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A flowchart for porosity and acoustic impedance mapping using seismic inversion with semi hybrid optimization combining simulated annealing and pattern search techniques 结合模拟退火和模式搜索技术的半混合优化地震反演孔隙度和声阻抗绘图流程图
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09557-0
Raghav Singh, S. P. Maurya, Brijesh Kumar, Nitin Verma, Alok Kumar Tiwari, Ravikant Tiwari, G. Hema, Ajay P. Singh

Porosity and acoustic impedance are important in the study of subsurface properties of rocks and soil. Porosity is influenced by the type of minerals, and fluids, and their distribution within the subsurface material. Acoustic impedance is a key parameter in seismic inversion because it governs the reflection and transmission of seismic waves at interfaces between different rock layers. Mapping porosity and acoustic impedance using seismic inversion poses several challenges such as low resolution, longer convergence times compared to other optimization techniques, and handling large datasets. To address these challenges, our current study has employed a semi-hybrid optimization approach by incorporating a pattern search (PS) method into the globally recognized simulated annealing (SA) technique. In our devised methodology, seismic data is meticulously inverted, trace by trace, initially utilizing the simulated annealing process and subsequently integrating the pattern search which further reduces computational Complexity. The output from SA serves as the foundation for the PS optimization, preventing it from getting trapped in local minima or maxima. To evaluate the algorithm, we initiated a systematic analysis using synthetic data. The hybrid optimization method performed well, yielding highly accurate inversion results with a remarkable high resolution and correlation between original and inverted impedance. We then applied this approach to actual seismic reflection data from the Blackfoot field in Alberta, Canada. Notably, the inversion identified a sand channel between 1055 and 1070 ms two-way travel time, characterized by low impedance and high porosity, suggesting the potential presence of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The level of performance demonstrated in this context may not be anticipated when utilizing SA or PS optimization alone. Hence, the newly devised semi-hybrid optimization approach emerges as a highly recommended solution, offering the potential to address the constraints of individual optimization methods and deliver thorough subsurface insights.

孔隙度和声阻抗对于研究岩石和土壤的地下属性非常重要。孔隙度受矿物和流体类型及其在地下物质中分布的影响。声阻抗是地震反演中的一个关键参数,因为它控制着地震波在不同岩层界面上的反射和透射。利用地震反演绘制孔隙度和声阻抗图面临着一些挑战,如分辨率低、与其他优化技术相比收敛时间较长,以及需要处理大量数据集。为了应对这些挑战,我们目前的研究采用了一种半混合优化方法,将模式搜索(PS)方法融入到全球公认的模拟退火(SA)技术中。在我们设计的方法中,首先利用模拟退火过程对地震数据逐条进行细致的反演,随后整合模式搜索,从而进一步降低计算复杂度。模拟退火的输出结果是 PS 优化的基础,可防止其陷入局部最小值或最大值。为了评估该算法,我们使用合成数据进行了系统分析。混合优化方法表现出色,获得了高精度的反演结果,原始阻抗和反演阻抗之间具有显著的高分辨率和相关性。随后,我们将这种方法应用于加拿大阿尔伯塔省 Blackfoot 油田的实际地震反射数据。值得注意的是,反演确定了双向移动时间在 1055 至 1070 毫秒之间的沙道,其特点是阻抗低、孔隙度高,表明可能存在油气藏。在这种情况下,如果仅利用 SA 或 PS 优化,可能无法达到预期的性能水平。因此,新设计的半混合优化方法是一个非常值得推荐的解决方案,它有可能解决单个优化方法的限制,并提供全面的地下洞察力。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive assessment of the compression index of marine seabed soils 全面评估海洋海底土壤的压缩指数
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09555-2
Muhannad Ismeik

The compression index (Cc) is a crucial parameter for evaluating the consolidation settlement of marine infrastructure, but measuring it experimentally is challenging. This study presents Cc prediction models for marine seabed soils using linear, nonlinear, and artificial neural network modeling techniques. Large experimental oedometer test results for marine clays, collected from the available literature, are used to develop valuable models based on easily measurable soil properties, applicable to a wide range of marine soils. The initial void ratio and plasticity index have a greater impact on Cc estimation compared to the liquid limit and natural water content. The predictive capacity of the models is validated with independent oedometer test data, confirming the reliability of the results. The proposed models aid geotechnical designers in determining the required Cc for initial settlement assessments for marine infrastructure, resulting in cost and time savings. The predicted Cc values can be further adjusted by conducting traditional consolidation tests on selected seabed samples collected from the coastal site.

压缩指数(Cc)是评估海洋基础设施固结沉降的一个重要参数,但实验测量具有挑战性。本研究采用线性、非线性和人工神经网络建模技术,提出了海洋海底土壤的 Cc 预测模型。利用从现有文献中收集的海洋粘土的大型气压计试验结果,根据易于测量的土壤特性开发出适用于各种海洋土壤的有价值的模型。与液限和天然含水量相比,初始空隙率和塑性指数对 Cc 估算的影响更大。这些模型的预测能力通过独立的土力计测试数据进行了验证,确认了结果的可靠性。建议的模型有助于岩土工程设计师确定海洋基础设施初步沉降评估所需的 Cc,从而节省成本和时间。通过对从沿海地区采集的选定海床样本进行传统的固结试验,可进一步调整预测的 Cc 值。
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引用次数: 0
Source characterization of the 1996 Biak tsunami based on earthquake and landslide scenarios 根据地震和滑坡情况确定 1996 年比亚克海啸的源头特征
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09556-1
Abraham Arimuko, Sesar Prabu Dwi Sriyanto, Tomy Gunawan, Tatok Yatimantoro

The Biak tsunami event on February 17, 1996, was triggered by a Mw 8.2 earthquake at 5:59 UTC (14:59 local time). Based on the field survey, the maximum tsunami height was not located on the coast that directly faces the earthquake epicenter. The maximum tsunami of up to 7.7 m was recorded at Farusi village on the opposite coast. In addition to the high tsunami hit, the fast arrival time in this village was an anomaly that raised questions regarding the multiple tsunami sources. Previous studies suspected a landslide when a rupture occurred, but no one had yet identified the dimensions and mechanism of the landslide. The purpose of this research is to increase understanding of tsunami generators and answer that question. The COMCOT software is used to perform tsunami simulations, integrating fault and landslide sources simultaneously. This study obtains the Biak tsunami generator from a fault source model with a length of 272 km, a width of 110 km, an average dislocation of 8 m, and a maximum slip of 10.6 m. Also, there are three landslides occurred in the south coast. One of the major landslide source model has dimensions length and width of 5.629 km and 14.595 km, respectively, and a thickness of landslide material of 50 m, with an average slope of the slip plane of 10° located in the Ramardori. These two source models answer the particular questions of the Biak tsunami incident.

1996 年 2 月 17 日世界协调时 5:59(当地时间 14:59)发生的 8.2 级地震引发了比亚克海啸事件。根据实地调查,最大海啸高度并不位于直接面对震中的海岸。对岸的 Farusi 村记录到的最大海啸高达 7.7 米。除了海啸冲击高度高之外,海啸到达该村的时间快也是一个异常现象,这引起了人们对多个海啸源的质疑。以前的研究怀疑发生断裂时有山体滑坡,但还没有人确定山体滑坡的规模和机制。这项研究的目的是加深对海啸发生源的了解,并回答这个问题。使用 COMCOT 软件进行海啸模拟,同时整合断层和滑坡源。本研究从断层源模型中获得了比亚克海啸发生器,该模型长 272 千米,宽 110 千米,平均错位 8 米,最大滑移 10.6 米。其中一个主要滑坡源模型的长度和宽度分别为 5.629 千米和 14.595 千米,滑坡物质厚度为 50 米,滑动面的平均坡度为 10°,位于拉马尔多里。这两个海啸源模型回答了比亚克海啸事件的特殊问题。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring clay formation in the seabed of Colachel coastal area, southern Tamil Nadu, India: a geophysical and granulometric analysis 印度泰米尔纳德邦南部科拉切尔沿海地区海底粘土层勘探:地球物理和粒度分析
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09554-3
Antony Ravindran A, Sakthi Priya R, Richard Abishek S, Vinoth Kingston J, Antony Alosanai Promilton A, Abinaya R
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引用次数: 0
Formation evaluation and reservoir potential of the Middle Miocene syn-rift Hammam Faraun Member from the offshore Esh El Mellaha area, southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt 埃及苏伊士湾南部近海 Esh El Mellaha 地区中新世同步裂谷 Hammam Faraun 成员的地层评价和储层潜力
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09552-5
Sherif Farouk, Souvik Sen, Ahmed K. El-Behery, Fayez Ahmad, Khaled Al-Kahtany
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引用次数: 0
Hadal zones of the Southwest Pacific and east Indian oceans 西南太平洋和东印度洋的哈达尔区
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09550-7
Alan J. Jamieson, Gaelen T. Giles, Heather A. Stewart

The hadal zone (water depths > 6000 m) are unlike the overlying shallower marine regions (bathyal and abyssal) as it does not follow a continuum from the continental shelves to abyssal plains, but rather exhibits a globally disjunct series of discrete deep-sea habitats confined within geomorphological features. From an ecological perspective, hadal communities are often endemic to individual or adjacent features and are partitioned and isolated by geomorphological structures. To examine the size, shape, depth and degree of isolation of features where hadal fauna inhabit, this study explores the broad seafloor geomorphology, and distinctly partitioned hadal areas, across the Southwest Pacific and East Indian oceans using global bathymetric datasets. This research revealed the area occupied by hadal depths to be 716,915 km2 of which 58% are accounted for by trenches, 37% in basins and troughs, and 5% fracture zones. The largest feature in terms of area > 6000 m depth is the Wharton Basin with 218,030 km2 spanning 376 discrete areas. The largest continuous hadal habitats were the Kermadec and Tonga trenches at 145,103 and 111,951 km2 respectively, whereas features such as the Java Trench comprise two hadal components partitioned by a bathymetric high. Conversely, no physical barrier exists between the New Britain and Bougainville trenches thus any literature pertaining to hadal species or habitats from these trenches can be merged. This study highlights that the hadal zone mainly comprises two main geomorphological features (trenches and basins) that differ in size, depth and complexity. Hadal basins cover vast, generally shallower areas, comparable to abyssal plains, whereas trenches, despite a lesser footprint, represent greater depth ranges and complexity. As such, sampling designs and interpretation of ecological data must differ and hadal basins likely play an increasingly important role in understanding ecological shifts from abyssal to hadal ecosystems.

深海浅滩区(水深 6000 米以上)与上覆的较浅海洋区域(深海浅滩区和深海平原区)不同,它不是从大陆架到深海平原的连续区域,而是全球范围内局限于地貌特征的一系列离散的深海栖息地。从生态学角度看,深海鳕群落往往是个别或邻近地貌的特有群落,并被地貌结构分割和隔离。为了研究岩盐动物栖息地的大小、形状、深度和隔离程度,本研究利用全球水深测量数据集探索了西南太平洋和东印度洋的广阔海底地貌,以及明显分隔的岩盐区域。研究显示,哈德深度所占面积为 716,915 平方公里,其中海沟占 58%,盆地和海槽占 37%,断裂带占 5%。面积最大、深度达 6000 米的地貌是沃顿盆地,面积为 218,030 平方公里,横跨 376 个不连续区域。最大的连续哈达栖息地是克马代克海沟和汤加海沟,面积分别为 145,103 平方公里和 111,951 平方公里,而爪哇海沟等地貌则由两个哈达部分组成,被一个测深高地分割开来。相反,新不列颠海沟和布干维尔海沟之间不存在任何物理障碍,因此可以合并这些海沟中有关哈达尔物种或栖息地的任何文献。这项研究强调,哈达尔区主要包括两个主要的地貌特征(海沟和盆地),它们在大小、深度和复杂程度上各不相同。哈达尔盆地面积广阔,一般较浅,可与深海平原相媲美,而海沟尽管面积较小,但深度范围更大,复杂程度更高。因此,取样设计和生态数据的解释必须有所不同,在了解从深海生态系统到海沟生态系统的生态转变过程中,海沟盆地可能会发挥越来越重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for off-ridge thermal interaction along the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges and its tectonic significance 卡尔斯伯格海脊和印度中部海脊沿线海脊外热相互作用的证据及其构造意义
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09547-2
K. S. Sreenidhi, K. M. Sreejith, M. Radhakrishna

Seafloor spreading along the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges has steered the tectonic evolution of the western Indian Ocean. These spreading ridges display variations in spreading rate, segmentation, and morphological characteristics, providing clues to the long-term evolution of the oceanic lithosphere in this region. To assess the influence of two notable off-axis thermal sources, the Réunion plume and the Indian Ocean Diffuse Boundary Zone, on factors such as rigidity and seafloor subsidence along these ridges, we computed the effective elastic thickness (Te), residual geoid-age slopes, and residual depth anomalies (RDA) of the region using gravity and geoid data. The results reveal a weaker lithosphere at the northern Central Indian Ridge (Te: ~ 8.5–8.9 km) compared to the neighboring segments of the southern Central Indian Ridge (Te: ~ 10.5–12.7 km) and the Carlsberg Ridge (Te: ~ 10.5–14.7 km). Residual geoid and RDA variations suggest asymmetric seafloor spreading and subsidence along the entire ridge system. The asymmetric subsidence across the Central Indian Ridge is largely due to upper mantle contamination from the Réunion plume, while across the Carlsberg Ridge, it may be linked to its complex tectonic history. The rigidity and seafloor spreading patterns along the northern Central Indian Ridge are notably affected by thermal perturbations from the regional heat flow anomaly of the ongoing diffuse deformation zone. Moreover, the Te and segmentation patterns roughly correlate along the ridge system, suggesting a causal relationship between the two or the presence of underlying factors such as regional thermal structure influencing both.

沿着卡尔斯伯格海脊和中印度洋脊的海底扩张引导了西印度洋的构造演化。这些扩张海脊在扩张速度、分段和形态特征方面显示出差异,为该地区海洋岩石圈的长期演化提供了线索。为了评估留尼汪羽流和印度洋扩散边界区这两个显著的离轴热源对这些海脊的刚性和海底沉降等因素的影响,我们利用重力和大地水准面数据计算了该地区的有效弹性厚度(Te)、残余大地水准面-年龄斜率和残余深度异常(RDA)。结果显示,与邻近的印度洋中脊南部(Te:约 10.5-12.7 km)和卡尔斯伯格海脊(Te:约 10.5-14.7 km)相比,印度洋中脊北部(Te:约 8.5-8.9 km)的岩石圈较薄弱。残余大地水准面和 RDA 变化表明,整个海脊系统的海底扩张和下沉是不对称的。印度洋中部海脊的非对称沉降主要是由于留尼汪羽流造成的上地幔污染,而卡尔斯伯格海脊的非对称沉降则可能与其复杂的构造历史有关。中印度洋脊北部的刚性和海底扩张模式明显受到正在发生的弥漫变形区的区域热流异常的热扰动影响。此外,海脊系统沿线的 Te 和分段模式大致相关,这表明两者之间存在因果关系,或存在影响两者的区域热结构等潜在因素。
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引用次数: 0
Parallel desires: unifying local and semantic feature representations in marine species images for classification 并行欲望:统一海洋物种图像中的局部和语义特征表征以进行分类
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09551-6
Dhana Lakshmi Manikandan, Sakthivel Murugan Santhanam

Accurate identification of marine species is essential for ecological monitoring, habitat assessment, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable resource management. To address the challenges associated with diverse and complex marine environments, the paper proposes a integrated model that combines the strengths of a Vision Transformer (ViT) and Transfer Learning (TL). The paper introduces a novel methodology for the classification of marine species images by integrating the capabilities of a Amended Dual Attention oN Self-locale and External (ADANSE) Vision Transformer and a DenseNet-169 Transfer Learning model. The ADANSE-ViT, serving as the foundational architecture, excels in capturing long-range dependencies and intricate patterns in large-scale images, forming a robust basis for subsequent classification tasks. On Fine-tuning further, it customizes the model for marine species images. Additionally, we utilize transfer learning with the DenseNet-169 architecture, pre-trained on a comprehensive dataset, to extract relevant features and enhance classification effectiveness specifically for marine species. This synergistic combination enables a comprehensive analysis of both local and semantic features in species images, leading to accurate classification results. Experimental evaluations conducted on self-collected and benchmark datasets showcase the efficacy of our approach, surpassing existing fish classifiers and TL variants in terms of classification accuracy. Our integrated model achieves an impressive accuracy of 96.21% for the self-collected dataset and 95.09% for the benchmarked dataset.

准确识别海洋物种对于生态监测、栖息地评估、生物多样性保护和可持续资源管理至关重要。为了应对复杂多样的海洋环境所带来的挑战,本文提出了一种结合视觉转换器(ViT)和迁移学习(TL)优势的综合模型。本文介绍了一种新颖的海洋物种图像分类方法,它整合了 "自我定位与外部双重关注(ADANSE)视觉转换器 "和 "DenseNet-169 转移学习模型 "的功能。作为基础架构的 ADANSE-ViT 擅长捕捉大规模图像中的长距离依赖关系和复杂模式,为后续分类任务奠定了坚实的基础。在进一步微调时,它为海洋物种图像定制了模型。此外,我们还利用在综合数据集上预先训练过的 DenseNet-169 体系结构进行迁移学习,以提取相关特征并提高专门针对海洋物种的分类效果。这种协同组合能够全面分析物种图像中的局部特征和语义特征,从而获得准确的分类结果。在自采数据集和基准数据集上进行的实验评估表明,我们的方法非常有效,在分类准确率方面超过了现有的鱼类分类器和 TL 变体。我们的集成模型在自收集数据集和基准数据集上分别达到了 96.21% 和 95.09% 的准确率,令人印象深刻。
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引用次数: 0
Seismo-stratigraphic and morpho-bathymetric analysis revealing recent fluid-rising phenomena on the Adventure Plateau (northwestern Sicily Channel) 揭示冒险高原(西西里海峡西北部)近期流体上升现象的地震地层和形态-测深分析
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09549-0
Mariagiada Maiorana, Daniele Spatola, Simona Todaro, Francesco Caldareri, Fabrizio Parente, Alessandro Severini, Attilio Sulli

The northwestern region of the Sicily Channel hosts a great number of morphological highs, the widest of which is the Adventure Plateau that is part of the Sicilian Maghrebian Fold and Thrust Belt system, formed since the Neogene. The Adventure Plateau was shaped in the Early Pliocene by an extensional phase that produced high-angle normal faults mostly WNW-ESE to N-S oriented. Through these faults, magmatic fluids ascended and produced widespread volcanic manifestations often associated to fluid flow processes. The interpretation of multibeam echosounder, seismic reflection (sparker, airgun) and well-log data allow us to identify several features related to the presence of fluids in the study area. The morpho-structural analysis showed a NW–SE oriented fault system and a string of pockmarks that follow the same trend. A detailed well-log analysis confirmed the presence of oil traces, at a depth of ~ 250 m, and gas (i.e., CO2) at a depth of ~ 450 m. The seismo-stratigraphic analysis highlighted seismic signals located below the pockmarks, (e.g. seismic chimneys, bright spots) which suggest the presence of fluids that would rise to a few meters’ depth. Based on the observations, two sources and two corresponding rising mechanisms have been identified. Morphometric analysis of pockmarks has been performed to delineate their possible interaction with the bottom currents. A fluids pathway model has been reconstructed, revealing the source of fluids emissions at depth in the Adventure Plateau, and providing new insights into the identification of fluid leakage pathways.

西西里海峡西北部地区拥有大量形态高地,其中最宽的是冒险高原,它是新近纪以来形成的西西里马格里布褶皱和推力带系统的一部分。冒险高原是在早上新世的一个延伸阶段形成的,该阶段产生了高角度的正断层,主要呈西-西-北-南走向。通过这些断层,岩浆流体上升并产生了广泛的火山现象,这些现象通常与流体流动过程有关。通过对多波束回声测深仪、地震反射(火花、气枪)和井录数据的解释,我们确定了与研究区域流体存在有关的几个特征。形态结构分析显示了一个西北-东南走向的断层系统和一连串顺着同一趋势的麻点。详细的油井记录分析证实,在大约 250 米深处存在石油痕迹,在大约 450 米深处存在天然气(即二氧化碳)。地震地层分析突出显示了位于麻子下方的地震信号(如地震烟囱、亮点),这表明存在会上升到几米深处的流体。根据观测结果,确定了两个来源和两个相应的上升机制。对麻点进行了形态分析,以确定它们可能与底流的相互作用。重建了一个流体路径模型,揭示了冒险高原深处的流体排放源,并为确定流体泄漏路径提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Shear strength characteristics of marine sediments: the influences of lithofacies and sedimentological environment 海洋沉积物的剪切强度特征:岩相和沉积环境的影响
IF 1.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11001-024-09545-4
Abdullah Ali Ali Hussein, Luanxiao Zhao, Abd Al-Salam A. Al-Masgari, Handoyo Handoyo

The undrained shear strength of marine sediment is of vital importance because of its critical role in seafloor slope stability, seafloor infrastructure, and influencing sediment dynamics that can lead to underwater landslides. Therefore, understanding the undrained shear strength of marine sediments and its influencing factors is a fundamental requirement for both offshore engineering and geoscience studies. Core data obtained from 198 sites across 46 legs of the Ocean Drilling Program/International Ocean Discovery Program (ODP/IODP) were used to analyze the undrained shear strength of marine sediments and their influencing factors. The undrained shear strength of marine sediments is significantly influenced by the depositional environment. Sediments deposited in active continental margins exhibit a higher undrained shear strength than those deposited in deep-sea and carbonate platform environments due to seismic strengthening and over-consolidation. It was found that fine-grained siliciclastic lithofacies with less than 50% carbonate content exhibited high variability and a rapid increase in the undrained shear strength with depth. In contrast, fine-grained carbonate lithofacies with more than 50% carbonate, as well as reef-facies carbonates, showed low variability and only a gradual increase in undrained shear strength with depth. Additionally, we showed a positive association between the undrained shear strength and physical characteristics including bulk density and P-wave velocity, as well as an inverse correlation with porosity. An exponential relationship was found between these physical properties and the undrained shear strength, with coefficients of determination (R²) values of 0.71, 0.74, and 0.69, respectively.

海洋沉积物的不排水剪切强度至关重要,因为它对海底斜坡稳定性、海底基础设施以及可能导致水下滑坡的沉积物动力学具有关键作用。因此,了解海洋沉积物的排水剪切强度及其影响因素是近海工程和地球科学研究的基本要求。本文利用大洋钻探计划/国际大洋发现计划(ODP/IODP)46 个航段 198 个站点的岩心数据,分析了海洋沉积物的不排水剪切强度及其影响因素。海洋沉积物的不排水剪切强度受沉积环境的影响很大。由于地震强化和过度固结作用,沉积在活动大陆边缘的沉积物比沉积在深海和碳酸盐平台环境中的沉积物具有更高的不排水剪切强度。研究发现,碳酸盐含量小于 50%的细粒硅质岩相表现出很高的变化性,并且随着深度的增加,不排水剪切强度也迅速增加。相比之下,碳酸盐含量超过 50%的细粒碳酸盐岩基以及礁岩基碳酸盐岩基则表现出较低的变异性,并且随着深度的增加,不排水剪切强度仅逐渐增加。此外,我们还发现,不排水剪切强度与物理特征(包括体积密度和 P 波速度)呈正相关,与孔隙度呈反相关。这些物理特性与排水抗剪强度之间呈指数关系,决定系数(R²)分别为 0.71、0.74 和 0.69。
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引用次数: 0
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Marine Geophysical Research
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