Direct methanol fuel cells can utilize a liquid methanol fuel directly, without the need for prior reformation. This ability is highly advantageous when compared with other fuel cell technologies, which require pure hydrogen as a fuel source. An investigation was carried out to try and optimize the anode platinum loading using both Pt-NiTiO3 and Pt-Ru based electrocatalysts by determining a point of diminishing performance returns. The results showed continued performance improvement as anode platinum loading increased for the Pt-NiTiO3 catalyst, likely as a result of the methanol oxidation capabilities of NiTiO3. Whereas, for Pt-Ru based catalysts, an optimum point was found at 0.66 mgPt cm-2.
{"title":"An investigation into the effect of anode platinum loading on Direct Methanol Fuel Cell performance","authors":"Karthikeyan Palaniswamy","doi":"10.37256/mp.3220245105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37256/mp.3220245105","url":null,"abstract":"Direct methanol fuel cells can utilize a liquid methanol fuel directly, without the need for prior reformation. This ability is highly advantageous when compared with other fuel cell technologies, which require pure hydrogen as a fuel source. An investigation was carried out to try and optimize the anode platinum loading using both Pt-NiTiO3 and Pt-Ru based electrocatalysts by determining a point of diminishing performance returns. The results showed continued performance improvement as anode platinum loading increased for the Pt-NiTiO3 catalyst, likely as a result of the methanol oxidation capabilities of NiTiO3. Whereas, for Pt-Ru based catalysts, an optimum point was found at 0.66 mgPt cm-2.","PeriodicalId":499568,"journal":{"name":"Materials Plus","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of carboxylate on the particle size of CaCO3 derived from scallop shells was investigated. Shell was dissolved in HCl solution and used as a raw material for CaCO3 particles. As the carboxylate additives, tartrate, oxalate, phthalate, and citrate were employed. The average diameter of particles, Da, was found to be a function of the molar ratio of COO–/CO32–. In the case of adding tartrate and phthalate, Da was varied as having a local minimum value at the molar ratio of 1-5. In the case of adding oxalate and citrate, Da was varied as reaching the minimum value at the molar ratio of 1-2. These sizes were about 0.1-0.25 times smaller than those without adding (21 m). The characterization of the particles was conducted by SEM images and X-ray diffraction patterns. Particles were found to have a crystal structure of calcite, however, in the case of tartrate and phthalate, calcium tartrate tetrahydrate and vaterite were found.
研究了羧酸盐对从扇贝壳中提取的 CaCO3 颗粒大小的影响。扇贝壳溶解在盐酸溶液中，用作 CaCO3 颗粒的原料。作为羧酸盐添加剂，使用了酒石酸盐、草酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐和柠檬酸盐。研究发现，颗粒的平均直径 Da 是 COO-/CO32- 摩尔比的函数。在添加酒石酸盐和邻苯二甲酸盐的情况下，Da 在摩尔比为 1-5 时变化为局部最小值。在添加草酸盐和柠檬酸盐的情况下，Da 在摩尔比为 1-2 时达到最小值。这些粒度比不添加的粒度（21 m）小约 0.1-0.25 倍。通过扫描电镜图像和 X 射线衍射图样对颗粒进行了表征。发现颗粒具有方解石晶体结构，但在酒石酸盐和邻苯二甲酸盐中发现了四水酒石酸钙和钒酸盐。
{"title":"Effect of carboxylate additives on CaCO3 particle size by precipitation method using scallop shell","authors":"Hideo Maruyama, Shiro Takahashi","doi":"10.37256/mp.3220244913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37256/mp.3220244913","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of carboxylate on the particle size of CaCO3 derived from scallop shells was investigated. Shell was dissolved in HCl solution and used as a raw material for CaCO3 particles. As the carboxylate additives, tartrate, oxalate, phthalate, and citrate were employed. The average diameter of particles, Da, was found to be a function of the molar ratio of COO–/CO32–. In the case of adding tartrate and phthalate, Da was varied as having a local minimum value at the molar ratio of 1-5. In the case of adding oxalate and citrate, Da was varied as reaching the minimum value at the molar ratio of 1-2. These sizes were about 0.1-0.25 times smaller than those without adding (21 m). The characterization of the particles was conducted by SEM images and X-ray diffraction patterns. Particles were found to have a crystal structure of calcite, however, in the case of tartrate and phthalate, calcium tartrate tetrahydrate and vaterite were found.","PeriodicalId":499568,"journal":{"name":"Materials Plus","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141805116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minyoung Suh, Yining Chen, Jung Hyun Park, Emiel DenHartog
Since the behaviors of human breasts are rubberlike, current research explores elastic properties of human breasts. The elastic behavior of breasts is observed through force-displacement measurements in a laboratory setting and characterized through tensile and shear moduli considering individual breast geometries. The breast geometry was analyzed based on specific dimensions, such as cross-sectional areas and lengths in different orientations. The average tensile and shear moduli are estimated to be 5.04 and 0.96 kN/m2, respectively, while both vary from individual to individual in wide ranges. The research approach is highly exploratory and examines apparent elastic properties, but the findings make it possible to quantify elastic capability of live human breasts as a whole and compare them with other soft materials. The conclusion suggests that the shear modulus might be more appropriate to characterize the elasticity of human breasts in terms of developing sportswear.
{"title":"Exploratory study about apparent elastic properties of human breast","authors":"Minyoung Suh, Yining Chen, Jung Hyun Park, Emiel DenHartog","doi":"10.37256/mp.3220244786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37256/mp.3220244786","url":null,"abstract":"Since the behaviors of human breasts are rubberlike, current research explores elastic properties of human breasts. The elastic behavior of breasts is observed through force-displacement measurements in a laboratory setting and characterized through tensile and shear moduli considering individual breast geometries. The breast geometry was analyzed based on specific dimensions, such as cross-sectional areas and lengths in different orientations. The average tensile and shear moduli are estimated to be 5.04 and 0.96 kN/m2, respectively, while both vary from individual to individual in wide ranges. The research approach is highly exploratory and examines apparent elastic properties, but the findings make it possible to quantify elastic capability of live human breasts as a whole and compare them with other soft materials. The conclusion suggests that the shear modulus might be more appropriate to characterize the elasticity of human breasts in terms of developing sportswear.","PeriodicalId":499568,"journal":{"name":"Materials Plus","volume":"53 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal-supported graphene nanocomposites with single atoms or small clusters are of interest for various catalytic processes, including applications in batteries, fuel cells, water electrolysis, and chemical synthesis. Typically, graphene oxide is reduced in the presence of metal salts to produce metal-graphene nanocomposites. However, graphene itself has reductive properties and can react with metal ions in higher oxidation states in a suitable solvent. While direct reactions (dip and coat or wet coating) with metal salts have been described several times, less is known about the kinetics. This study investigates the reaction of suspended graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in aerated water with the chlorocomplexes of gold(III), iridium(IV), platinum(IV), and palladium(II) to form nanocomposites covered with single atoms and small clusters. The maximum metal loading ranges from 3.3 mass% for palladium to 44 mass% for gold, increasing with redox potential. At high redox potentials, such as those of Ir(IV) and Au(III), the reactions follow pseudo-first order kinetics. In contrast, at lower potentials, such as those of Pt(IV) and Pd(II), the reaction adhere to pseudo-second order. This data enable kinetically controlled metal coating of the GNP. In contrast to the use of a reducing agent, gold, platinum, and palladium are present on the GNP in different oxidation states, which can be specifically modified, as shown for platinum-coated GNP. Iridium(IV) has been deposited as anhydrous and hydrated iridium(IV) oxide. The nanocomposites have great potential as single-atom catalysts. The described process can be transferred to other transition metals and is sustainable because the reaction media can be recycled.
{"title":"Kinetics and Products of the Reaction of Graphene Nanoplatelets with Noble Metal Ions to Nanocomposites with Single Atoms and Clusters","authors":"Norbert Konradt","doi":"10.37256/mp.3220244863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37256/mp.3220244863","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-supported graphene nanocomposites with single atoms or small clusters are of interest for various catalytic processes, including applications in batteries, fuel cells, water electrolysis, and chemical synthesis. Typically, graphene oxide is reduced in the presence of metal salts to produce metal-graphene nanocomposites. However, graphene itself has reductive properties and can react with metal ions in higher oxidation states in a suitable solvent. While direct reactions (dip and coat or wet coating) with metal salts have been described several times, less is known about the kinetics. This study investigates the reaction of suspended graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in aerated water with the chlorocomplexes of gold(III), iridium(IV), platinum(IV), and palladium(II) to form nanocomposites covered with single atoms and small clusters. The maximum metal loading ranges from 3.3 mass% for palladium to 44 mass% for gold, increasing with redox potential. At high redox potentials, such as those of Ir(IV) and Au(III), the reactions follow pseudo-first order kinetics. In contrast, at lower potentials, such as those of Pt(IV) and Pd(II), the reaction adhere to pseudo-second order. This data enable kinetically controlled metal coating of the GNP. In contrast to the use of a reducing agent, gold, platinum, and palladium are present on the GNP in different oxidation states, which can be specifically modified, as shown for platinum-coated GNP. Iridium(IV) has been deposited as anhydrous and hydrated iridium(IV) oxide. The nanocomposites have great potential as single-atom catalysts. The described process can be transferred to other transition metals and is sustainable because the reaction media can be recycled.","PeriodicalId":499568,"journal":{"name":"Materials Plus","volume":"19 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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