The use of untreated, recirculated irrigation water is a profitable practice but it can harbor plant pathogens such as Phytophthora (Pt) cinnamomi, Pt. nicotianae, Phytopythium (Pp) vexans, and Pp. helicoides, posing disease risks in crop production. UV-C (240-290 nm) light-emitting-diode (LED) irradiation was evaluated for inactivating the zoospores of oomycetes in water, providing potential for effective treatment. Zoospore suspensions were exposed to quantifiable UV-C doses under dynamic stirring, calculated by multiplying fluence rate (mW.cm -2 ) and exposure time(s). UV-C irradiation effectively inactivated the tested pathogens following logarithmic-linear (log-linear) (Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae) and non-linear [Weibull and Weibull + tail (Pp. vexans and Pp. helicoides)] kinetics as identified by parameters of goodness of model fit: high R 2 and low RMSE values. D 10 values of Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae calculated from the rate constants (K max ) of the log-linear models were 4.90 ± 0.065 mJ.cm -2 (R 2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.065, K max = 0.47 ± 0.02), and 4.34 ± 0.24 mJ.cm -2 (R 2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.08, K max = 0.53 ± 0.03), respectively. The Weibull + tail model best described the inactivation of Pp. vexans (R 2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.099) and Pp. helicoides (R 2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.091) and the δ and N res values were determined to be 10.85 ± 0.48, 2.04 ± 0.06, and 11.18 ± 0.50, 2.44 ± 0.05, respectively. These study findings can be applied to develop water disinfection systems, either alone or in combination with other methods, for effective control of pathogens in irrigation systems.
{"title":"Assessing the Efficacy of UV-C Light for the Inactivation of <i>Phytopythium</i> and <i>Phytophthora</i> species in Water: A Mathematical Modelling Approach using an Ultraviolet Light-Emitting-Diode System","authors":"Bhawana Ghimire, Brahmaiah Pendyala, Ankit Patras, Fulya Baysal-Gurel","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-07-23-0095-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-07-23-0095-r","url":null,"abstract":"The use of untreated, recirculated irrigation water is a profitable practice but it can harbor plant pathogens such as Phytophthora (Pt) cinnamomi, Pt. nicotianae, Phytopythium (Pp) vexans, and Pp. helicoides, posing disease risks in crop production. UV-C (240-290 nm) light-emitting-diode (LED) irradiation was evaluated for inactivating the zoospores of oomycetes in water, providing potential for effective treatment. Zoospore suspensions were exposed to quantifiable UV-C doses under dynamic stirring, calculated by multiplying fluence rate (mW.cm -2 ) and exposure time(s). UV-C irradiation effectively inactivated the tested pathogens following logarithmic-linear (log-linear) (Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae) and non-linear [Weibull and Weibull + tail (Pp. vexans and Pp. helicoides)] kinetics as identified by parameters of goodness of model fit: high R 2 and low RMSE values. D 10 values of Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae calculated from the rate constants (K max ) of the log-linear models were 4.90 ± 0.065 mJ.cm -2 (R 2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.065, K max = 0.47 ± 0.02), and 4.34 ± 0.24 mJ.cm -2 (R 2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.08, K max = 0.53 ± 0.03), respectively. The Weibull + tail model best described the inactivation of Pp. vexans (R 2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.099) and Pp. helicoides (R 2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.091) and the δ and N res values were determined to be 10.85 ± 0.48, 2.04 ± 0.06, and 11.18 ± 0.50, 2.44 ± 0.05, respectively. These study findings can be applied to develop water disinfection systems, either alone or in combination with other methods, for effective control of pathogens in irrigation systems.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"149 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135220912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-03-23-0044-fi
Tedmund Julian Swiecki, Elizabeth A. Bernhardt, Sean G. McClanahan
In 2014, Phytophthora root rot was identified as a serious problem in nursery plants grown for habitat restoration in California. To support efforts to produce restoration nursery stock free of Phytophthora species, we developed a standardized leachate baiting method that can be conducted by nursery staff. Each plant in an array of up to 42 container-grown nursery plants is irrigated six times at 15-min intervals with a standardized water volume. Irrigation leachate is collected in a specialized vessel containing a green (unripe) pear bait. Test sensitivity was assessed using arrays of Phytophthora-free plants containing varying numbers of plants from which Phytophthora had previously been baited. The percentage of tests with Phytophthora detections increased as the proportion of infested plants in the array increased. In tests of individual inoculated plants, Phytophthora detection from a given plant varied over time, especially for less susceptible hosts. This variability likely limits test sensitivity in arrays with few infested containers. Direct probability and Monte Carlo simulation models showed that testing 2 to 3 arrays per block and 20 to 40 plants per array provided the greatest increases in detection probability for blocks of 200 to 1000 plants in which 1% to 5% of the plants were infected. Random sampling had lower detection success than sampling biased to increase the odds of selecting infected plants. Results of extensive testing at a case study nursery were consistent with model predictions. The leachate baiting method has wide applicability for detecting and identifying Phytophthora species in nursery stock.
{"title":"Validating and optimizing a method for detecting <i>Phytophthora </i>species by baiting leachate from arrays of container nursery plants","authors":"Tedmund Julian Swiecki, Elizabeth A. Bernhardt, Sean G. McClanahan","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-03-23-0044-fi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-03-23-0044-fi","url":null,"abstract":"In 2014, Phytophthora root rot was identified as a serious problem in nursery plants grown for habitat restoration in California. To support efforts to produce restoration nursery stock free of Phytophthora species, we developed a standardized leachate baiting method that can be conducted by nursery staff. Each plant in an array of up to 42 container-grown nursery plants is irrigated six times at 15-min intervals with a standardized water volume. Irrigation leachate is collected in a specialized vessel containing a green (unripe) pear bait. Test sensitivity was assessed using arrays of Phytophthora-free plants containing varying numbers of plants from which Phytophthora had previously been baited. The percentage of tests with Phytophthora detections increased as the proportion of infested plants in the array increased. In tests of individual inoculated plants, Phytophthora detection from a given plant varied over time, especially for less susceptible hosts. This variability likely limits test sensitivity in arrays with few infested containers. Direct probability and Monte Carlo simulation models showed that testing 2 to 3 arrays per block and 20 to 40 plants per array provided the greatest increases in detection probability for blocks of 200 to 1000 plants in which 1% to 5% of the plants were infected. Random sampling had lower detection success than sampling biased to increase the odds of selecting infected plants. Results of extensive testing at a case study nursery were consistent with model predictions. The leachate baiting method has wide applicability for detecting and identifying Phytophthora species in nursery stock.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"30 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135167033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-06-23-0076-fi
Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg, Naomi te Braak, Alicia E. Timm, Tom H. van Noort, Todd M. Gilligan
The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), is a polyphagous pest indigenous to most of sub-Saharan Africa. This species is considered to be quarantine throughout much of the world, in part due to its extensive host range and significant damage caused by larval feeding. We developed a specific real-time PCR assay that allows for rapid and reliable identification of T. leucotreta. More than 150 target specimens were sequenced using an Illumina whole-genome shotgun approach to identify the most suitable loci for assay development. A hydrolysis probe that binds to a segment of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was designed and used with a generic internal control targeting 18S rDNA. The assay was examined for cross reactivity by testing additional Thaumatotibia species and representatives of related Olethreutine leafroller genera such as Cryptophlebia, Cydia and Grapholita, which are often encountered in the same geographic region and on the same hosts as T. leucotreta. We compared our newly developed test to previously published TaqMan real-time PCR, SYBR Green real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests. Our newly developed real-time PCR assay outperformed all three tests in terms of analytical specificity with 100% accuracy. These results will help to further improve diagnostic standards for molecular identification of T. leucotreta.
{"title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR for the molecular identification of <i>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</i> (Meyrick, 1913) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) intercepted in trade","authors":"Bart T. L. H. van de Vossenberg, Naomi te Braak, Alicia E. Timm, Tom H. van Noort, Todd M. Gilligan","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-06-23-0076-fi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-06-23-0076-fi","url":null,"abstract":"The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), is a polyphagous pest indigenous to most of sub-Saharan Africa. This species is considered to be quarantine throughout much of the world, in part due to its extensive host range and significant damage caused by larval feeding. We developed a specific real-time PCR assay that allows for rapid and reliable identification of T. leucotreta. More than 150 target specimens were sequenced using an Illumina whole-genome shotgun approach to identify the most suitable loci for assay development. A hydrolysis probe that binds to a segment of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was designed and used with a generic internal control targeting 18S rDNA. The assay was examined for cross reactivity by testing additional Thaumatotibia species and representatives of related Olethreutine leafroller genera such as Cryptophlebia, Cydia and Grapholita, which are often encountered in the same geographic region and on the same hosts as T. leucotreta. We compared our newly developed test to previously published TaqMan real-time PCR, SYBR Green real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests. Our newly developed real-time PCR assay outperformed all three tests in terms of analytical specificity with 100% accuracy. These results will help to further improve diagnostic standards for molecular identification of T. leucotreta.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135166730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0123-ta
Lu Liu, Ana Priscilla Montenegro-Alonso, Guus Bakkeren
The wheat fungal pathogens, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt), P. striiformis f.sp. tritici, and P. triticina, causing stem, stripe and leaf rust respectively, pose a threat to global wheat production. Genetic resistance in the form of resistance (R) genes provides the best protection but rust fungal populations change frequently by mutating avirulence (AVR) effectors matching specific R genes, thereby defeating resistance. Hence, characterization of AVR effectors is needed to understand the evolution of pathogen populations, provide insights for extending the effectiveness of R genes, and yield tools for the identification and isolation of R genes. Functional characterization of Avr genes in rust fungi is challenging in these biotrophic pathogens that lack a reliable and efficient transformation system. Studies indicate that the recently engineered foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) shows promise as an expression system in cereals. In this study, we utilized two confirmed AVR effectors from Pgt, AVRSr35 and AVRSr50, to assess the applicability of FoMV for investigating rust fungus Avr genes. We showed that vector FoMV PV101 carrying PgtAvrSr35 induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in wheat having the corresponding Sr35 resistance gene. However, when carrying PgtAvrSr50, no HR or even mild viral symptoms were seen in a wheat line having Sr50, as this particular wheat line was not susceptible to FoMV. Several wheat cultivars did not support FoMV replication. Results here show that FoMV PV101 is effective as an expression vector for studying rust fungi AVR effectors, but its applicability relies on the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to FoMV.
{"title":"Characterization of a foxtail mosaic virus vector for rust fungus avirulence gene expression in wheat","authors":"Lu Liu, Ana Priscilla Montenegro-Alonso, Guus Bakkeren","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0123-ta","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0123-ta","url":null,"abstract":"The wheat fungal pathogens, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt), P. striiformis f.sp. tritici, and P. triticina, causing stem, stripe and leaf rust respectively, pose a threat to global wheat production. Genetic resistance in the form of resistance (R) genes provides the best protection but rust fungal populations change frequently by mutating avirulence (AVR) effectors matching specific R genes, thereby defeating resistance. Hence, characterization of AVR effectors is needed to understand the evolution of pathogen populations, provide insights for extending the effectiveness of R genes, and yield tools for the identification and isolation of R genes. Functional characterization of Avr genes in rust fungi is challenging in these biotrophic pathogens that lack a reliable and efficient transformation system. Studies indicate that the recently engineered foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) shows promise as an expression system in cereals. In this study, we utilized two confirmed AVR effectors from Pgt, AVRSr35 and AVRSr50, to assess the applicability of FoMV for investigating rust fungus Avr genes. We showed that vector FoMV PV101 carrying PgtAvrSr35 induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in wheat having the corresponding Sr35 resistance gene. However, when carrying PgtAvrSr50, no HR or even mild viral symptoms were seen in a wheat line having Sr50, as this particular wheat line was not susceptible to FoMV. Several wheat cultivars did not support FoMV replication. Results here show that FoMV PV101 is effective as an expression vector for studying rust fungi AVR effectors, but its applicability relies on the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to FoMV.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135168897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-07-23-0087-r
Sujan Paudel, Shefali Dobhal, Tiffany Lowe-Power, Robert L. Schlub, John Hu, Caitilyn Allen, Anne M. Alvarez, Mohammad Arif
Bacterial wilt strains in the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) pose serious threats to economically important crops worldwide. In 2014, Safni and co-workers proposed the reclassification of RSSC into three genomospecies: R. solanacearum (Rsol), R. pseudosolanacearum (Rpseu), and R. syzygii (Rsyz). The revision requires the proper identification of strains for diagnostic and epidemiological studies. In response, we developed an inexpensive and user-friendly “RSSC-Lineage Multiplex PCR” that effectively detects plant pathogenic Ralstonia strains in general and also distinguishes between Rpseu, Rsol, Rsyz, and the high-security Select Agent “race 3 biovar 2” subgroup of Rsol, also known as the phylotype IIB-1 potato brown rot pandemic lineage. Genomes were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database and screened for unique gene regions using OrthoMCL and other comparative genomic approaches. Specific primers were designed for each genomospecies, Ralstonia in general, and for “race 3 biovar 2”. AT-rich flaps were added at 5’ position of each primer to optimize the reaction thermodynamics. The specificity was tested in silico using the NCBI GenBank genome database and an in-house database. In vitro specificity and accuracy of the tool was validated with 113 representative Ralstonia strains and 24 strains from other genera. The assay is highly specific, generating neither false positives nor false negatives. Primer set detection limits ranged from 10- to 100-pg. The assay also detected and differentiated strains from naturally and artificially inoculated plant hosts. This tool is highly specific, reliable, and economical for culture characterization, diagnostics, surveys, quarantine decisions, and epidemiological studies.
{"title":"“RSSC-Lineage Multiplex PCR” assay detects and differentiates <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>, <i>R. pseudosolanacearum</i>, <i>R. syzygii</i> and the R3bv2 subgroup","authors":"Sujan Paudel, Shefali Dobhal, Tiffany Lowe-Power, Robert L. Schlub, John Hu, Caitilyn Allen, Anne M. Alvarez, Mohammad Arif","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-07-23-0087-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-07-23-0087-r","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial wilt strains in the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) pose serious threats to economically important crops worldwide. In 2014, Safni and co-workers proposed the reclassification of RSSC into three genomospecies: R. solanacearum (Rsol), R. pseudosolanacearum (Rpseu), and R. syzygii (Rsyz). The revision requires the proper identification of strains for diagnostic and epidemiological studies. In response, we developed an inexpensive and user-friendly “RSSC-Lineage Multiplex PCR” that effectively detects plant pathogenic Ralstonia strains in general and also distinguishes between Rpseu, Rsol, Rsyz, and the high-security Select Agent “race 3 biovar 2” subgroup of Rsol, also known as the phylotype IIB-1 potato brown rot pandemic lineage. Genomes were retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database and screened for unique gene regions using OrthoMCL and other comparative genomic approaches. Specific primers were designed for each genomospecies, Ralstonia in general, and for “race 3 biovar 2”. AT-rich flaps were added at 5’ position of each primer to optimize the reaction thermodynamics. The specificity was tested in silico using the NCBI GenBank genome database and an in-house database. In vitro specificity and accuracy of the tool was validated with 113 representative Ralstonia strains and 24 strains from other genera. The assay is highly specific, generating neither false positives nor false negatives. Primer set detection limits ranged from 10- to 100-pg. The assay also detected and differentiated strains from naturally and artificially inoculated plant hosts. This tool is highly specific, reliable, and economical for culture characterization, diagnostics, surveys, quarantine decisions, and epidemiological studies.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"PAMI-7 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135413223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0125-r
Warren Copes, Barbara Smith
The evaporation rate of disinfestants when sprayed on production surfaces is expected to vary under different weather conditions, but it is unknown how that affects efficacy. This study is an initial investigation into how the evaporation rates of water and six commercial disinfestants vary under eight weather condition categories. Additionally, an empirical model was developed on the evaporation rate of water in response to air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed under the same eight weather condition categories. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) lost more weight due to evaporation over 4 h (P < 0.0001) than all other disinfestant solutions and no differences (P = 0.05) existed between the other five disinfestant solutions and water. IPA had a mean percent weight loss of 71% under hot and sunny conditions, 43% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 6% under indoor laboratory conditions. Water, hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium and peroxy disinfestant solutions evaporated at a similar rate over four hours, with an approximate mean percent weight loss of 17% under hot and sunny conditions, 6% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 1% under indoor laboratory conditions. The regression model that best explained the influence of weather on evaporation included the variables solar radiation, temperature and wind speed (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.5603). This information will be used further to model the evaporative rate of disinfestants under the same range of weather conditions when applied to multiple types of substrate materials that represent common horticultural plant production surfaces.
{"title":"Environmental Influences on the Evaporation Rate of Horticultural Disinfestants","authors":"Warren Copes, Barbara Smith","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0125-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-09-23-0125-r","url":null,"abstract":"The evaporation rate of disinfestants when sprayed on production surfaces is expected to vary under different weather conditions, but it is unknown how that affects efficacy. This study is an initial investigation into how the evaporation rates of water and six commercial disinfestants vary under eight weather condition categories. Additionally, an empirical model was developed on the evaporation rate of water in response to air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed under the same eight weather condition categories. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) lost more weight due to evaporation over 4 h (P < 0.0001) than all other disinfestant solutions and no differences (P = 0.05) existed between the other five disinfestant solutions and water. IPA had a mean percent weight loss of 71% under hot and sunny conditions, 43% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 6% under indoor laboratory conditions. Water, hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium and peroxy disinfestant solutions evaporated at a similar rate over four hours, with an approximate mean percent weight loss of 17% under hot and sunny conditions, 6% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 1% under indoor laboratory conditions. The regression model that best explained the influence of weather on evaporation included the variables solar radiation, temperature and wind speed (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.5603). This information will be used further to model the evaporative rate of disinfestants under the same range of weather conditions when applied to multiple types of substrate materials that represent common horticultural plant production surfaces.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"34 30","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135413505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-04-23-0049-a
Fangfang Peng, Xunlan Li, Zhaoxin Wei, Guohui Han
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a fungal pathogen that infects an extremely wide range of hosts and can cause diseases in over 600 plant species. In this study, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (strain S1), which causes sclerotinosis in mulberry fruits, was isolated from the mulberry orchard at the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, and its complete genome was sequenced using the PacBio Sequel II. The assembly consists of 24 contigs with an estimated genome size of 38.91 Mbp and is predicted to encode 9,920 protein-coding genes. This is the first genomic information for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolated from diseased mulberry fruit and represents a valuable resource for a comprehensive understanding of Sclerotinia spp.
{"title":"The Complete Genome Sequence of <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum </i>(S1), One of the Pathogens Causing Sclerotinosis in Mulberry Fruit","authors":"Fangfang Peng, Xunlan Li, Zhaoxin Wei, Guohui Han","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-04-23-0049-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-04-23-0049-a","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a fungal pathogen that infects an extremely wide range of hosts and can cause diseases in over 600 plant species. In this study, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (strain S1), which causes sclerotinosis in mulberry fruits, was isolated from the mulberry orchard at the Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, and its complete genome was sequenced using the PacBio Sequel II. The assembly consists of 24 contigs with an estimated genome size of 38.91 Mbp and is predicted to encode 9,920 protein-coding genes. This is the first genomic information for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolated from diseased mulberry fruit and represents a valuable resource for a comprehensive understanding of Sclerotinia spp.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135728957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1094/phytofr-05-23-0063-r
Melissa Jane Cook, Jacqueline Edwards, Brendan Rodoni, Mark McLean, Isabel Munoz Santa, Grant J. Hollaway
Tan spot (TS), known in Australia as yellow leaf spot, is caused by the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, a major foliar disease of wheat. Four experiments were conducted between 2016-2017 in two different climatic zones of south-eastern Australia, to determine the impact of TS on grain yield and quality in six wheat cultivars with different resistance ratings. In each experiment, high and low TS disease scenarios were applied to each cultivar. Disease severity was assessed as either whole plot percentage leaf area affected (%LAA) or top three leaf (flag – flag-2) %LAA. Whole plot %LAA was analysed using both repeated measurements and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). For whole plot %LAA, the repeated measurements identified differences in epidemic progression at key growth stages not identified through AUDPC. Both AUDPC and end-of-season flag – flag-2 %LAA were negatively correlated with grain yield and screenings. Increased rainfall impacting disease development (RIDD) and number of rain days >5 mm increased TS severity across both climatic zones. Cultivar resistance ratings influenced grain yield loss, with moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible cultivars losing up to 6%, 18% and 24% grain yield, respectively. High disease significantly increased screenings by up to 1%, 3% and 5% for moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible cultivars, respectively. This study demonstrated that TS can cause significant grain yield losses in south-eastern Australia, and a minimum cultivar rating of moderate resistance - moderate susceptibility (MRMS) was required to prevent severe TS and associated grain yield and quality losses.
{"title":"Grain yield and quality losses caused by tan spot in wheat cultivars in Australia","authors":"Melissa Jane Cook, Jacqueline Edwards, Brendan Rodoni, Mark McLean, Isabel Munoz Santa, Grant J. Hollaway","doi":"10.1094/phytofr-05-23-0063-r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/phytofr-05-23-0063-r","url":null,"abstract":"Tan spot (TS), known in Australia as yellow leaf spot, is caused by the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, a major foliar disease of wheat. Four experiments were conducted between 2016-2017 in two different climatic zones of south-eastern Australia, to determine the impact of TS on grain yield and quality in six wheat cultivars with different resistance ratings. In each experiment, high and low TS disease scenarios were applied to each cultivar. Disease severity was assessed as either whole plot percentage leaf area affected (%LAA) or top three leaf (flag – flag-2) %LAA. Whole plot %LAA was analysed using both repeated measurements and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). For whole plot %LAA, the repeated measurements identified differences in epidemic progression at key growth stages not identified through AUDPC. Both AUDPC and end-of-season flag – flag-2 %LAA were negatively correlated with grain yield and screenings. Increased rainfall impacting disease development (RIDD) and number of rain days >5 mm increased TS severity across both climatic zones. Cultivar resistance ratings influenced grain yield loss, with moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible cultivars losing up to 6%, 18% and 24% grain yield, respectively. High disease significantly increased screenings by up to 1%, 3% and 5% for moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible cultivars, respectively. This study demonstrated that TS can cause significant grain yield losses in south-eastern Australia, and a minimum cultivar rating of moderate resistance - moderate susceptibility (MRMS) was required to prevent severe TS and associated grain yield and quality losses.","PeriodicalId":497443,"journal":{"name":"PhytoFrontiers","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135728821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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