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Nuclear Data Sheets for A=123 A=123的核数据表
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.05.001
Jun Chen

Experimental nuclear structure and decay data are evaluated for all of 15 known nuclides of mass 123 (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce). For each nuclide, detailed evaluated spectroscopic information is presented in each reaction and decay, and the best values combining all available data are recommended for level properties, γ and β radiations, and other spectroscopic properties. No excited states have been identified in 123Ru, 123Rh and 123Pd. For 123Ag, the long-predicted 1/2 β-emitting isomer has been identified at 60-keV by 2019Ch24 recently, resolving unknown excitation energies in the level scheme that was previously available only from isomeric decays of two isomers (202 ns and 393 ns) with the position and spin-parity of the former remaining unknown. Significant discrepancies exist between data on high-spin sequences based on 11/2(−) isomer in 123Cd (2002Hw01 and 2016Re05), which needs to be resolved with further experimental investigation. In 123Cs, the 114-ns isomer as the πg9/2 bandhead proposed at 231.6+x by 2000Gi12 has been resolved by 2004Si26 and 2004Si27 to be the 328-keV level that is proposed by 2000Gi12 as a separate level. Excited states in 123La and 123Ce have only been studied via (HI, xnγ) reactions, with their base levels and thus excitation energies remaining unknown. The β decay schemes for daughter nuclide 123Cd, 123In and 123Sn and the ε decay schemes for 123Xe, 123Cs and 123Ba are considered incomplete due to large gaps between the highest observed excited levels and the Q-values. 123Sn, 123Sb, 123Te and 123I are the most extensively studied nuclides via various reactions and decays. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=123 by 2004Oh11, 1993Oh12, 1980Ta02 and 1972Au10.

对所有15种已知质量为123的核素(Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Sb、Te、I、Xe、Cs、Ba、La、Ce)的实验核结构和衰变数据进行了评估。对于每种核素,在每次反应和衰变中都提供了详细的评估光谱信息,并结合所有可用数据推荐了能级特性,γ和β辐射以及其他光谱特性的最佳值。在123Ru、123Rh和123Pd中还没有发现激发态。对于123Ag,预测已久的发射1/2−β的同分异构体最近在2019Ch24的60 kev下被发现,解决了在能级方案中未知的激发能,这种激发能以前只能从两个异构体(202 ns和393 ns)的同分异构体衰变中获得,而前者的位置和自旋宇称仍然未知。在123Cd (2002Hw01和2016Re05)中基于11/2(−)异构体的高自旋序列数据之间存在显著差异,这需要进一步的实验研究来解决。在123Cs中,由2000Gi12在231.6+x提出的作为π / g9/2带头的114-ns同分异构体已被2004Si26和2004Si27解析为由2000Gi12提出的作为单独能级的328 kev能级。123La和123Ce的激发态仅通过(HI, xnγ)反应进行了研究,其基本能级和激发能仍然未知。子核素123Cd、123In和123Sn的β−衰变方案和123Xe、123Cs和123Ba的ε衰变方案被认为是不完整的,因为观测到的最高激发能级和q值之间存在很大的差距。123Sn, 123Sb, 123Te和123I是通过各种反应和衰变被广泛研究的核素。这项工作取代了早期的全面评估A=123由2004Oh11, 1993Oh12, 1980Ta02和1972Au10。
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引用次数: 3
Nuclear Data Sheets Symbols and Abbreviations 核数据表符号和缩写
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0090-3752(21)00031-4
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引用次数: 0
Extensive Study of the Quality of Fission Yields from Experiment, Evaluation and GEF for Antineutrino Studies and Applications 反中微子研究与应用的实验、评价和GEF裂变产物质量的广泛研究
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.004
K.-H. Schmidt , M. Estienne , M. Fallot , S. Cormon , A. Cucoanes , T. Shiba , B. Jurado , K. Kern , Ch. Schmitt

The understanding of the antineutrino production in fission and the theoretical calculation of the antineutrino energy spectra in different, also future, types of fission reactors rely on the application of the summation method, where the individual contributions from the different radioactive nuclides that undergo a beta decay are estimated and summed up. The most accurate estimation of the independent fission-product yields is essential to this calculation. This is a complex task because the yields depend on the fissioning nucleus and on the energy spectrum of the incident neutrons.

In the present contribution, the quality of different sources of information on the fission yields is investigated, and the benefit of a combined analysis is demonstrated. The influence on antineutrino predictions is discussed.

In a systematic comparison, the quality of fission-product yields emerging from different experimental techniques is analyzed. The traditional radiochemical method, which is almost exclusively used for evaluations, provides an unambiguous identification in Z and A, but it is restricted to a limited number of suitable targets, is slow, and the accuracy suffers from uncertainties in the spectroscopic nuclear properties. Experiments with powerful spectrometers, for example at LOHENGRIN, provide very accurate mass yields and a Z resolution for light fission products from thermal-neutron-induced fission of a few suitable target nuclei.

On the theoretical side, the general fission model GEF has been developed. It combines a few general theorems, rules and ideas with empirical knowledge. GEF covers almost all fission observables and is able to reproduce measured data with high accuracy while having remarkable predictive power by establishing and exploiting unexpected systematics and hidden regularities in the fission observables. In this article, we have coupled for the first time the GEF predictions for the fission yields to fission-product beta-decay data in a summation calculation of reactor antineutrino energy spectra. The first comparisons performed between the spectra from GEF and those obtained with the evaluated nuclear databases exhibited large discrepancies that highlighted the exigency of the modelisation of the antineutrino spectra and showing their usefulness in the evaluation of nuclear data. Additional constraints for the GEF model were thus needed in order to reach the level of accuracy required by the antineutrino energy spectra. The combination of a careful study of the independent isotopic yields and the adjunction of the LOHENGRIN fission-yield data as additional constraints led to a substantially improved agreement between the antineutrino spectra computed with GEF and with the evaluated data. The comparison of inverse beta-decay yields computed with GEF with those measured by the Daya Bay experiment shows the excellent level of predictiveness of the GEF model for the fundamen

对裂变中反中微子产生的理解,以及不同类型的、未来的裂变反应堆中反中微子能谱的理论计算,依赖于求和方法的应用,在求和方法中,对经历β衰变的不同放射性核素的个体贡献进行估计和求和。最准确地估计独立的裂变产物的产率对这种计算至关重要。这是一项复杂的任务,因为产量取决于裂变核和入射中子的能谱。在目前的贡献中,研究了不同来源的裂变产率信息的质量,并证明了综合分析的好处。讨论了对反中微子预测的影响。在系统的比较中,分析了不同实验技术产生的裂变产物的质量。传统的放射化学方法,几乎完全用于评估,提供了对Z和A的明确识别,但它仅限于有限数量的合适目标,速度慢,精度受到光谱核性质的不确定性的影响。用强大的光谱仪进行的实验,例如在LOHENGRIN,为一些合适的目标核的热中子诱导裂变产生的轻裂变产物提供了非常精确的质量产率和Z分辨率。在理论方面,建立了通用的裂变模型GEF。它结合了一些一般定理、规则和经验知识。GEF几乎涵盖了所有的裂变观测数据,能够高精度地再现测量数据,同时通过建立和利用裂变观测数据中意想不到的系统性和隐藏规律,具有显著的预测能力。在本文中,我们首次在反应堆反中微子能谱的求和计算中将GEF对裂变产率的预测与裂变产物β衰变数据结合起来。从GEF获得的光谱与从评估的核数据库获得的光谱之间进行的第一次比较显示出巨大的差异,突出了反中微子光谱建模的紧迫性,并显示了它们在核数据评估中的有用性。因此,为了达到反中微子能谱所要求的精度水平,需要对GEF模型施加额外的约束。对独立同位素产率的仔细研究和LOHENGRIN裂变产率数据的附加约束相结合,导致用GEF计算的反中微子谱与评估数据之间的一致性大大提高。用GEF计算的反β衰变产率与大亚湾实验测量的产率的比较表明,GEF模型对基础或应用反中微子物理具有良好的预测能力。本研究的主要结果是:-改进了用新调谐的GEF模型得到的反中微子能谱与标准动力反应堆中四个主要裂变源的jeff3.1.1和jeff3.3裂变产率之间的一致性;-指出了241Pu(n)的质量产率的缺点;f)和当前评估中的其他系统;-论证交叉检查不同实验方法和GEF的结果对提高核数据质量的好处;-分析不同实验方法的不确定性和错误结果的来源;- GEF在目前无法获得的情况下(就裂变系统和激发能而言)预测裂变产率(和其他可观察到的结果)的能力实验-反中微子能谱预测,旨在评估反应堆监测的前景,并基于GEF裂变产率与最新求和模型的β衰变数据相关。
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引用次数: 4
Conception and Software Implementation of a Nuclear Data Evaluation Pipeline 核数据评估管道的概念与软件实现
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.007
G. Schnabel , H. Sjöstrand , J. Hansson , D. Rochman , A. Koning , R. Capote

We discuss the design and software implementation of a nuclear data evaluation pipeline applied for a fully reproducible evaluation of neutron-induced cross sections of 56Fe above the resolved resonance region using the nuclear model code TALYS combined with relevant experimental data. The emphasis of this paper is on the mathematical and technical aspects of the pipeline and not on the evaluation of 56Fe, which is tentative. The mathematical building blocks combined and employed in the pipeline are discussed in detail. In particular, an intuitive and unified representation of experimental data, systematic and statistical errors, model parameters and defects enables the application of the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) and its natural extension, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm, on a large collection of experimental data without the need for data reduction techniques as a preparatory step. The LM algorithm tailored to nuclear data evaluation takes into account the exact non-linear physics model to determine best estimates of nuclear quantities. Associated uncertainty information is derived from a second-order Taylor expansion at the maximum of the posterior distribution. We also discuss the pipeline in terms of its IT (=information technology) building blocks, such as those to efficiently manage and retrieve experimental data of the EXFOR library, which facilitates their appropriate correction, and to distribute computations on a scientific cluster. Relying on the mathematical and IT building blocks, we elaborate on the sequence of steps in the pipeline to perform the evaluation, such as the retrieval of experimental data, the correction of experimental uncertainties using marginal likelihood optimization (MLO) and after a screening of thousand TALYS parameters—including Gaussian process priors on energy dependent parameters—the fitting of about 150 parameters using the LM algorithm. The code of the pipeline including a manual and a Dockerfile for a simplified installation is available at www.nucleardata.com.

我们讨论了一个核数据评估管道的设计和软件实现,该管道应用于利用核模型代码TALYS结合相关实验数据对分辨共振区以上的56Fe中子诱导截面进行完全可重复的评估。本文的重点是管道的数学和技术方面,而不是对56Fe的评价,这是尝试性的。详细讨论了在管道中组合和使用的数学构件。特别是对实验数据、系统误差和统计误差、模型参数和缺陷的直观统一表示,使得广义最小二乘(GLS)及其自然扩展Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)算法在大量实验数据上的应用无需数据约简技术作为准备步骤。为核数据评估量身定制的LM算法考虑了精确的非线性物理模型,以确定核数量的最佳估计。相关的不确定性信息由后验分布最大值处的二阶泰勒展开式导出。我们还从IT(=信息技术)构建块的角度讨论了管道,例如有效地管理和检索EXFOR库的实验数据,从而促进它们的适当更正,以及在科学集群上分配计算。依靠数学和IT构建块,我们详细说明了管道中执行评估的步骤顺序,例如检索实验数据,使用边际似然优化(MLO)校正实验不确定性,以及在筛选了数千个TALYS参数(包括能量依赖参数的高斯过程先验)之后,使用LM算法拟合了大约150个参数。管道的代码包括手册和简化安装的Dockerfile,可在www.nucleardata.com上获得。
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引用次数: 16
Development of a Reference Database for Beta-Delayed Neutron Emission β -延迟中子发射参考数据库的开发
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.006
P. Dimitriou , I. Dillmann , B. Singh , V. Piksaikin , K.P. Rykaczewski , J.L. Tain , A. Algora , K. Banerjee , I.N. Borzov , D. Cano-Ott , S. Chiba , M. Fallot , D. Foligno , R. Grzywacz , X. Huang , T. Marketin , F. Minato , G. Mukherjee , B.C. Rasco , A. Sonzogni , N.D. Scielzo

Beta-delayed neutron emission is important for nuclear structure and astrophysics as well as for reactor applications. Significant advances in nuclear experimental techniques in the past two decades have led to a wealth of new measurements that remain to be incorporated in the databases.

We report on a coordinated effort to compile and evaluate all the available β-delayed neutron emission data. The different measurement techniques have been assessed and the data have been compared with semi-microscopic and microscopic-macroscopic models. The new microscopic database has been tested against aggregate total delayed neutron yields, time-dependent group parameters in 6-and 8-group re-presentation, and aggregate delayed neutron spectra. New recommendations of macroscopic delayed-neutron data for fissile materials of interest to applications are also presented. The new Reference Database for Beta-Delayed Neutron Emission Data is available online at: http://www-nds.iaea.org/beta-delayed-neutron/database.html.

延迟中子发射对核结构和天体物理学以及反应堆应用都很重要。过去二十年来,核实验技术取得了重大进展,产生了大量新的测量数据,这些数据仍有待纳入数据库。我们报告了一项协调努力,以汇编和评估所有可用的β-延迟中子发射数据。评估了不同的测量技术,并将数据与半微观和微观宏观模型进行了比较。新的微观数据库已经针对总延迟中子产率、6-和8-基团再现中的时变群参数以及总延迟中子谱进行了测试。本文还提出了有应用价值的可裂变材料的宏观延迟中子数据的新建议。新的beta延迟中子发射数据参考数据库可在网上获得:http://www-nds.iaea.org/beta-delayed-neutron/database.html。
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引用次数: 3
Dr. Cecil Lubitz (1925–2021) 塞西尔·卢比茨博士(1925-2021)
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.001
CSEWG, Tim Trumbull, Mike Zerkle, Tom Sutton, Dave Brown
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Results from Recent NNSA and CEA Measurements of the 239Pu(n, f) Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum 239Pu(n,f)快裂变中子谱NNSA和CEA近期测量结果的比较
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.003
K.J. Kelly , P. Marini , J. Taieb , M. Devlin , D. Neudecker , R.C. Haight , G. Bélier , B. Laurent , P. Morfouace , J.M. O'Donnell , E. Bauge , M.B. Chadwick , A. Chatillon , D. Etasse , P. Talou , M.C. White , C.Y. Wu , E.A. Bennett

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)/DP French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/DAM agreement on cooperation on fundamental science is a U.S.-French collaborative effort to combine intellectual and experimental resources and further the relevant nuclear science. Recently, both the NNSA and CEA experimental teams performed high-statistics measurements of the 239Pu(n, f) prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, both of which were recently published in the journal Physical Review C. These separate measurements used the same experimental area and a common neutron detector array, but differ in many aspects, including background assessments, data acquisition systems and philosophies, fission detectors, and PFNS extraction techniques. Hence, some aspects of the experimental methods and associated uncertainties are highly correlated while others are independent. The results from both measurements broke new ground for PFNS measurements given their higher accuracy and more detailed study of corrections necessary for the measured quantity compared to existing literature measurements, and both will significantly impact PFNS nuclear data evaluations for the foreseeable future. The focus of this work is to document a comparison of the results from these distinct measurements in terms of the acquired data, the PFNS results, and the measured average PFNS energies. While systematic differences between the PFNS results are present on the 1–3% level, the acquired data relative to each respective measurement at low incident neutron energies are in remarkable agreement, as are the conclusions regarding the magnitude and position of features in the PFNS relating to second-chance fission, third-chance fission, and pre-equilibrium neutron emission.

美国国家核安全管理局(NNSA)/法国替代能源和原子能委员会(CEA)/法国原子能研究所(DAM)关于基础科学合作的协议是一项美法合作努力,旨在将智力和实验资源结合起来,进一步发展相关的核科学。最近,NNSA和CEA的实验团队在洛斯阿拉莫斯中子科学中心对239Pu(n, f)提示裂变中子谱(PFNS)进行了高统计量的测量,这两项测量最近都发表在《物理评论c》杂志上。这些单独的测量使用了相同的实验区域和共同的中子探测器阵列,但在许多方面有所不同,包括背景评估、数据采集系统和原理、裂变探测器、PFNS提取技术。因此,实验方法的某些方面和相关的不确定性是高度相关的,而其他方面是独立的。与现有文献测量相比,这两项测量结果具有更高的精度和更详细的测量量校正研究,为PFNS测量开辟了新的领域,并且在可预见的未来,这两项测量结果都将对PFNS核数据评估产生重大影响。这项工作的重点是记录这些不同测量结果在获取数据、PFNS结果和测量的平均PFNS能量方面的比较。虽然PFNS结果之间的系统差异存在于1-3%的水平上,但在低入射中子能量下获得的相对于各自测量的数据是非常一致的,关于PFNS中与第二次裂变、第三次裂变和预平衡中子发射有关的特征的大小和位置的结论也是如此。
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引用次数: 7
Upgrade of IAEA recommended data of selected nuclear reactions for production of PET and SPECT isotopes 升级国际原子能机构推荐的用于生产PET和SPECT同位素的选定核反应数据
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.008
A. Hermanne , F.T. Tárkányi , A.V. Ignatyuk , S. Takács , R. Capote

An IAEA research project was dedicated to the compilation, evaluation and recommendation of cross-section data for the accelerator production of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, and 124I positron-emitting radionuclides clinically used for PET imaging, and for the accelerator production of two gamma emitters, 81Rb and 123I, used in SPECT imaging. Cross sections for 19 charged-particle induced reactions that can be employed for radionuclide accelerator production were evaluated including uncertainties. The resulting reference cross-section data were obtained from Padé fits to selected and corrected experimental data, and integral thick target yields were subsequently deduced. Uncertainties in the fitted results were estimated via a Padé least-squares method with the addition of a 4% assessed systematic uncertainty to the estimated experimental uncertainty. Experimental data were also compared with comprehensive predictions available from the TENDL library that reflects the current status of theoretical modelling. All of the numerical reference cross-section data with their corresponding uncertainties and deduced integral thick target yields are available on-line at the IAEA-NDS medical portal www-nds.iaea.org/medportal/ and also at the IAEA-NDS web page www-nds.iaea.org/medical/.

国际原子能机构的一个研究项目致力于编制、评估和推荐用于临床PET成像的11C、13N、15O、18F、64Cu和124I正电子发射放射性核素的加速器生产的截面数据,以及用于SPECT成像的81Rb和123I两种伽马发射器的加速器生产的截面数据。对19种可用于放射性核素加速器生产的带电粒子诱导反应的截面进行了评估,包括不确定度。通过对所选实验数据的拟合得到参考截面数据,进而推导出整体厚目标产量。拟合结果的不确定性通过pad最小二乘法估计,并在估计的实验不确定性中加入4%的评估系统不确定性。实验数据还与反映理论建模现状的TENDL库中提供的综合预测进行了比较。所有数值参考截面数据及其相应的不确定度和推导出的积分厚目标当量均可在原子能机构-国家原子能机构医学门户网站www-nds.iaea.org/medportal/和原子能机构-国家原子能机构网站www-nds.iaea.org/medical/上在线获得。
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引用次数: 7
Newly Evaluated Neutron Reaction Data on Chromium Isotopes 新评价的铬同位素中子反应数据
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2021.04.002
G.P.A. Nobre , M.T. Pigni , D.A. Brown , R. Capote , A. Trkov , K.H. Guber , R. Arcilla , J. Gutierrez , A. Cuadra , G. Arbanas , B. Kos , D. Bernard , P. Leconte

Neutron reaction data for the set of major chromium isotopes were reevaluated from the thermal energy range up to 20 MeV. In the low energy region, updates to the thermal values together with an improved R-matrix analysis of the resonance parameters characterizing the cluster of large s-wave resonances for 50,53Cr isotopes were performed. In the intermediate and high energy range up to 20 MeV, the evaluation methodology used statistical nuclear reaction models implemented in the EMPIRE code within the Hauser-Feshbach framework to evaluate the reaction cross sections and angular distributions. Exceptionally, experimental data were used to evaluate relevant cross sections above the resonance region up to 5 MeV in the major 52Cr isotope. Evaluations were benchmarked with Monte Carlo simulations of a small suite of critical assemblies highly sensitive to Chromium data, and with the Oktavian shielding benchmark to judge deep penetration performance with a 14-MeV D-T neutron source. A significant improvement in performance is demonstrated compared to existing evaluations.

对主要铬同位素组的中子反应数据进行了重新评估,从热能范围到20 MeV。在低能区,对热值进行了更新,并对50,53cr同位素的大s波共振参数进行了改进的r矩阵分析。在20 MeV以下的中高能范围内,评价方法采用Hauser-Feshbach框架下EMPIRE代码中实现的统计核反应模型来评价反应截面和角分布。此外,还利用实验数据对52Cr主同位素高达5 MeV的共振区以上的相关截面进行了评估。通过蒙特卡罗模拟对铬数据高度敏感的一小套关键组件进行基准评估,并使用Oktavian屏蔽基准来判断14-MeV D-T中子源的深穿透性能。与现有评价相比,业绩有了显著改善。
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引用次数: 9
Nuclear Data Sheets Symbols and Abbreviations 核数据表符号和缩写
IF 3.7 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0090-3752(21)00022-3
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引用次数: 0
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Nuclear Data Sheets
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