Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0230
Endurance Uzobo, Iteimowei Major
Using the 2018 Nigeria Demography and Health Survey (NDHS), this study was designed to examine the impact of religion on fertility behaviour. The theoretical basis of this study was Philip Jenkins’s Fertility and Faith hypothesis and the Religious Alloparenting hypothesis. The NDHS used a stratified sample that was chosen in two steps. First, a household listing operation was conducted in each of the chosen Enumeration Areas. Next, a fixed number of 30 households were chosen through equal probability systematic sampling in each cluster, yielding a total sample size of about 42,000 households. 42,121 women between the ages of 15 and 49 were found in the various houses, and individual interviews with 41,821 of them were later conducted. In this study, 8061 respondents were used in the analysis. Data gleaned from the NDHS was analyzed in this study, using descriptive statistics. The respondents’ religions were Catholic, other Christians, Islam and other religions. Catholic (9.4%), non-Catholic Christians (34.4%), Islam (55.5%), and other religions (0.7%). Islamic religion had low use of contraceptives i.e., 90.3% of no method, Catholics made more use of the traditional method of 12.5% than other religions. There was also a significant association between the use of contraceptives and religion. Muslim respondents got married below the age of 19 (77.3%), age 19 and 30 (22.1%) while Catholic got married below the age of 19 (34.2%), 19 and 30 (61.4%) Other Christians (36.7%) of its respondents below age 18, 19-30 (58.7%) and 31 and above (4.4%). Some of the recommendations made were to bring enlightenment to the public on the National Population Policy to guide or restrict the number of children by couples through religious leaders and also to make modern contraceptives acceptable by all religions.
{"title":"Religion and Fertility Behavior Among Ever-Married Women in Nigeria: Evidence from the Nigeria Demographic Health Survey 2018","authors":"Endurance Uzobo, Iteimowei Major","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0230","url":null,"abstract":"Using the 2018 Nigeria Demography and Health Survey (NDHS), this study was designed to examine the impact of religion on fertility behaviour. The theoretical basis of this study was Philip Jenkins’s Fertility and Faith hypothesis and the Religious Alloparenting hypothesis. The NDHS used a stratified sample that was chosen in two steps. First, a household listing operation was conducted in each of the chosen Enumeration Areas. Next, a fixed number of 30 households were chosen through equal probability systematic sampling in each cluster, yielding a total sample size of about 42,000 households. 42,121 women between the ages of 15 and 49 were found in the various houses, and individual interviews with 41,821 of them were later conducted. In this study, 8061 respondents were used in the analysis. Data gleaned from the NDHS was analyzed in this study, using descriptive statistics. The respondents’ religions were Catholic, other Christians, Islam and other religions. Catholic (9.4%), non-Catholic Christians (34.4%), Islam (55.5%), and other religions (0.7%). Islamic religion had low use of contraceptives i.e., 90.3% of no method, Catholics made more use of the traditional method of 12.5% than other religions. There was also a significant association between the use of contraceptives and religion. Muslim respondents got married below the age of 19 (77.3%), age 19 and 30 (22.1%) while Catholic got married below the age of 19 (34.2%), 19 and 30 (61.4%) Other Christians (36.7%) of its respondents below age 18, 19-30 (58.7%) and 31 and above (4.4%). Some of the recommendations made were to bring enlightenment to the public on the National Population Policy to guide or restrict the number of children by couples through religious leaders and also to make modern contraceptives acceptable by all religions.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135438000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0250
Woyengitari Imbazi
Industrial actions are complex social problems with debilitating socio-economic consequences on an organisation and its host communities. Notwithstanding this, a number of studies have neglected the coping mechanisms employed by host communities to deal with industrial strikes, focusing solely on the effects of labour disputes on workers and production. This study therefore investigates how host communities deal with industrial activities at the Niger Delta University (NDU). The latency theory served as the framework, while a cross-sectional research design was employed. Amassoma and Ogobiri communities were purposively selected for the study due to their proximity to NDU. A total sample of 418 respondents (aged ≥18 years) were selected, using Yamane’s (1965) sample size determination formula. Simple random sampling was used to administer a structured questionnaire to respondents in the selected host communities. Twelve In-Depth Interviews and six Focus Group Discussion sessions were held among business owners, farmers, landlords, commercial motorcyclists, and students to complement: the quantitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data were content-analyzed. Findings from the study indicated that location change, occupation change, involvement in social vices, partying, etc were the main coping strategies adopted by members of host communities to deal with industrial actions at the Niger Delta University. The study, therefore, concluded that industrial actions affected host communities negatively. It is thus recommended that members of the host communities seek alternative vocational skills as livelihood sources to reduce the likely impact of NDU labour actions.
{"title":"COPING STRATEGY OF UNIVERSITY HOST COMMUNITIES DURING INDUSTRIAL ACTION: NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY IN VIEW","authors":"Woyengitari Imbazi","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0250","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial actions are complex social problems with debilitating socio-economic consequences on an organisation and its host communities. Notwithstanding this, a number of studies have neglected the coping mechanisms employed by host communities to deal with industrial strikes, focusing solely on the effects of labour disputes on workers and production. This study therefore investigates how host communities deal with industrial activities at the Niger Delta University (NDU). The latency theory served as the framework, while a cross-sectional research design was employed. Amassoma and Ogobiri communities were purposively selected for the study due to their proximity to NDU. A total sample of 418 respondents (aged ≥18 years) were selected, using Yamane’s (1965) sample size determination formula. Simple random sampling was used to administer a structured questionnaire to respondents in the selected host communities. Twelve In-Depth Interviews and six Focus Group Discussion sessions were held among business owners, farmers, landlords, commercial motorcyclists, and students to complement: the quantitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data were content-analyzed. Findings from the study indicated that location change, occupation change, involvement in social vices, partying, etc were the main coping strategies adopted by members of host communities to deal with industrial actions at the Niger Delta University. The study, therefore, concluded that industrial actions affected host communities negatively. It is thus recommended that members of the host communities seek alternative vocational skills as livelihood sources to reduce the likely impact of NDU labour actions.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0220
Victor Sokari, Adewale Idowu Harrison
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had adverse effects on the health and socio-economic lives of people all over the world. These effects could be disproportionately felt by vulnerable populations of which conflict-induced internally displaced persons (IDPs) are part of. While attention is often focused on the effect of the pandemic on other populations, vulnerable populations like the IDPs are often neglected. This article fills this gap by examining the state of conflict-induced IDPs in conflict-ridden Borno State of Nigeria in the face of the pandemic. The article adopts an exploratory research design and the qualitative method, using primary data sourced from semi-structured interviews, and analyses the data using discourse analysis. Findings show that given the living conditions in the IDP camps, social/physical distancing was difficult to practice, that special measures were put in place to protect IDPs from contracting the virus; that the lockdown occasioned by COVID-19 had an adverse effect on the welfare of IDPs; and that the pandemic brought new health and safety challenges in the IDP camps, but not security challenges. The article concludes that the pandemic had adversely impacted the lives of conflict-induced IDPs, albeit, it had not spread among them.
{"title":"COVID-19 and the State of Conflict-Induced Internally Displaced Persons in North-Eastern Borno State of Nigeria","authors":"Victor Sokari, Adewale Idowu Harrison","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0220","url":null,"abstract":"The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had adverse effects on the health and socio-economic lives of people all over the world. These effects could be disproportionately felt by vulnerable populations of which conflict-induced internally displaced persons (IDPs) are part of. While attention is often focused on the effect of the pandemic on other populations, vulnerable populations like the IDPs are often neglected. This article fills this gap by examining the state of conflict-induced IDPs in conflict-ridden Borno State of Nigeria in the face of the pandemic. The article adopts an exploratory research design and the qualitative method, using primary data sourced from semi-structured interviews, and analyses the data using discourse analysis. Findings show that given the living conditions in the IDP camps, social/physical distancing was difficult to practice, that special measures were put in place to protect IDPs from contracting the virus; that the lockdown occasioned by COVID-19 had an adverse effect on the welfare of IDPs; and that the pandemic brought new health and safety challenges in the IDP camps, but not security challenges. The article concludes that the pandemic had adversely impacted the lives of conflict-induced IDPs, albeit, it had not spread among them.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0210
Undutimi J. Dudafa
This study investigated the perceived stressors and coping strategies among university undergraduate students at the Niger Delta University. The Cognitive Appraisal Theory by Richard Lazarus served as the theoretical framework for this study. The cross-sectional survey design was used to sample 300 undergraduate students at the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State through a random sampling technique. Data for this study was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data collected for this study was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p<0.05. Findings from the study revealed that the average age of the respondents was 23.03±2.77, while about half of the respondents were male (50.7%). The study also revealed that a significant number of the respondents (71.0%) affirmed that they were stressed at the time of the study. Perceived stressors of undergraduate students include; academic workload, depression, finance, etc. It is recommended that the University should organize programs on stress management that will teach students how to deal with stressful events and develop good coping mechanisms.
{"title":"Perceived Stressors and Coping Strategies among University Undergraduate Students Of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State","authors":"Undutimi J. Dudafa","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0210","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the perceived stressors and coping strategies among university undergraduate students at the Niger Delta University. The Cognitive Appraisal Theory by Richard Lazarus served as the theoretical framework for this study. The cross-sectional survey design was used to sample 300 undergraduate students at the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State through a random sampling technique. Data for this study was collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data collected for this study was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p<0.05. Findings from the study revealed that the average age of the respondents was 23.03±2.77, while about half of the respondents were male (50.7%). The study also revealed that a significant number of the respondents (71.0%) affirmed that they were stressed at the time of the study. Perceived stressors of undergraduate students include; academic workload, depression, finance, etc. It is recommended that the University should organize programs on stress management that will teach students how to deal with stressful events and develop good coping mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0260
Grace A.T Scent, Michael Ayodele Ibikunle
The number of orphans is steadily increasing globally, with over 140 million children between the ages of 0 and 17 orphaned worldwide. However, the level of care and social support for these groups of persons have largely been ignored by studies in recent times. It is on this note that this study has been designed to investigate the care and social support of adolescent orphans in Nigeria, using Yenagoa City in Bayelsa State as a case study. The theoretical framework of this study is rooted in the stress-buffering hypothesis of Cohen and McKay (1984). This cross-sectional survey sampled 120 adolescent orphans found in orphanage homes in Yengoa City through a respondent driven sampling technique. Data for the study were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire, while data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution tables charts, and chi-square cross-tabulation. Findings from the study revealed that adolescent orphans were not satisfied with the care provided by the caregivers, as most of them come late for duties, especially the nurses. Also, the services that caregivers are supposed to provide most times are hardly rendered according to a significant number of adolescent caregivers. Additionally, Non-governmental organisations are the major organisation providing social support for orphans in the city. The study also concluded that the major form of social support orphans receive is instrumental support which includes; money, food items, clothes, etc. Finally, factors associated with receiving social support include; the age group of the respondents (x2= 6.720; P<0.05), ethnicity (x2= 13.349; P<0.05), and age at the entrance into orphanage homes (x2= 6.720; P<0.05). The study, therefore, recommended that there is the need for government involvement in the care and support of its vulnerable population.
{"title":"CARE AND SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR ADOLESCENT ORPHANS IN YENAGOA CITY, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Grace A.T Scent, Michael Ayodele Ibikunle","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0260","url":null,"abstract":"The number of orphans is steadily increasing globally, with over 140 million children between the ages of 0 and 17 orphaned worldwide. However, the level of care and social support for these groups of persons have largely been ignored by studies in recent times. It is on this note that this study has been designed to investigate the care and social support of adolescent orphans in Nigeria, using Yenagoa City in Bayelsa State as a case study. The theoretical framework of this study is rooted in the stress-buffering hypothesis of Cohen and McKay (1984). This cross-sectional survey sampled 120 adolescent orphans found in orphanage homes in Yengoa City through a respondent driven sampling technique. Data for the study were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire, while data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency distribution tables charts, and chi-square cross-tabulation. Findings from the study revealed that adolescent orphans were not satisfied with the care provided by the caregivers, as most of them come late for duties, especially the nurses. Also, the services that caregivers are supposed to provide most times are hardly rendered according to a significant number of adolescent caregivers. Additionally, Non-governmental organisations are the major organisation providing social support for orphans in the city. The study also concluded that the major form of social support orphans receive is instrumental support which includes; money, food items, clothes, etc. Finally, factors associated with receiving social support include; the age group of the respondents (x2= 6.720; P<0.05), ethnicity (x2= 13.349; P<0.05), and age at the entrance into orphanage homes (x2= 6.720; P<0.05). The study, therefore, recommended that there is the need for government involvement in the care and support of its vulnerable population.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0270
Mahlakeng Mahlakeng
In literature, the significance of virtual water trade takes many different shapes. In order to increase regional water use efficiency and attain water security in water-scarce regions and/or countries of the world, virtual water trade among nations and even continents could be utilised as a tool. The economy, diplomacy, and internal and international food security are all benefited by Lesotho’s water resources. One of Lesotho’s most precious resources, water, makes a significant contribution to the country’s prospects for long-term, sustainable economic development. In a setting with significant natural climatic volatility, the World Bank determined that improving water security will be crucial to meeting future demand. Water is widely considered as “white gold” in Lesotho. Water is abundant in Lesotho, a blessed nation. Given its plenty of water and low present water consumption, Lesotho is unlikely to develop either water stress or scarcity in the foreseeable future. Thus, there is still opportunity for expanding water use as a source of income, including virtual water trading. Lesotho needs to take into account the water and food shortages in the waterscarce Gulf region and the idea of virtual water trade, which has significant social, economic, and political advantages. The aim of this paper is to assert the importance of Lesotho’s abundant water resource to the global political and economic landscape, and the discourse of virtual water trade. While countries are minimising their direct or indirect water use of producing strategic agricultural and industrial goods, Lesotho can make use of this situation in order to maximise revenue.
{"title":"LESOTHO’S WHITE GOLD: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR VIRTUAL WATER TRADE","authors":"Mahlakeng Mahlakeng","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0270","url":null,"abstract":"In literature, the significance of virtual water trade takes many different shapes. In order to increase regional water use efficiency and attain water security in water-scarce regions and/or countries of the world, virtual water trade among nations and even continents could be utilised as a tool. The economy, diplomacy, and internal and international food security are all benefited by Lesotho’s water resources. One of Lesotho’s most precious resources, water, makes a significant contribution to the country’s prospects for long-term, sustainable economic development. In a setting with significant natural climatic volatility, the World Bank determined that improving water security will be crucial to meeting future demand. Water is widely considered as “white gold” in Lesotho. Water is abundant in Lesotho, a blessed nation. Given its plenty of water and low present water consumption, Lesotho is unlikely to develop either water stress or scarcity in the foreseeable future. Thus, there is still opportunity for expanding water use as a source of income, including virtual water trading. Lesotho needs to take into account the water and food shortages in the waterscarce Gulf region and the idea of virtual water trade, which has significant social, economic, and political advantages. The aim of this paper is to assert the importance of Lesotho’s abundant water resource to the global political and economic landscape, and the discourse of virtual water trade. While countries are minimising their direct or indirect water use of producing strategic agricultural and industrial goods, Lesotho can make use of this situation in order to maximise revenue.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the advancement in technology, globalization, ideological explosions and the widespread of light weapons across the globe, the world is fast becoming insecure. In the contemporary world, insecurity knows no bound. Today, terrorism, mass – shooting, kidnapping and banditry have become threats to peace and security and are the highest contributors to humanitarian crises globally as well as the Lake Chad Region. This paper provides analytical and graphic scenarios of increase in defence budget, forgoing critical sectors of human capital development and infrastructure to finance wars and instabilities which only succeeds in making a cyclical adventure of insecurities. The study makes comparative analysis of the phenomenon from 2011 to 2020 when the budget was N121 billion; but with heightened insecurity, the budget was raised to N899 billion. The analyses showed that increase in the defence budget is at the expense of other critical sectors of development including education, agriculture, health and infrastructural development. Equally, the huge budgetary provisions for defence are evidently mismanaged and easily fall into the mighty loop of corruption. Corruption helps elongate the period of war; thereby putting the lives of the citizenry in danger. These lead to less informed society; high unemployment rate; unhealthy citizenry and many other factors that eventually booster insecurity. . The increase in the defence budget meant to ensure the efficacy of all the policies of government in ensuring a stable and peaceful nation does the opposite by opening plethora of security challenges. The study employed a progressive theory of public expenditure and relies on both primary and secondary sources of data. This study can be used as a benchmark by policy makers to formulate a policy that can create a peaceful atmosphere and the development of a comprehensive and workable strategy in defence budgeting and expenditure.
{"title":"INSECURITY IN THE LAKE CHAD REGION AND NIGERIA’S RISING DEFENCE BUDGETS","authors":"Murtala Muhammad, Ismail Hussain, Kester Chukwuma Onor","doi":"10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/wjss/3202.80.0240","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement in technology, globalization, ideological explosions and the widespread of light weapons across the globe, the world is fast becoming insecure. In the contemporary world, insecurity knows no bound. Today, terrorism, mass – shooting, kidnapping and banditry have become threats to peace and security and are the highest contributors to humanitarian crises globally as well as the Lake Chad Region. This paper provides analytical and graphic scenarios of increase in defence budget, forgoing critical sectors of human capital development and infrastructure to finance wars and instabilities which only succeeds in making a cyclical adventure of insecurities. The study makes comparative analysis of the phenomenon from 2011 to 2020 when the budget was N121 billion; but with heightened insecurity, the budget was raised to N899 billion. The analyses showed that increase in the defence budget is at the expense of other critical sectors of development including education, agriculture, health and infrastructural development. Equally, the huge budgetary provisions for defence are evidently mismanaged and easily fall into the mighty loop of corruption. Corruption helps elongate the period of war; thereby putting the lives of the citizenry in danger. These lead to less informed society; high unemployment rate; unhealthy citizenry and many other factors that eventually booster insecurity. . The increase in the defence budget meant to ensure the efficacy of all the policies of government in ensuring a stable and peaceful nation does the opposite by opening plethora of security challenges. The study employed a progressive theory of public expenditure and relies on both primary and secondary sources of data. This study can be used as a benchmark by policy makers to formulate a policy that can create a peaceful atmosphere and the development of a comprehensive and workable strategy in defence budgeting and expenditure.","PeriodicalId":497972,"journal":{"name":"WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135437869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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