Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.08.001
Songrui Zhao, Z. Mi
{"title":"InN Nanowires: Epitaxial Growth, Characterization, and Device Applications","authors":"Songrui Zhao, Z. Mi","doi":"10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"28 1","pages":"267-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54135731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During organism development, a diversity of cell types emerges with disparate, yet stable profiles of gene expression with distinctive cellular functions. In addition to gene promoters, the genome contains enhancer regulatory sequences, which are implicated in cellular specialization by facilitating cell-type and tissue-specific gene expression. Enhancers are DNA binding elements characterized by highly sophisticated and various mechanisms of action allowing for the specific interaction of general and tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs). However, eukaryotic organisms package their genetic material into chromatin, generating a physical barrier for TFs to interact with their cognate sequences. The ability of TFs to bind DNA regulatory elements is also modulated by changes in the chromatin structure, including histone modifications, histone variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and the methylation status of DNA. Furthermore, it has recently been revealed that enhancer sequences are also transcribed into a set of enhancer RNAs with regulatory potential. These interdependent processes act in the context of a complex network of chromatin interactions, which together contributes to a renewed vision of how gene activation is coordinated in a cell-type-dependent manner. In this review, we describe the interplay between genetic and epigenetic aspects associated with enhancers and discuss their possible roles on enhancer function.
在生物体发育过程中,出现了多种细胞类型,这些细胞类型的基因表达各不相同,但却很稳定,具有独特的细胞功能。除基因启动子外,基因组还包含增强子调控序列,这些序列通过促进细胞类型和组织特异性基因表达,与细胞特化有关。增强子是 DNA 结合元件,其特点是具有高度复杂的各种作用机制,可与一般和组织特异性转录因子(TFs)发生特异性相互作用。然而,真核生物将其遗传物质包裹在染色质中,这就为转录因子与其同源序列相互作用提供了物理障碍。TF与DNA调控元件结合的能力还受染色质结构变化的影响,包括组蛋白修饰、组蛋白变体、依赖ATP的染色质重塑以及DNA的甲基化状态。此外,最近还发现增强子序列也会转录成一组具有调控潜力的增强子 RNA。这些相互依存的过程是在染色质相互作用的复杂网络背景下进行的,它们共同促进了人们对基因激活如何以细胞类型依赖的方式进行协调的新认识。在这篇综述中,我们将描述与增强子相关的遗传学和表观遗传学之间的相互作用,并讨论它们对增强子功能可能起到的作用。
{"title":"Chromatin remodeling effects on enhancer activity.","authors":"Estela García-González, Martín Escamilla-Del-Arenal, Rodrigo Arzate-Mejía, Félix Recillas-Targa","doi":"10.1007/s00018-016-2184-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00018-016-2184-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During organism development, a diversity of cell types emerges with disparate, yet stable profiles of gene expression with distinctive cellular functions. In addition to gene promoters, the genome contains enhancer regulatory sequences, which are implicated in cellular specialization by facilitating cell-type and tissue-specific gene expression. Enhancers are DNA binding elements characterized by highly sophisticated and various mechanisms of action allowing for the specific interaction of general and tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs). However, eukaryotic organisms package their genetic material into chromatin, generating a physical barrier for TFs to interact with their cognate sequences. The ability of TFs to bind DNA regulatory elements is also modulated by changes in the chromatin structure, including histone modifications, histone variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and the methylation status of DNA. Furthermore, it has recently been revealed that enhancer sequences are also transcribed into a set of enhancer RNAs with regulatory potential. These interdependent processes act in the context of a complex network of chromatin interactions, which together contributes to a renewed vision of how gene activation is coordinated in a cell-type-dependent manner. In this review, we describe the interplay between genetic and epigenetic aspects associated with enhancers and discuss their possible roles on enhancer function.</p>","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"84 1","pages":"2897-910"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11108574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75889950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.005
K. Zhang, Yu‐Chuan Lin, J. Robinson
{"title":"Synthesis, Properties, and Stacking of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides","authors":"K. Zhang, Yu‐Chuan Lin, J. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"95 1","pages":"189-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54136138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.003
M. E. Dávila, L. L. Y. Voon, J. Zhao, G. L. Lay
{"title":"Elemental Group IV Two-Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene","authors":"M. E. Dávila, L. L. Y. Voon, J. Zhao, G. L. Lay","doi":"10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"95 1","pages":"149-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/BS.SEMSEM.2016.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54136100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21051-3_9
S. Baer, K. Ensslin
{"title":"Quantum Point Contacts","authors":"S. Baer, K. Ensslin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-21051-3_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21051-3_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"38 4","pages":"133-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51008308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00005-2
G. Hahn, Sebastian Joos
{"title":"State-of-the-art industrial crystalline silicon solar cells","authors":"G. Hahn, Sebastian Joos","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00005-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00005-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"90 1","pages":"1-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00005-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54077153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00004-0
B. Dimmler
{"title":"Overview of Thin-Film Solar Cell Technologies","authors":"B. Dimmler","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00004-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00004-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"90 1","pages":"121-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00004-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54077121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00003-9
C. Ballif, S. Wolf, A. Descoeudres, Z. Holman
{"title":"Amorphous Silicon/Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells","authors":"C. Ballif, S. Wolf, A. Descoeudres, Z. Holman","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00003-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00003-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"90 1","pages":"73-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-388417-6.00003-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54077042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381343-5.00001-X
O. Breitenstein
{"title":"The Physics of Industrial Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"O. Breitenstein","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-381343-5.00001-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381343-5.00001-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49550,"journal":{"name":"Semiconductors and Semimetals","volume":"89 1","pages":"1-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-381343-5.00001-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54061184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}