Anas erythrorhyncha) and Southern Pochard (Netta erythrophthalma) change during flight-feather moult. We further assessed how pectoral muscle size of Spur-winged Goose and South African Shelduck varied during the same period of flight-feather moult. Our results indicate that Spur-winged Goose and South African Shelduck underwent atrophy and subsequent regeneration of the pectoral muscles, while their body mass decreased at the onset of moult and later stabilized from the time when flight feathers were two-thirds grown until moult was completed. Body mass of Yellow-billed Duck and Red-billed Teal decreased from the onset of moult until the mid-point but thereafter increased rapidly, returning to pre-moult levels by the time moult was completed. Southern Pochard gradually lost mass from the start of moult almost until moult completion, at which time mass increased slightly.We conclude that African waterfowl exhibit different fluctuations in body mass and pectoral muscle size during flight-feather moult. Taken together, these findings suggest that no single hypothesis can fully explain the interspecific differences in the moult strategies of African waterfowl as reflected in changes in body and pectoral muscle conditions.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"24 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.047.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47781492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
African lions (Panthera leo) are threatened across their natural range. However, the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) is a stronghold for the species. A population assessment in 2010 observed a skew in the sex structure with a greater proportion of males (56%) which raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of the greater KTP lion population. A key indicator of how a population responds to changes in population structure is population size. We conducted an intensive lion census between 2013 and 2015 in the southwestern KTP (14 250 km2) driving 49 784 km over 317 sampling days, which resulted in 1162 lion sightings. Registering the population through individual identification (n = 261) provided a benchmark against which other techniques could be measured and for a non-invasive marking technique. Open-population mark-recapture provided the most precise estimate of population size (n = 246; 95%CI: 237–256). Track indices (n = 242; 95%CI: 176–307) provided a similar best estimate, but were imprecise. Minimum-known-alive calculations (n = 145) provided a gross underestimate. All the methods used in this study indicate a larger lion population size than previous estimates.
{"title":"Estimating African Lion Abundance in the Southwestern Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park","authors":"B. O. Beukes, F. G. Radloff, Sam M. Ferreira","doi":"10.3957/056.047.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.047.0010","url":null,"abstract":"African lions (Panthera leo) are threatened across their natural range. However, the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) is a stronghold for the species. A population assessment in 2010 observed a skew in the sex structure with a greater proportion of males (56%) which raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of the greater KTP lion population. A key indicator of how a population responds to changes in population structure is population size. We conducted an intensive lion census between 2013 and 2015 in the southwestern KTP (14 250 km2) driving 49 784 km over 317 sampling days, which resulted in 1162 lion sightings. Registering the population through individual identification (n = 261) provided a benchmark against which other techniques could be measured and for a non-invasive marking technique. Open-population mark-recapture provided the most precise estimate of population size (n = 246; 95%CI: 237–256). Track indices (n = 242; 95%CI: 176–307) provided a similar best estimate, but were imprecise. Minimum-known-alive calculations (n = 145) provided a gross underestimate. All the methods used in this study indicate a larger lion population size than previous estimates.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"10 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.047.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45147239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wildlife tourism provides an opportunity to offset conservation costs and promote co-existence between people and wildlife. To promote conservation through wildlife tourism, one can use flagship species; charismatic species that increase awareness and public recognition of a site, and stimulate financial and political support for conservation. Due to their large area requirements and sensitivity to disturbance, promoting conservation of large carnivores automatically promotes conservation of other species, and the use of large carnivores as flagship species has been positively related to ecosystem conservation. In this study, we interviewed wildlife tourists to determine which large carnivores could serve as flagship species for the Zimbabwe component of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), an area that is expected to become a premier tourist destination and make a significant contribution to conservation. Based on likability and the possibility to raise funds and promote the area, lion (Panthera leo) was the most suitable flagship species, closely followed by leopard (Panthera pardus). Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) was the least suitable flagship species. Despite its endangered status, African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) did not seem to have a high potential to serve as a flagship species for the area. Although cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) was less often mentioned as a species tourists were hoping to see or a favourite species seen, cheetah was liked as much as lion and leopard and provided similar potential to raise funds and promote the area. Flagship species status does not have to apply to a single species, it can also successfully apply to a cohort of species. With the KAZA TFCA being in the unique position of harbouring the largest free-roaming cheetah population in Zimbabwe, it would be appropriate if the area was promoted by using large cats as a flagship species cohort.
{"title":"Large Carnivores as Tourism Flagship Species for the Zimbabwe Component of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area","authors":"E. Meer, Muchaneta N. Badza, Aldwin Ndhlovu","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0121","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife tourism provides an opportunity to offset conservation costs and promote co-existence between people and wildlife. To promote conservation through wildlife tourism, one can use flagship species; charismatic species that increase awareness and public recognition of a site, and stimulate financial and political support for conservation. Due to their large area requirements and sensitivity to disturbance, promoting conservation of large carnivores automatically promotes conservation of other species, and the use of large carnivores as flagship species has been positively related to ecosystem conservation. In this study, we interviewed wildlife tourists to determine which large carnivores could serve as flagship species for the Zimbabwe component of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), an area that is expected to become a premier tourist destination and make a significant contribution to conservation. Based on likability and the possibility to raise funds and promote the area, lion (Panthera leo) was the most suitable flagship species, closely followed by leopard (Panthera pardus). Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) was the least suitable flagship species. Despite its endangered status, African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) did not seem to have a high potential to serve as a flagship species for the area. Although cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) was less often mentioned as a species tourists were hoping to see or a favourite species seen, cheetah was liked as much as lion and leopard and provided similar potential to raise funds and promote the area. Flagship species status does not have to apply to a single species, it can also successfully apply to a cohort of species. With the KAZA TFCA being in the unique position of harbouring the largest free-roaming cheetah population in Zimbabwe, it would be appropriate if the area was promoted by using large cats as a flagship species cohort.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"121 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Switzer, L. Munson, Cari A. Beesley, P. Wilkins, J. Blackburn, L. Marker
The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a vulnerable species, with estimates of only 6700 animals left in the wild. Namibia, an anthrax-endemic country, is home to the world's largest and most viable free-ranging population (~3000 animals), which predominantly resides on unprotected private farmlands (Durant, 2015). For over 170 years, anthrax has been reported in African wildlife species with sporadic outbreaks across Namibia (Beyer et al., 2012). Anthrax is regularly reported from zebra (Equus quagga), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (Turner et al., 2014; Wafula, Patrick & Charles, 2007); all cheetah prey species. Anthrax epidemics occur annually in Namibia's Etosha National Park (ENP), whereas the establishment of a government mandated livestock vaccination programme in 1973 reduced the occurrence of anthrax on the surrounding farmlands (Bellanet al., 2012; Schneider, 1994; Turner et al., 2013). However, sporadic epidemics still occur on private farmlands throughout Namibia (Shaanika, 2013).
猎豹(Acinonyx jubatus)是一种脆弱的物种，据估计野外仅存6700只。纳米比亚是炭疽流行的国家，是世界上最大和最具活力的自由放养人口(约3000只动物)的家园，它们主要居住在未受保护的私人农田上(Durant, 2015)。170多年来，非洲野生动物物种中一直有炭疽的报道，在纳米比亚各地有零星爆发(Beyer等，2012)。据报道，炭疽常发生在斑马(Equus quagga)、羚羊(Alcelaphus buselaphus)、跳羚(Antidorcas marsupialis)和羚羊(Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (Turner et al.， 2014;瓦夫拉，帕特里克和查尔斯，2007);所有猎豹捕食的物种。纳米比亚的埃托沙国家公园(ENP)每年都会发生炭疽疫情，而1973年政府授权的牲畜疫苗接种计划的建立减少了周围农田炭疽的发生(Bellanet等人，2012;施耐德,1994;Turner et al.， 2013)。然而，在纳米比亚各地的私人农田上仍然发生零星流行病(Shaanika, 2013年)。
{"title":"Namibian Farmland Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) Demonstrate Seronegativity for Antibodies Against Bacillus anthracis","authors":"A. Switzer, L. Munson, Cari A. Beesley, P. Wilkins, J. Blackburn, L. Marker","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0139","url":null,"abstract":"The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a vulnerable species, with estimates of only 6700 animals left in the wild. Namibia, an anthrax-endemic country, is home to the world's largest and most viable free-ranging population (~3000 animals), which predominantly resides on unprotected private farmlands (Durant, 2015). For over 170 years, anthrax has been reported in African wildlife species with sporadic outbreaks across Namibia (Beyer et al., 2012). Anthrax is regularly reported from zebra (Equus quagga), hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (Turner et al., 2014; Wafula, Patrick & Charles, 2007); all cheetah prey species. Anthrax epidemics occur annually in Namibia's Etosha National Park (ENP), whereas the establishment of a government mandated livestock vaccination programme in 1973 reduced the occurrence of anthrax on the surrounding farmlands (Bellanet al., 2012; Schneider, 1994; Turner et al., 2013). However, sporadic epidemics still occur on private farmlands throughout Namibia (Shaanika, 2013).","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"139 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lyet, R. Slabbert, W. Versfeld, A. Leslie, P. Beytell, P. D. Preez
The Nile crocodile,Crocodylus niloticus, is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, including Namibia, Botswana and Angola. The species was transferred from CITES Appendix I to Appendix II in 2004, although it is recognized as peripherally endangered in Namibia due to diminishing habitat availability primarily from human encroachment. In 2013, a species management plan was approved in Namibia to assess the management of the Namibian Nile crocodile populations. During 2012, an aerial survey was conducted to provide an estimate of Nile crocodile population numbers. A recently developed N-mixture model for estimation of abundance and spatial variation was used. Detection probability correlated to animal size and environmental covariates. Our data also suggest that small crocodiles are easier to detect during the spring. The abundance for different size classes was influenced by river complexity (vegetation, depth, channels) and the distribution of human settlements. An estimated 806 individuals were counted along the 352 km Namibian portion of the Kunene River system with a conservative estimate of 562 crocodiles regardless of size. The parameter estimates generated by the analysis suggested that the class-structured model can produce reliable estimates of total abundance and of local abundance for this section in the Kunene River system.
{"title":"Using a Binomial Mixture Model and Aerial Counts for an Accurate Estimate of Nile Crocodile Abundance and Population Size in the Kunene River, Namibia","authors":"A. Lyet, R. Slabbert, W. Versfeld, A. Leslie, P. Beytell, P. D. Preez","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0071","url":null,"abstract":"The Nile crocodile,Crocodylus niloticus, is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, including Namibia, Botswana and Angola. The species was transferred from CITES Appendix I to Appendix II in 2004, although it is recognized as peripherally endangered in Namibia due to diminishing habitat availability primarily from human encroachment. In 2013, a species management plan was approved in Namibia to assess the management of the Namibian Nile crocodile populations. During 2012, an aerial survey was conducted to provide an estimate of Nile crocodile population numbers. A recently developed N-mixture model for estimation of abundance and spatial variation was used. Detection probability correlated to animal size and environmental covariates. Our data also suggest that small crocodiles are easier to detect during the spring. The abundance for different size classes was influenced by river complexity (vegetation, depth, channels) and the distribution of human settlements. An estimated 806 individuals were counted along the 352 km Namibian portion of the Kunene River system with a conservative estimate of 562 crocodiles regardless of size. The parameter estimates generated by the analysis suggested that the class-structured model can produce reliable estimates of total abundance and of local abundance for this section in the Kunene River system.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"71 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) experience a range of influences that affect their demography and are generally regulated by density-dependent mechanisms. Although widely distributed across sub-Saharan Africa surprisingly few spotted hyaena populations have reliable estimates of population sizes, and almost nothing is known about the trends in hyaena numbers. In most areas, threats due to anthropogenic disturbance or diseases are therefore not possible to evaluate. We calibrated a call-up method designed to achieve unbiased counts of African lions (Panthera leo) to estimate spotted hyaena numbers simultaneously. This greatly reduces the time and cost of surveys for these two dominant large carnivores in African savannas. We evaluated the effect of preferred prey biomass, lion density and disease on spotted hyaena population abundance in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and found evidence only for an effect of prey biomass. Our results suggest that the persistence of spotted hyaena is not threatened in the Kruger National Park.
{"title":"Population Estimates of Spotted Hyaenas in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","authors":"Sam M. Ferreira, P. Funston","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0061","url":null,"abstract":"Spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) experience a range of influences that affect their demography and are generally regulated by density-dependent mechanisms. Although widely distributed across sub-Saharan Africa surprisingly few spotted hyaena populations have reliable estimates of population sizes, and almost nothing is known about the trends in hyaena numbers. In most areas, threats due to anthropogenic disturbance or diseases are therefore not possible to evaluate. We calibrated a call-up method designed to achieve unbiased counts of African lions (Panthera leo) to estimate spotted hyaena numbers simultaneously. This greatly reduces the time and cost of surveys for these two dominant large carnivores in African savannas. We evaluated the effect of preferred prey biomass, lion density and disease on spotted hyaena population abundance in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and found evidence only for an effect of prey biomass. Our results suggest that the persistence of spotted hyaena is not threatened in the Kruger National Park.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"61 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) has been introduced to parts of South Africa outside of its known range. The species is considered an agricultural pest and a threat to the natural environment. As some farmers are employing a shoot on sight strategy, our study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of warthog meat according to sex. Five muscles from male warthogs had higher shear force values (i.e. were less tender) compared to females. Allmuscles had a total protein content >20% and total lipid content ≤2.2%. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the Longissimus lumborum muscle was <0.45. We also provide descriptive data on the characteristics of carcass yields and meat from juvenile sows and boars. It is suggested that warthog meat should be produced and marketed as whole muscle cuts and not as the typical commercial cuts used for domestic animals.
{"title":"Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) Meat","authors":"Monlee Swanepoel, A. Leslie, M. Rijst, L. Hoffman","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0103","url":null,"abstract":"The common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) has been introduced to parts of South Africa outside of its known range. The species is considered an agricultural pest and a threat to the natural environment. As some farmers are employing a shoot on sight strategy, our study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of warthog meat according to sex. Five muscles from male warthogs had higher shear force values (i.e. were less tender) compared to females. Allmuscles had a total protein content >20% and total lipid content ≤2.2%. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the Longissimus lumborum muscle was <0.45. We also provide descriptive data on the characteristics of carcass yields and meat from juvenile sows and boars. It is suggested that warthog meat should be produced and marketed as whole muscle cuts and not as the typical commercial cuts used for domestic animals.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"103 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. K. Mwangi, M. Akinyi, F. Maloba, M. Ngotho, J. Kagira, D. Ndeereh, Stanislaus Kivai
The human population in Kenya has doubled over the last 25 years and is expected to rise two fold by 2050. Thus, pressure for human space has led to encroachment into wildlife habitats, increasing human—wildlife interactions. Such interactions pose serious health risks to both humans and wildlife, yet studies to understand these risks are limited in Kenya. To understand the possible predisposing factors for zoonoses at the human—wildlife interface, a survey was carried out in Nthongoni, an area bordering Tsavo and Chyulu Hills national parks in Kenya. Questionnaires were administered to 11 key informants and 200 residents from 35 villages. Our results indicate that the majority (75%) of the respondents suffered from crop raids and livestock depredation by wildlife. On their part, residents killed wildlife for: subsistence (41%), revenge (35%), bush-meat trade (22%), and other undisclosed reasons. Nineteen per cent of the respondents were knowledgeable about disease transmission through bush-meat. Qualitative data revealed helplessness, bitterness and revenge tendencies by farmers due to wildlife losses, which contributed to their poverty. This study enhances our understanding of human—wildlife interactions and the associated socioeconomic, health and conservation implications. It demonstrates the predicaments communities living adjacent to wildlife areas face and the need to involve them in sustainable management of the areas. We recommend identification of appropriate alternative livelihoods, to mitigate illegal bush-meat and agricultural practices that attract wildlife, leading to conflicts. In addition, responsive health and conservation education, and participatory research aimed at advising policy, are necessary to cushion the communities from wildlife damages.
{"title":"Socioeconomic and Health Implications of Human—Wildlife Interactions in Nthongoni, Eastern Kenya","authors":"D. K. Mwangi, M. Akinyi, F. Maloba, M. Ngotho, J. Kagira, D. Ndeereh, Stanislaus Kivai","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0087","url":null,"abstract":"The human population in Kenya has doubled over the last 25 years and is expected to rise two fold by 2050. Thus, pressure for human space has led to encroachment into wildlife habitats, increasing human—wildlife interactions. Such interactions pose serious health risks to both humans and wildlife, yet studies to understand these risks are limited in Kenya. To understand the possible predisposing factors for zoonoses at the human—wildlife interface, a survey was carried out in Nthongoni, an area bordering Tsavo and Chyulu Hills national parks in Kenya. Questionnaires were administered to 11 key informants and 200 residents from 35 villages. Our results indicate that the majority (75%) of the respondents suffered from crop raids and livestock depredation by wildlife. On their part, residents killed wildlife for: subsistence (41%), revenge (35%), bush-meat trade (22%), and other undisclosed reasons. Nineteen per cent of the respondents were knowledgeable about disease transmission through bush-meat. Qualitative data revealed helplessness, bitterness and revenge tendencies by farmers due to wildlife losses, which contributed to their poverty. This study enhances our understanding of human—wildlife interactions and the associated socioeconomic, health and conservation implications. It demonstrates the predicaments communities living adjacent to wildlife areas face and the need to involve them in sustainable management of the areas. We recommend identification of appropriate alternative livelihoods, to mitigate illegal bush-meat and agricultural practices that attract wildlife, leading to conflicts. In addition, responsive health and conservation education, and participatory research aimed at advising policy, are necessary to cushion the communities from wildlife damages.","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"87 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Re-introduction is a key conservation management response and forms the backbone of several species recovery programmes (Armstrong & Seddon, 2008). The south-central black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor ) (black rhino hereafter) epitomizes this conservation response with several genetically connected strongholds in Zimbabwe and South Africa (Kotze et al., 2014). The Kruger National Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve are home to key populations. The population in the Kruger National Park was created through re-introduction of 81 black rhinos between 1971 and 1990 (Ferreira, Greaver & Knight, 2011). Within South Africa, the Black Rhino Range Expansion Project (Sherriffs, 2003) seeks to create several populations in addition to 10 already established populations, as part of implementing the National South African Black Rhino Management Plan (Knight, Balfour & Emslie, 2013).
{"title":"Re-Introduction Success of Black Rhinoceros in Marakele National Park","authors":"Sam M. Ferreira, Cathy Greaver","doi":"10.3957/056.046.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3957/056.046.0135","url":null,"abstract":"Re-introduction is a key conservation management response and forms the backbone of several species recovery programmes (Armstrong & Seddon, 2008). The south-central black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor ) (black rhino hereafter) epitomizes this conservation response with several genetically connected strongholds in Zimbabwe and South Africa (Kotze et al., 2014). The Kruger National Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve are home to key populations. The population in the Kruger National Park was created through re-introduction of 81 black rhinos between 1971 and 1990 (Ferreira, Greaver & Knight, 2011). Within South Africa, the Black Rhino Range Expansion Project (Sherriffs, 2003) seeks to create several populations in addition to 10 already established populations, as part of implementing the National South African Black Rhino Management Plan (Knight, Balfour & Emslie, 2013).","PeriodicalId":49492,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"46 1","pages":"135 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3957/056.046.0135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70036426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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