Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.266695
Tanaporn Wangsanut, M. Pongpom
The fungus Talaromyces marneffei has been discovered and its pathogenicity to humans has been recognized for over sixty years. The advances in organism-wide studies and the development of genetic manipulation tools contribute greatly to our current understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Several classes of genes have been identified to be involved in stress response, morphogenesis, and virulence based on the characterization of the generated mutants. Here, we summarize the main techniques for T. marneffei genetic manipulation, including chemical mutagenesis, insertional mutagenesis, homologous recombination-mediated gene replacement, knockdown methods, and the recent popular CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Cas=CRISPR associated protein) technology. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique were determined from a historical perspective. We also describe potential strategies to improve the current genetics studies, such as the generation of new selection markers and genetically modified strains. The genetic approaches will continue to impact the studies of T. marneffei and can lead to the discovery of new diagnostic tools, drugs, and vaccines.
Talaromyces marneffei 真菌被发现并对人类具有致病性已有 60 多年的历史。全生物体研究的进展和基因操作工具的开发极大地促进了我们目前对宿主-病原体相互作用的了解。根据所产生突变体的特征，已经确定了几类基因参与应激反应、形态发生和毒力。在此，我们总结了 T. marneffei 基因操作的主要技术，包括化学诱变、插入诱变、同源重组介导的基因替换、基因敲除方法以及最近流行的 CRISPR-Cas9（Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Cas=CRISPR associated protein）技术。我们从历史的角度确定了每种技术的优缺点。我们还介绍了改进当前遗传学研究的潜在策略，如生成新的选择标记和转基因菌株。遗传学方法将继续影响对 T. marneffei 的研究，并可能导致新诊断工具、药物和疫苗的发现。
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.267191
S. Khanthawong, Peeranut Vongthanayodh, Supattra Pruanjarern, Apichaya Taengrom, Kanchana Usuwanthim, Pachuen Potup, Y. Thongsri
Background: Pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the fungus-like organism Pythium insidiosum. It causes disease in both animals and humans. Amphotericin B antifungal is less effective because it lacks ergosterol, a drug target in the cell membrane. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility test of P. insidiosum isolated from human pythiosis by disc diffusion method. Methods: The antimicrobial drug susceptibility test by disc diffusion method was tested against 10 clinical isolated strains of P. insidiosum. Antimicrobial drugs comprise of 8 antibiotics (chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, meropenem, oxacillin, and vancomycin) and 2 antifungal drugs (itraconazole and amphotericin B) which were included in the test. Results: Antimicrobial drugs susceptibility tests were performed on 10 clinically isolated strains of P. insidiosum. Six of them showed susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. The cutaneous pythiosis strain (SIMI 8569) showed the highest number of susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, and itraconazole). In addition, 4 strains of P. insidiosum (M 29, SIMI 6666, SIMI 7873, and SIMI 2989-42) were not inhibited by all antimicrobial drugs. Conclusions: This result concluded that chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and itraconazole inhibited the mycelial growth of P. insidiosum better than the other drugs. The inhibition effects of these drugs were observed in 40% - 60% of the strains. Further experiments should be carried out to evaluate the tested drugs in various concentrations with other more susceptible methods to get more precise concentrations exposed to P. insidiosum isolates such as broth dilution or dilution assays.
背景：恙虫病是一种由类真菌恙虫引起的危及生命的疾病。它可导致动物和人类患病。两性霉素 B 的抗真菌效果较差，因为它缺乏麦角甾醇，而麦角甾醇是细胞膜上的一个药物靶点：通过碟片扩散法评估从人类脓疱病中分离出的内生脓疱癣菌的抗菌药物敏感性试验：方法：用盘扩散法对 10 株临床分离的脓疱疮脓疱疮菌进行抗菌药物药敏试验。抗菌药物包括 8 种抗生素（氯霉素、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、四环素、美罗培南、氧西林和万古霉素）和 2 种抗真菌药物（伊曲康唑和两性霉素 B）：结果：对 10 株临床分离的内生痢疾杆菌进行了抗菌药物药敏试验。其中 6 株对抗菌药物呈敏感性。皮肤脓毒血症菌株（SIMI 8569）对抗菌药物（氯霉素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、四环素、万古霉素和伊曲康唑）的敏感性最高。此外，4 株 P. insidiosum（M 29、SIMI 6666、SIMI 7873 和 SIMI 2989-42）未被所有抗菌药物抑制：结论：氯霉素、四环素和伊曲康唑对内生豌豆菌菌丝生长的抑制作用优于其他药物。这些药物对 40% - 60% 的菌株有抑制作用。应开展进一步的实验，用其他更易受影响的方法（如肉汤稀释法或稀释法）评估不同浓度的受试药物，以获得更精确的抑制内生癣菌分离物的浓度。
{"title":"Antimicrobial Drug Susceptibility Test of Pythium insidiosum by Disc Diffusion Method","authors":"S. Khanthawong, Peeranut Vongthanayodh, Supattra Pruanjarern, Apichaya Taengrom, Kanchana Usuwanthim, Pachuen Potup, Y. Thongsri","doi":"10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.267191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.267191","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the fungus-like organism Pythium insidiosum. It causes disease in both animals and humans. Amphotericin B antifungal is less effective because it lacks ergosterol, a drug target in the cell membrane.\u0000Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility test of P. insidiosum isolated from human pythiosis by disc diffusion method.\u0000Methods: The antimicrobial drug susceptibility test by disc diffusion method was tested against 10 clinical isolated strains of P. insidiosum. Antimicrobial drugs comprise of 8 antibiotics (chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, meropenem, oxacillin, and vancomycin) and 2 antifungal drugs (itraconazole and amphotericin B) which were included in the test.\u0000Results: Antimicrobial drugs susceptibility tests were performed on 10 clinically isolated strains of P. insidiosum. Six of them showed susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. The cutaneous pythiosis strain (SIMI 8569) showed the highest number of susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin, and itraconazole). In addition, 4 strains of P. insidiosum (M 29, SIMI 6666, SIMI 7873, and SIMI 2989-42) were not inhibited by all antimicrobial drugs.\u0000Conclusions: This result concluded that chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and itraconazole inhibited the mycelial growth of P. insidiosum better than the other drugs. The inhibition effects of these drugs were observed in 40% - 60% of the strains. Further experiments should be carried out to evaluate the tested drugs in various concentrations with other more susceptible methods to get more precise concentrations exposed to P. insidiosum isolates such as broth dilution or dilution assays.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":500652,"journal":{"name":"Ramathibodi Medical Journal","volume":" 1138","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The speech clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital has been using telepractice for 2 years. These outcomes have clearly shown many benefits. It is a new system in Thailand that has not been studied in terms of innovation before. Objective: To explore the possibility of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in Thailand implementing the telepractice innovation through a survey of their attitudes toward the characteristics, diffusion, and limitations of innovation. Methods: In this survey study, SLPs responded to a questionnaire. Data regarding SLPs’ attitudes toward telepractice innovation were collected and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 86 SLPs responded, who agreed characteristics, diffusion, and both were 54.66%, 45.34%, and 37.21%, respectively, most of them used telepractice. SLPs who used telepractice expressed limitations from patients at 52.24% and SLPs who did not use telepractice expressed limitations from systems at 47.36%. Conclusions: SLPs in Thailand equally expressed attitudes of agreement and disagreement toward the characteristics and diffusion of telepractice innovation. However, SLPs who used telepractice agreed more than those who did not. SLPs agreed on the characteristic of telepractice innovation, though not all of them agreed to the diffusion of telepractice. The limitations of telepractice innovation depended on SLPs’ telepractice experience, occurring from patients for SLPs who used telepractice, but from the system for SLPs who did not. Therefore, telepractice may be an option that can be used according to the needs of the patients and its appropriateness for specific situations.
{"title":"Exploring the Feasibility of Implementing Telepractice Innovation for Speech-Language Pathologists in Thailand","authors":"Tipwaree Aueworakhunanan, Pitcharpa Dejket, Sudarat Phakkachok, Weerapat Punkla","doi":"10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.266036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33165/rmj.2024.47.1.266036","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The speech clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital has been using telepractice for 2 years. These outcomes have clearly shown many benefits. It is a new system in Thailand that has not been studied in terms of innovation before.\u0000Objective: To explore the possibility of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in Thailand implementing the telepractice innovation through a survey of their attitudes toward the characteristics, diffusion, and limitations of innovation.\u0000Methods: In this survey study, SLPs responded to a questionnaire. Data regarding SLPs’ attitudes toward telepractice innovation were collected and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.\u0000Results: A total of 86 SLPs responded, who agreed characteristics, diffusion, and both were 54.66%, 45.34%, and 37.21%, respectively, most of them used telepractice. SLPs who used telepractice expressed limitations from patients at 52.24% and SLPs who did not use telepractice expressed limitations from systems at 47.36%.\u0000Conclusions: SLPs in Thailand equally expressed attitudes of agreement and disagreement toward the characteristics and diffusion of telepractice innovation. However, SLPs who used telepractice agreed more than those who did not. SLPs agreed on the characteristic of telepractice innovation, though not all of them agreed to the diffusion of telepractice. The limitations of telepractice innovation depended on SLPs’ telepractice experience, occurring from patients for SLPs who used telepractice, but from the system for SLPs who did not. Therefore, telepractice may be an option that can be used according to the needs of the patients and its appropriateness for specific situations.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":500652,"journal":{"name":"Ramathibodi Medical Journal","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140385270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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