Neuropsychology Review最新文献

This meta-analytic study aims to investigate the cognitive correlates of risky decision-making in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) individuals. A systematic analysis of existing literature was conducted, encompassing 38 studies (496 ADHD and 1493 TD). Findings revealed a consistent propensity for riskier decision-making in individuals with ADHD, supported by significant correlations with attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, time perception, and working memory. The study underscores the relevance of these cognitive functions in shaping decision-making tendencies, with nuanced patterns observed within the ADHD and TD subgroups. Individuals with ADHD often demonstrate altered patterns of correlation, reflecting the specific cognitive challenges characteristic of the disorder.

Lesion-symptom studies in persons with aphasia showed that left temporoparietal damage, but surprisingly not prefrontal damage, correlates with impaired ability to process thematic roles in the comprehension of semantically reversible sentences (The child is hugged by the mother). This result has led to challenge the time-honored view that left prefrontal regions are critical for sentence comprehension. However, most studies focused on thematic role assignment and failed to consider morphosyntactic processes that are also critical for sentence processing. We reviewed and meta-analyzed lesion-symptom studies on the neurofunctional correlates of thematic role assignment and morphosyntactic processing in comprehension and production in persons with aphasia. Following the PRISMA checklist, we selected 43 papers for the review and 27 for the meta-analysis, identifying a set of potential bias risks. Both the review and the meta-analysis confirmed the correlation between thematic role processing and temporoparietal regions but also clearly showed the involvement of prefrontal regions in sentence processing. Exploratory meta-analyses suggested that both thematic role and morphosyntactic processing correlate with left prefrontal and temporoparietal regions, that morphosyntactic processing correlates with prefrontal structures more than with temporoparietal regions, and that thematic role assignment displays the opposite trend. We discuss current limitations in the literature and propose a set of recommendations for clarifying unresolved issues.

The loss of a sense, such as vision, forces individuals to adapt to their environment and its demands in a variety of ways. In the case of blindness, significant neurofunctional and cognitive changes have been documented. However, there is no clear consensus on the differences in performance between adult blind participants and sighted controls in cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Two variables are important, including the cognitive task used to measure working memory and the age at which vision loss occurs. This review is aimed at exploring potential disparities in verbal and spatial WM performance between blind and sighted adults, as well as understanding how these differences may be influenced by the age of vision loss. A systematic search across PsycArticles, PsycInfo, Medline, and Web of Science databases identified 21 pertinent studies. The studies were categorized, and effect sizes were calculated through meta-analysis, distinguishing between verbal (auditory simple forward and backward span, complex span, and n-back) and visuospatial WM tasks (adapted Corsi-block and simple storage tasks, imagery tasks, and complex storage tasks). Visual sensory loss induces adaptations affecting WM function in blind participants. In the verbal domain, improved phonological processing and/or serial item position encoding might facilitate WM retrieval. In contrast, in spatial WM, an over-reliance on serial processing may hinder strategic grouping in blind individuals. This review highlights the need to further explore the role of age at the time of vision loss. Although evidence suggests that adaptations to serial processing may be more pronounced in early development, particularly in comparison to those who become blind in adulthood, the available data are limited. The study calls for further research to deepen our understanding of cognitive adaptations and their temporal dynamics in response to vision loss.

Though theory of mind (ToM) is an important area of study for different disciplines, however, the psychometric evaluations of ToM tasks have yielded inconsistent results across studies and populations, raising the concerns about the accuracy, consistency, and generalizability of these tasks. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the psychometric reliability of 27 distinct ToM tasks across 90 studies involving 2771 schizophrenia (SZ), 690 autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 15,599 nonclinical populations (NC). Findings revealed that while all ToM tasks exhibited satisfactory internal consistency in ASD and SZ, about half of them were not satisfactory in NC, including the commonly used Reading the Mind in the Eye Test and Hinting Task. Other than that, Reading the Mind in the Eye Test showed acceptable reliability across populations, whereas Hinting Task had poor test-retest reliability. Notably, only Faux Pas Test and Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition had satisfactory reliability across populations albeit limited numbers of studies. However, only ten studies examined the psychometric properties of ToM tasks in ASD adults, warranting additional evaluations. The study offered practical implications for selecting ToM tasks in research and clinical settings, and underscored the importance of having a robust psychometric reliability in ToM tasks across populations.

Midlife has been suggested to be a crucial time to introduce interventions for improving cognitive functions. The effects of cognitive training (CT) in healthy middle-aged populations and more specifically during the menopausal transition have not been systematically investigated. To investigate the effects of CT on cognition in healthy middle-aged adults and specifically in females during the menopause transition, literature was searched inception to July 2023 and studies were included that examined the effects of CT on a defined cognitive outcome. The improvement on cognitive performance following CT was the main outcome measured as mean difference (from baseline to immediate post) estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) in meta-analysis and was discussed with the support of subgroup analysis based on outcome type (i.e., far or near-transfer) and cluster tabulations. Nineteen articles were included in the qualitative synthesis with a total of 7765 individuals, and eight articles were included in the meta-analyses. CT was categorized into six type clusters: Game-based CT, General CT, Speed of Processing Training, Working Memory Training, Strategy-based CT, and Cognitive Remediation. Cognitive outcome was divided into six clusters: working memory, verbal memory, language, executive function, attention/processing speed, and visual memory. Meta-analysis reported significant improvement in the domain of executive function (0.48, 95% CI 0.08-0.87), verbal memory (0.22, 95% CI 0.11-0.33), and working memory (0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.26). CT confers benefits on various cognitive domains, suggesting a potential role of CT to promote optimal cognitive functioning in the midlife and specifically in women during the menopause transition.

Despite compelling evidence that cognitive interventions for older adults improve cognition, mood, and everyday function, few are implemented in clinical or community practice. This scoping review aims to understand the implementation frameworks and methods used and their contribution to implementation success of cognitive interventions for older adults. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PSYCINFO databases, using terms related to cognitive interventions, implementation, and older adults. This resulted in 5002 studies, of which 29 were included following an iterative process. Most studies reported on implementation of cognitive stimulation for people with dementia. Only four studies used formal implementation frameworks, with three using RE-AIM, and one a process evaluation using complexity theory. The most frequently addressed implementation concepts were Acceptability, Feasibility, and Effectiveness, while Cost, Cost-Effectiveness, and Maintenance were rarely reported. Solutions to common barriers included the importance of good stakeholder relationships and engagement, a manualised intervention flexible enough to adapt to the context, and ensuring facilitators were well-trained, confident, and enthusiastic.

Object recognition memory allows us to identify previously seen objects. This type of declarative memory is a primary process for learning. Despite its crucial role in everyday life, object recognition has received far less attention in ADHD research compared to verbal recognition memory. In addition to the existence of a small number of published studies, the results have been inconsistent, possibly due to the diversity of tasks used to assess recognition memory. In the present meta-analysis, we have collected studies from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to May 2023. We have compiled studies that assessed visual object recognition memory with specific visual recognition tests (sample-match delayed tasks) in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. A total of 28 studies with 1619 participants diagnosed with ADHD were included. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Quadas-2 tool and for each study, Cohen's d was calculated to estimate the magnitude of the difference in performance between groups. As a main result, we have found a worse recognition memory performance in ADHD participants when compared to their matched controls (overall Cohen's d ~ 0.492). We also observed greater heterogeneity in the magnitude of this deficit among medicated participants compared to non-medicated individuals, as well as a smaller deficit in studies with a higher proportion of female participants. The magnitude of the object recognition memory impairment in ADHD also seems to depend on the assessment method used.

Acquired brain injury can result in disability with direct and indirect consequences for psychosocial functioning. Psychosocial interventions embedded within traditional neurorehabilitation may provide a valuable buffer. While there is evidence of benefits associated with group-based psychosocial interventions, there is no single recommended intervention, despite several different approaches having been trialled. This systematic review aimed to provide a critical appraisal of existing group psychosocial interventions in neurorehabilitation, meta-analyse their efficacy, and explore the contribution of group process to outcomes. Eligible studies were published in English-language peer-reviewed journals and recruited adults with acquired brain injury in receipt of group psychosocial interventions. Outcomes of interest were depression, anxiety, quality of life, emotional distress, community integration, and social support. A systematic search of CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science and Embase from database inception until 08.07.2024 was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges' g and estimated using a three-level random effects model. Sixty-five studies were included in the systematic review, and 48 were included in the meta-analysis (n = 2653). There was an overall small effect on psychosocial outcomes (Hedges' g = 0.24, 95% CIs [0.16, 0.33]), though none of the included studies satisfactorily analysed group process despite 70% of these studies proclaiming their importance. Overall, there were mixed findings across intervention type and significant heterogeneity. Recommendations for future psychosocial group interventions in neurorehabilitation are provided.

Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) methods could shift understandings about brain-behavior relationships. Information processing speed (IPS) may be of particular interest to dFC analyses as dFC is able to capture time-sensitive FC changes. The present systematic review aims to explore the association between IPS and dFC of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data in healthy individuals. Included papers were published through July 24, 2023. Searches conducted on ProQuest and ScienceDirect used the search terms processing speed AND fMRI AND resting state AND dynamic functional connectivity OR dynamic functional network connectivity. Studies were eligible based on the following inclusion criteria: empirical research, published in English, use of a well-characterized healthy population (n > 30), use of rsfMRI, calculation of dFC, measurement of IPS, and a statistical test between dFC and IPS. Results reveal mixed findings. Five studies report no relationship between dFC and IPS, whereas eight report mixed or positive findings. We noted several trends in findings that may be driving inconsistencies. Over half of the reviewed studies used the Human Connectome Project data. Second, IPS was more likely to be related to dFC if images were acquired using an eyes open procedure with fixation on a crosshair. As all included IPS measures involved a visual component, IPS and dFC measurement might both be capturing information about visuoperceptual connections. Future work that addresses these biases and trends may illuminate the nature of the relationship between dFC and IPS.

This systematic review investigates the long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) and identifies factors predicting group membership in these trajectories. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines and is registered on the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY-2023-11-0013). A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, EMBASE, CINHALPlus, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science identified peer-reviewed studies published in English on adults aged 16 and above with an ABI diagnosis. Studies were included if they used a validated depression measure, had at least three assessment points, and applied group-based trajectory modelling. Exclusion criteria included studies focusing on neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorders, or solely on treatments. The methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs' critical appraisal tool. The review synthesised data from ten studies involving 13,205 participants (average age 51.38 years, 55.86% male). Four depressive symptom trajectory groups were identified with varying prevalence: stable low (68%), persistent high (13%), increasing (20%), and decreasing (11%). Several key predictors including sex, age, injury severity, and education emerged as significant predictors of group membership in the persistent high, increasing, and decreasing depressive groups. However, variability in study methodologies and sample compositions posed challenges to direct comparison. Nonetheless, the review underscores the importance of long-term monitoring and the development of tailored interventions, as depression can manifest or intensify years post-injury. Understanding depressive symptom trajectories could help create personalised interventions, improving quality of life for those with depression after ABI.