Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.15407/econindustry2023.03.064
Iryna Pidorycheva
The importance of supporting and promoting entrepreneurship development is due to its positive impact on economic growth, innovation processes, and the population welfare, the ability to contribute to the solution of modern challenges. In Ukraine, the entrepreneurial sector – the totality of large, medium, small, and micro-enterprises that carry out entrepreneurial activities in the country – faces problems of premature deindustrialization, slowing down innovation processes and their consequences in the form of a structurally weak, resource-based economy, which are further exacerbated in wartime conditions, when the country suffers from huge destruction and losses. Solving these problems requires a deep economic restructuring – from raw materials to industrial-innovative economy – in which the entrepreneurial sector will play a key role. The article aims to assess sectoral maladjustments of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector related to the need for innovative transformation as a basis for economic restructuring in modern and post-war conditions. The assessment was performed based on a set of proposed scientific and methodological foundations using indicators reflecting the level of investment in innovation and proving the effectiveness of enterprises' innovative activities, as of the pre-war period, to further (if relevant statistical information is available) compare the obtained estimates with the structural characteristics of the entrepreneurial sector during the war and post-war periods. It has been established that there are sectoral maladjustments linked to enterprises' economic opportunities in the technological sectors of the manufacturing and high-tech knowledge-intensive services, when it comes to implementing innovative transformation. Sectoral maladjustments in the levels of technological intensity of the sold innovative products in the entrepreneurial sector have been identified. It has been revealed that there are sectoral maladjustments in the levels of the entrepreneurial sector innovative effectiveness by types of economic activities (TEA), which vary significantly by industries depending on their specifics, economic status and other conditions. A grouping of TEA according to the level of innovative effectiveness (IE) has been made. It has been revealed that most of them belong to the group with a low level of IE, which indicates the unbalanced investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial sectors of Ukraine, innovatively developed countries, and peer countries in terms of indicators characterizing the state of technology-intensive industries development showed that the national economy lags behind both groups of countries and the need for its restructuring in the direction of increasing the share of gross value added of the manufacturing of high-technology and medium-high-technology industries. This research forms a scientific basis for substantiati
{"title":"Estimation of sectoral maladjustments linked to the need for innovative transformation of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector","authors":"Iryna Pidorycheva","doi":"10.15407/econindustry2023.03.064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2023.03.064","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of supporting and promoting entrepreneurship development is due to its positive impact on economic growth, innovation processes, and the population welfare, the ability to contribute to the solution of modern challenges. In Ukraine, the entrepreneurial sector – the totality of large, medium, small, and micro-enterprises that carry out entrepreneurial activities in the country – faces problems of premature deindustrialization, slowing down innovation processes and their consequences in the form of a structurally weak, resource-based economy, which are further exacerbated in wartime conditions, when the country suffers from huge destruction and losses. Solving these problems requires a deep economic restructuring – from raw materials to industrial-innovative economy – in which the entrepreneurial sector will play a key role. The article aims to assess sectoral maladjustments of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector related to the need for innovative transformation as a basis for economic restructuring in modern and post-war conditions. The assessment was performed based on a set of proposed scientific and methodological foundations using indicators reflecting the level of investment in innovation and proving the effectiveness of enterprises' innovative activities, as of the pre-war period, to further (if relevant statistical information is available) compare the obtained estimates with the structural characteristics of the entrepreneurial sector during the war and post-war periods. It has been established that there are sectoral maladjustments linked to enterprises' economic opportunities in the technological sectors of the manufacturing and high-tech knowledge-intensive services, when it comes to implementing innovative transformation. Sectoral maladjustments in the levels of technological intensity of the sold innovative products in the entrepreneurial sector have been identified. It has been revealed that there are sectoral maladjustments in the levels of the entrepreneurial sector innovative effectiveness by types of economic activities (TEA), which vary significantly by industries depending on their specifics, economic status and other conditions. A grouping of TEA according to the level of innovative effectiveness (IE) has been made. It has been revealed that most of them belong to the group with a low level of IE, which indicates the unbalanced investment and innovation development of the Ukrainian entrepreneurial sector. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial sectors of Ukraine, innovatively developed countries, and peer countries in terms of indicators characterizing the state of technology-intensive industries development showed that the national economy lags behind both groups of countries and the need for its restructuring in the direction of increasing the share of gross value added of the manufacturing of high-technology and medium-high-technology industries. This research forms a scientific basis for substantiati","PeriodicalId":500512,"journal":{"name":"Economy of Industry","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136027364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.15407/econindustry2023.03.047
Оksana Garkushenko
For more than 50 years, issues of the environmental protection and pollution prevention have attracted an attention of the general public, scientists and governmental bodies. These concerns has especially increased due to the reduction in supplies and the increase in prices for natural gas and oil on a global scale, as well as the fact that the energy sector generates significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions. With this in mind, environmental regulation is gaining more and more relevance. Environmental taxes are one of the tools for its implementation. The expansion of environmental taxes around the world took place in conditions of their active support by scientists, activists of the environmental protection movement, representatives of business and government agencies. However, if previously publications highlighted the positive side of these economic instruments of environmental regulation (incentives for polluters to reduce the level of environmental pollution, the formation of revenues for budgets that can be used to finance environmental and social programs), then in the last 3-5 years, there began to appear separate scientific publications, in which the effectiveness of environmental taxes as a mean of regulation the state of the environment is questioned. The objective of this paper is to define factors and features of the environmental taxes’ application that reduce their effectiveness as a tool for environmental regulation of the economy. As a result of the analysis of the environmental taxes’ revenues dynamics, peculiarities of their application in some countries of the world, and the dynamics of pollutants’ emissions, it was once again confirmed that environmental taxes alone cannot solve all environmental problems. They should be supplemented with other tools and approaches of environmental regulation. In addition, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of environmental taxes by removing those rebates, exemptions and subsidies from the national tax systems that have a negative impact on the environment and by indexing environmental taxes’ rates in accordance with inflation rates. Ideally, it is also advisable to harmonize environmental taxes’ rates on a global scale. But at the moment, this is unlikely to happen even in the medium run. Implementation of these recommendations in practice will allow not only to reduce the level of environmental pollution, but also to obtain additional funds for the carrying-out environmental protection and social programs, for example – in the field of energy conservation, which should reduce the dependence of countries on fuel imports.
{"title":"Environmental taxes in the context of contemporary challenges","authors":"Оksana Garkushenko","doi":"10.15407/econindustry2023.03.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2023.03.047","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 50 years, issues of the environmental protection and pollution prevention have attracted an attention of the general public, scientists and governmental bodies. These concerns has especially increased due to the reduction in supplies and the increase in prices for natural gas and oil on a global scale, as well as the fact that the energy sector generates significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions. With this in mind, environmental regulation is gaining more and more relevance. Environmental taxes are one of the tools for its implementation. The expansion of environmental taxes around the world took place in conditions of their active support by scientists, activists of the environmental protection movement, representatives of business and government agencies. However, if previously publications highlighted the positive side of these economic instruments of environmental regulation (incentives for polluters to reduce the level of environmental pollution, the formation of revenues for budgets that can be used to finance environmental and social programs), then in the last 3-5 years, there began to appear separate scientific publications, in which the effectiveness of environmental taxes as a mean of regulation the state of the environment is questioned. The objective of this paper is to define factors and features of the environmental taxes’ application that reduce their effectiveness as a tool for environmental regulation of the economy. As a result of the analysis of the environmental taxes’ revenues dynamics, peculiarities of their application in some countries of the world, and the dynamics of pollutants’ emissions, it was once again confirmed that environmental taxes alone cannot solve all environmental problems. They should be supplemented with other tools and approaches of environmental regulation. In addition, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of environmental taxes by removing those rebates, exemptions and subsidies from the national tax systems that have a negative impact on the environment and by indexing environmental taxes’ rates in accordance with inflation rates. Ideally, it is also advisable to harmonize environmental taxes’ rates on a global scale. But at the moment, this is unlikely to happen even in the medium run. Implementation of these recommendations in practice will allow not only to reduce the level of environmental pollution, but also to obtain additional funds for the carrying-out environmental protection and social programs, for example – in the field of energy conservation, which should reduce the dependence of countries on fuel imports.","PeriodicalId":500512,"journal":{"name":"Economy of Industry","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136027366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.15407/econindustry2023.03.028
Мyroslava Soldak
Deindustrialization of regions, especially traditional industrial ones, caused by the destruction of enterprises, infrastructure facilities, relocation of businesses to safer regions of the country significantly reduces the economic potential, creating obstacles to ensuring a decent standard of living in wartime and post-war recovery. New challenges and threats form the demand for finding ways to ensure a resilient economy, which in a broad sense means the system's ability to cope with adverse shocks and recover from them. Within the framework of evolutionary economic geography, it is emphasized the need, along with traditional innovative actors, such as firms, research organizations, and state bodies, to distinguish new participants in innovative activity, in particular – citizens, who are able to play a significant role in the development, application, and scaling of innovative solutions of local problems. The article proposes to pay attention to capabilities of the modern «Do-it-yourself» activity format – DIY 4.0 or Third Wave DIY – as a potential for ensuring the economic resilience of the regions of Ukraine. DIY 4.0/Third Wave DIY relies on the functionality of the interactive and social Internet Web 2.0, digital design and additive manufacturing, which allows common people to invent, design, produce and sell the goods they create. The new advantages significantly expand opportunities of regional actors for prosumption, innovation and entrepreneurship, which are important components of the recovery of economic activity, the development of human capital and the growth of the economy based on the internal potential of the territories. The author identified the directions of stimulation of the DIY culture among population by local authorities and expressed an opinion about possible complications in the practical implementation of the proposed approach, primarily due to the lack of functional literacy of population, problems with access to equipment and resources for financing DIY activities. It is proposed to consider the expediency of including projects to create conditions for the development of DIY culture in the post-war reconstruction programs of regions, which does not exclude widespread support for this movement at the state level. The abovementioned may be related to further research.
{"title":"Employment of DIY potential to ensure the economic resilience of the regions of Ukraine","authors":"Мyroslava Soldak","doi":"10.15407/econindustry2023.03.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2023.03.028","url":null,"abstract":"Deindustrialization of regions, especially traditional industrial ones, caused by the destruction of enterprises, infrastructure facilities, relocation of businesses to safer regions of the country significantly reduces the economic potential, creating obstacles to ensuring a decent standard of living in wartime and post-war recovery. New challenges and threats form the demand for finding ways to ensure a resilient economy, which in a broad sense means the system's ability to cope with adverse shocks and recover from them. Within the framework of evolutionary economic geography, it is emphasized the need, along with traditional innovative actors, such as firms, research organizations, and state bodies, to distinguish new participants in innovative activity, in particular – citizens, who are able to play a significant role in the development, application, and scaling of innovative solutions of local problems. The article proposes to pay attention to capabilities of the modern «Do-it-yourself» activity format – DIY 4.0 or Third Wave DIY – as a potential for ensuring the economic resilience of the regions of Ukraine. DIY 4.0/Third Wave DIY relies on the functionality of the interactive and social Internet Web 2.0, digital design and additive manufacturing, which allows common people to invent, design, produce and sell the goods they create. The new advantages significantly expand opportunities of regional actors for prosumption, innovation and entrepreneurship, which are important components of the recovery of economic activity, the development of human capital and the growth of the economy based on the internal potential of the territories. The author identified the directions of stimulation of the DIY culture among population by local authorities and expressed an opinion about possible complications in the practical implementation of the proposed approach, primarily due to the lack of functional literacy of population, problems with access to equipment and resources for financing DIY activities. It is proposed to consider the expediency of including projects to create conditions for the development of DIY culture in the post-war reconstruction programs of regions, which does not exclude widespread support for this movement at the state level. The abovementioned may be related to further research.","PeriodicalId":500512,"journal":{"name":"Economy of Industry","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136027362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.15407/econindustry2023.03.005
Oleksandr Vyshnevskyi
The accelerated development of smart manufacturing is taking place all over the world, but the definition of the theoretical foundations of its stimulation, as well as the unequivocal understanding of "smart manufacturing" concept still has an untapped research potential. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical foundations of stimulating the development of smart manufacturing in Ukraine based on local protectionism. The systematization and arrangement of concepts related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) allows not only to clarify the concept of "smart manufacturing", but also to distinguish the concepts of "smart production", "smart maintenance", "smart manufacturing” and define the place of the latter in the system of interconnected concepts. Smart manufacturing is a part of smart production that concerns the production of tangible goods through the use of Industry 4.0 technologies embodied in smart services. Based on the definition and role of smart manufacturing, it becomes clear that smart manufacturing cannot exist without “ordinary” manufacturing, as well as conceptual directions for stimulating the development of smart manufacturing are distinguished, relating to: (1) sphere of smart services, generated by Industry 4.0 technologies; (2) sphere of smart production; (3) sphere of smart distribution; (4) sphere of smart exchange; (5) sphere of smart consumption; (6) sphere of production of smart products by smart manufacturing; (7) sphere of production of smart products by "ordinary" manufacturing; (8) sphere of production of "ordinary" products by smart manufacturing; (9) sphere of production of "ordinary" products by "ordinary" manufacturing. Given the reduction of national manufacturing in Ukraine, the development of services to ensure the smartization of manufacturing actually insures the smartization of foreign manufacturing that produces goods that are then imported into Ukraine. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate the development of smart manufacturing in several directions at the same time: (1) stimulation of the manufacturing as a whole; (2) stimulating the development of smart services and tools for smartization of manufacturing; (3) stimulating the introduction of smart services in manufacturing; (4) stimulation of demand for products produced by the domestic smart manufacturing. There are two centers of smartization of manufacturing in Ukraine: (1) traditional manufacturing, as it invests in its own smartization; (2) a small business that creates smart services. The state, which in recent years has turned into an important player in the field of IT services, currently is not working purposefully on the smartization of manufacturing. In Ukraine there is also a contradiction between the need to harmonize the domestic economy with the EU market and the arrangement of favorable conditions for the development of smart manufacturing. This contradiction has the potential to be resolved
{"title":"Smart manufacturing: definition and theory of stimulating development based on local protectionism","authors":"Oleksandr Vyshnevskyi","doi":"10.15407/econindustry2023.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2023.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"The accelerated development of smart manufacturing is taking place all over the world, but the definition of the theoretical foundations of its stimulation, as well as the unequivocal understanding of \"smart manufacturing\" concept still has an untapped research potential. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical foundations of stimulating the development of smart manufacturing in Ukraine based on local protectionism. The systematization and arrangement of concepts related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) allows not only to clarify the concept of \"smart manufacturing\", but also to distinguish the concepts of \"smart production\", \"smart maintenance\", \"smart manufacturing” and define the place of the latter in the system of interconnected concepts. Smart manufacturing is a part of smart production that concerns the production of tangible goods through the use of Industry 4.0 technologies embodied in smart services. Based on the definition and role of smart manufacturing, it becomes clear that smart manufacturing cannot exist without “ordinary” manufacturing, as well as conceptual directions for stimulating the development of smart manufacturing are distinguished, relating to: (1) sphere of smart services, generated by Industry 4.0 technologies; (2) sphere of smart production; (3) sphere of smart distribution; (4) sphere of smart exchange; (5) sphere of smart consumption; (6) sphere of production of smart products by smart manufacturing; (7) sphere of production of smart products by \"ordinary\" manufacturing; (8) sphere of production of \"ordinary\" products by smart manufacturing; (9) sphere of production of \"ordinary\" products by \"ordinary\" manufacturing. Given the reduction of national manufacturing in Ukraine, the development of services to ensure the smartization of manufacturing actually insures the smartization of foreign manufacturing that produces goods that are then imported into Ukraine. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate the development of smart manufacturing in several directions at the same time: (1) stimulation of the manufacturing as a whole; (2) stimulating the development of smart services and tools for smartization of manufacturing; (3) stimulating the introduction of smart services in manufacturing; (4) stimulation of demand for products produced by the domestic smart manufacturing. There are two centers of smartization of manufacturing in Ukraine: (1) traditional manufacturing, as it invests in its own smartization; (2) a small business that creates smart services. The state, which in recent years has turned into an important player in the field of IT services, currently is not working purposefully on the smartization of manufacturing. In Ukraine there is also a contradiction between the need to harmonize the domestic economy with the EU market and the arrangement of favorable conditions for the development of smart manufacturing. This contradiction has the potential to be resolved ","PeriodicalId":500512,"journal":{"name":"Economy of Industry","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136027365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.15407/econindustry2023.03.092
Iryna Novak
The purpose of the article is to study the place and role of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel and to define main tasks and problems of their implementation in Ukraine. Research methods: dialectical, abstract-logical, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogy and comparisons, system, complex and content analysis. Approaches to the formation of modern industrial policy are analyzed, attention is focused on the main determinants of EU industrial policy - the creation of a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized businesses and equal opportunities in conditions of competition, which means the struggle to achieve better conditions of access to limited resources. The role of qualified personnel as the scarcest resource that determines the competitiveness of industry is shown. The problem of the shortage of qualified labor for industry in Ukraine is highlighted, the solution of which requires the creation of conditions for the development of competition and ensuring the training of professional personnel in accordance with the needs of industry, in particular – by modernizing occupational standards of industrial specialties. The place and importance of the implementation of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel, their relationship with the education system and the labor market, and main problems of implementation are defined. It has been proven that employers' decision to introduce occupational standards "affects" the most sensitive foundations of labor relations – employment (the employees’ compliance with the requirements for qualifications, education, etc.), remuneration of labor (rate fixing), conditions and safety of work. Conclusions were made about the need to develop the Methodology for the introduction of occupational standards, the existence of a wide field for the joint activity of social partners on the basis of ensuring the transparency of the transition to occupational standards for employees, the use of existing mechanisms of social dialogue for the participation of personnel, in particular – through the representation of trade unions, in the activities of the working group on the introduction of occupational standards.
{"title":"Industrial policy of Ukraine: implementation of occupational standards to ensure qualified personnel","authors":"Iryna Novak","doi":"10.15407/econindustry2023.03.092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2023.03.092","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to study the place and role of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel and to define main tasks and problems of their implementation in Ukraine. Research methods: dialectical, abstract-logical, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogy and comparisons, system, complex and content analysis. Approaches to the formation of modern industrial policy are analyzed, attention is focused on the main determinants of EU industrial policy - the creation of a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized businesses and equal opportunities in conditions of competition, which means the struggle to achieve better conditions of access to limited resources. The role of qualified personnel as the scarcest resource that determines the competitiveness of industry is shown. The problem of the shortage of qualified labor for industry in Ukraine is highlighted, the solution of which requires the creation of conditions for the development of competition and ensuring the training of professional personnel in accordance with the needs of industry, in particular – by modernizing occupational standards of industrial specialties. The place and importance of the implementation of occupational standards in providing industry with qualified personnel, their relationship with the education system and the labor market, and main problems of implementation are defined. It has been proven that employers' decision to introduce occupational standards \"affects\" the most sensitive foundations of labor relations – employment (the employees’ compliance with the requirements for qualifications, education, etc.), remuneration of labor (rate fixing), conditions and safety of work. Conclusions were made about the need to develop the Methodology for the introduction of occupational standards, the existence of a wide field for the joint activity of social partners on the basis of ensuring the transparency of the transition to occupational standards for employees, the use of existing mechanisms of social dialogue for the participation of personnel, in particular – through the representation of trade unions, in the activities of the working group on the introduction of occupational standards.","PeriodicalId":500512,"journal":{"name":"Economy of Industry","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136027363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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