Kasereka Masumbuko Claude, Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka, Richard Kitenge-Omasumbu, François Edidi-Atani, Meris Matondo Kuamfumu, Sabue Mulangu, Olivier Tshiani-Mbaya, Kambale Malengera Vicky, Placide Mbala-Kingebeni, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Bonita E Lee, Stan Houston, Zubia Mumtaz, Michael T Hawkes
Background Skeletal muscle injury in Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been reported, but its association with morbidity and mortality remains poorly defined. Methods Retrospective study of patients admitted to two EVD Treatment Units, over an eight-month period in 2019, during a large EVD epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Results 333 patients (median age 30 years, 58% female) had at least one creatine kinase (CK) measurement (total 2,229 CK measurements, median 5 (IQR 1-11) per patient). 271 patients (81%) had an elevated CK (>380U/L), 202 (61%) had rhabdomyolysis (CK>1,000 IU/L), and 45 (14%) had severe rhabdomyolysis (≥5,000U/L). Among survivors, the maximum CK level was median 1,600 (IQR 550 to 3,400), peaking 3.4 days after admission (IQR 2.3 to 5.5) and decreasing thereafter. Among fatal cases, the CK rose monotonically until death, with maximum CK level of median 2,900 U/L (IQR 1,500 to 4,900). Rhabdomyolysis at admission was an independent predictor of AKI (aOR 2.2 [95%CI 1.2-3.8], p=0.0065) and mortality (aHR 1.7 [95%CI 1.03-2.9], p=0.037). Conclusions Rhabdomyolysis is associated with AKI and mortality in EVD patients. These findings may inform clinical practice by identifying lab monitoring priorities and highlighting the importance of fluid management.
{"title":"Rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and mortality in Ebola virus disease: retrospective analysis of cases from Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2019","authors":"Kasereka Masumbuko Claude, Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka, Richard Kitenge-Omasumbu, François Edidi-Atani, Meris Matondo Kuamfumu, Sabue Mulangu, Olivier Tshiani-Mbaya, Kambale Malengera Vicky, Placide Mbala-Kingebeni, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Bonita E Lee, Stan Houston, Zubia Mumtaz, Michael T Hawkes","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae224","url":null,"abstract":"Background Skeletal muscle injury in Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been reported, but its association with morbidity and mortality remains poorly defined. Methods Retrospective study of patients admitted to two EVD Treatment Units, over an eight-month period in 2019, during a large EVD epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Results 333 patients (median age 30 years, 58% female) had at least one creatine kinase (CK) measurement (total 2,229 CK measurements, median 5 (IQR 1-11) per patient). 271 patients (81%) had an elevated CK (>380U/L), 202 (61%) had rhabdomyolysis (CK>1,000 IU/L), and 45 (14%) had severe rhabdomyolysis (≥5,000U/L). Among survivors, the maximum CK level was median 1,600 (IQR 550 to 3,400), peaking 3.4 days after admission (IQR 2.3 to 5.5) and decreasing thereafter. Among fatal cases, the CK rose monotonically until death, with maximum CK level of median 2,900 U/L (IQR 1,500 to 4,900). Rhabdomyolysis at admission was an independent predictor of AKI (aOR 2.2 [95%CI 1.2-3.8], p=0.0065) and mortality (aHR 1.7 [95%CI 1.03-2.9], p=0.037). Conclusions Rhabdomyolysis is associated with AKI and mortality in EVD patients. These findings may inform clinical practice by identifying lab monitoring priorities and highlighting the importance of fluid management.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140821021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kartika Palar, Lila A Sheira, Edward A Frongillo, Asher A O’Donnell, Tessa M Nápoles, Mark Ryle, Simon Pitchford, Kim Madsen, Beth Phillips, Elise D Riley, Sheri D Weiser
Background Policy support for “Food is Medicine”—medically tailored meals or groceries to improve health—is rapidly growing. No randomized trials have heretofore investigated the benefits of medically tailored food programs for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods The CHEFS-HIV pragmatic randomized trial included PLHIV who were clients of Project Open Hand (POH), a San Francisco-based nonprofit food organization. The intervention arm (n = 93) received comprehensive medically tailored meals, groceries, and nutritional education. Control participants (n = 98) received less intensive (POH “standard of care”) food services. Health, nutrition, and behavioral outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 months later. Primary outcomes measured were viral non-suppression and health related quality of life. Mixed models estimated treatment effects as differences-in-differences between arms. Results The intervention arm had lower odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 0.11), food insecurity (OR = 0.23), depressive symptoms (OR = 0.32), antiretroviral therapy adherence <90% (OR = 0.18), and unprotected sex (OR = 0.18), and less fatty food consumption (β= –0.170 servings/day) over 6 months, compared to the control arm. There was no difference between study arms in viral non-suppression and health-related quality of life over 6 months. Conclusions A “Food-is-Medicine” intervention reduced hospitalizations and improved mental and physical health among PLHIV, despite no impact on viral suppression. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03191253
{"title":"Food is Medicine for HIV: Improved health and hospitalizations in the Changing Health through Food Support (CHEFS-HIV) pragmatic randomized trial","authors":"Kartika Palar, Lila A Sheira, Edward A Frongillo, Asher A O’Donnell, Tessa M Nápoles, Mark Ryle, Simon Pitchford, Kim Madsen, Beth Phillips, Elise D Riley, Sheri D Weiser","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae195","url":null,"abstract":"Background Policy support for “Food is Medicine”—medically tailored meals or groceries to improve health—is rapidly growing. No randomized trials have heretofore investigated the benefits of medically tailored food programs for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods The CHEFS-HIV pragmatic randomized trial included PLHIV who were clients of Project Open Hand (POH), a San Francisco-based nonprofit food organization. The intervention arm (n = 93) received comprehensive medically tailored meals, groceries, and nutritional education. Control participants (n = 98) received less intensive (POH “standard of care”) food services. Health, nutrition, and behavioral outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 months later. Primary outcomes measured were viral non-suppression and health related quality of life. Mixed models estimated treatment effects as differences-in-differences between arms. Results The intervention arm had lower odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 0.11), food insecurity (OR = 0.23), depressive symptoms (OR = 0.32), antiretroviral therapy adherence &lt;90% (OR = 0.18), and unprotected sex (OR = 0.18), and less fatty food consumption (β= –0.170 servings/day) over 6 months, compared to the control arm. There was no difference between study arms in viral non-suppression and health-related quality of life over 6 months. Conclusions A “Food-is-Medicine” intervention reduced hospitalizations and improved mental and physical health among PLHIV, despite no impact on viral suppression. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03191253","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linxuan Wu, John Kinuthia, Peter L Anderson, Jared M Baeten, Julia C Dettinger, Monica Gandhi, Laurén Gomez, Grace John-Stewart, Mary M Marwa, Nancy Ngumbau, Felix Otieno, Pascal Omondi, Ben Odhiambo, Salphine Watoyi, Jillian Pintye
We evaluated hair tenofovir (TFV) concentrations as an adherence metric for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) during pregnancy and postpartum and compared hair levels with tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels in dried blood spots (DBS). Overall, 152 hair samples from 102 women and 36 hair-DBS paired samples from 29 women were collected from a subset of women in a cluster randomized trial. Having a partner known to be living with HIV was associated with higher hair TFV levels (p<0.001). Hair TFV concentrations were strongly correlated with DBS TFV-DP levels (r=0.76, p<0.001), indicating hair as promising cumulative adherence metric for perinatal PrEP assessment.
{"title":"Drug concentrations in hair and dried blood spots as PrEP adherence metrics during pregnancy and postpartum","authors":"Linxuan Wu, John Kinuthia, Peter L Anderson, Jared M Baeten, Julia C Dettinger, Monica Gandhi, Laurén Gomez, Grace John-Stewart, Mary M Marwa, Nancy Ngumbau, Felix Otieno, Pascal Omondi, Ben Odhiambo, Salphine Watoyi, Jillian Pintye","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae208","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluated hair tenofovir (TFV) concentrations as an adherence metric for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) during pregnancy and postpartum and compared hair levels with tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels in dried blood spots (DBS). Overall, 152 hair samples from 102 women and 36 hair-DBS paired samples from 29 women were collected from a subset of women in a cluster randomized trial. Having a partner known to be living with HIV was associated with higher hair TFV levels (p&lt;0.001). Hair TFV concentrations were strongly correlated with DBS TFV-DP levels (r=0.76, p&lt;0.001), indicating hair as promising cumulative adherence metric for perinatal PrEP assessment.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140821587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Karina Juhl, Lisa Loksø Dietz, Ole Schmeltz Søgaard, Joanne Reekie, Henrik Nielsen, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Thomas Benfield, Lothar Wiese, Nina Breinholt Stærke, Tomas Østergaard Jensen, Rikke Olesen, Kasper Iversen, Kamille Fogh, Jacob Bodilsen, Lone Wulff Madsen, Susan Olaf Lindvig, Dorthe Raben, Sidsel Dahl Andersen, Astrid Korning Hvidt, Signe Rode Andreasen, Eva Anna Marianne Baerends, Jens Lundgren, Lars Østergaard, Martin Tolstrup
Background Within a year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, vaccines inducing a robust humoral and cellular immune response were implemented worldwide. However, emergence of novel variants and waning vaccine induced immunity led to implementation of additional vaccine boosters. Methods This prospective study evaluated the temporal profile of cellular and serological responses in a cohort of 639 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated participants, of whom a large proportion experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants were infection naïve at the time of their first vaccine dose. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T cells were determined after each vaccine dose using the Activation Induced Markers (AIM) assay, while levels of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined by the Meso Scale serology assay. Results We found a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses following the third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine as well as enhanced CD8+ T cell responses after the fourth dose. Further, increased age was associated with a poorer response. Finally, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both the cellular and humoral immune response, relative to vaccine-induced immunity alone. Conclusion Our findings highlight the boosting effect on T cell immunity of repeated vaccine administration. The combination of multiple vaccine doses and SARS-CoV-2 infections maintains population T cell immunity although with reduced levels in the elderly.
背景 在 SARS-CoV-2 大流行后的一年内，世界各地都使用了能诱导强大体液和细胞免疫反应的疫苗。然而，新型变种的出现和疫苗诱导免疫力的减弱导致了额外疫苗强化剂的实施。方法 这项前瞻性研究评估了 639 名接种过 SARS-CoV-2 疫苗的参与者的细胞和血清反应的时间轮廓，其中大部分人都感染过 SARS-CoV-2。所有参与者在接种第一剂疫苗时均未感染。每剂疫苗接种后，使用活化诱导标记（AIM）检测法测定 SARS-CoV-2 Spike 特异性 T 细胞的比例，同时使用 Meso Scale 血清学检测法测定循环中的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体水平。结果 我们发现，接种第三剂 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA 疫苗后，SARS-CoV-2尖峰特异性 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞反应明显增加，接种第四剂后，CD8+ T 细胞反应增强。此外，年龄的增加与反应较差有关。最后，我们观察到，相对于单纯的疫苗诱导免疫，SARS-CoV-2 感染可同时增强细胞和体液免疫反应。结论 我们的研究结果突显了重复接种疫苗对 T 细胞免疫的增强作用。多剂量疫苗和 SARS-CoV-2 感染相结合可维持人群的 T 细胞免疫力，但老年人的免疫力水平会有所下降。
{"title":"Longitudinal evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity over 2 years following vaccination and infection","authors":"Anna Karina Juhl, Lisa Loksø Dietz, Ole Schmeltz Søgaard, Joanne Reekie, Henrik Nielsen, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Thomas Benfield, Lothar Wiese, Nina Breinholt Stærke, Tomas Østergaard Jensen, Rikke Olesen, Kasper Iversen, Kamille Fogh, Jacob Bodilsen, Lone Wulff Madsen, Susan Olaf Lindvig, Dorthe Raben, Sidsel Dahl Andersen, Astrid Korning Hvidt, Signe Rode Andreasen, Eva Anna Marianne Baerends, Jens Lundgren, Lars Østergaard, Martin Tolstrup","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae215","url":null,"abstract":"Background Within a year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, vaccines inducing a robust humoral and cellular immune response were implemented worldwide. However, emergence of novel variants and waning vaccine induced immunity led to implementation of additional vaccine boosters. Methods This prospective study evaluated the temporal profile of cellular and serological responses in a cohort of 639 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated participants, of whom a large proportion experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants were infection naïve at the time of their first vaccine dose. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T cells were determined after each vaccine dose using the Activation Induced Markers (AIM) assay, while levels of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined by the Meso Scale serology assay. Results We found a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses following the third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine as well as enhanced CD8+ T cell responses after the fourth dose. Further, increased age was associated with a poorer response. Finally, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both the cellular and humoral immune response, relative to vaccine-induced immunity alone. Conclusion Our findings highlight the boosting effect on T cell immunity of repeated vaccine administration. The combination of multiple vaccine doses and SARS-CoV-2 infections maintains population T cell immunity although with reduced levels in the elderly.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140817631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rito L Mikhari, Susan Meiring, Linda de Gouveia, Wai Yin Chan, Keith A Jolley, Daria Van Tyne, Lee H Harrison, Henju Marjuki, Arshad Ismail, Vanessa Quan, Cheryl Cohen, Sibongile Walaza, Anne von Gottberg, Mignon du Plessis
Background Invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa have in previous years (<2008) been characterized by serogroup B, C, W and Y lineages over time, with penicillin intermediate resistance (peni) at 6%. We describe the population structure and genomic markers of peni among invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa, 2016-2021. Methods Meningococcal isolates were collected through national, laboratory-based invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) surveillance. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were performed, and the mechanism of reduced penicillin susceptibility was assessed in silico. Results Of 585 IMD cases reported during the study period, culture and PCR-based capsular group was determined for 477/585 (82%); and 241/477 (51%) were sequenced. Predominant serogroups included NmB (210/477; 44%), NmW (116/477; 24%), NmY (96/477; 20%) and NmC (48/477; 10%). Predominant clonal complexes (CC) were CC41/44 in NmB (27/113; 24%), CC11 in NmW (46/56; 82%), CC167 in NmY (23/44; 53%), and CC865 in NmC (9/24; 38%). Peni was detected in 16% (42/262) of isolates, and was due to the presence of a penA mosaic, with the majority harboring penA7, penA9 or penA14. Conclusion IMD lineages circulating in South Africa were consistent with those circulating prior to 2008, however peni was higher than previously reported, and occurred in a variety of lineages.
{"title":"Genomic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Neisseria meningitidis in South Africa, 2016-2021","authors":"Rito L Mikhari, Susan Meiring, Linda de Gouveia, Wai Yin Chan, Keith A Jolley, Daria Van Tyne, Lee H Harrison, Henju Marjuki, Arshad Ismail, Vanessa Quan, Cheryl Cohen, Sibongile Walaza, Anne von Gottberg, Mignon du Plessis","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae225","url":null,"abstract":"Background Invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa have in previous years (&lt;2008) been characterized by serogroup B, C, W and Y lineages over time, with penicillin intermediate resistance (peni) at 6%. We describe the population structure and genomic markers of peni among invasive meningococcal isolates in South Africa, 2016-2021. Methods Meningococcal isolates were collected through national, laboratory-based invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) surveillance. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were performed, and the mechanism of reduced penicillin susceptibility was assessed in silico. Results Of 585 IMD cases reported during the study period, culture and PCR-based capsular group was determined for 477/585 (82%); and 241/477 (51%) were sequenced. Predominant serogroups included NmB (210/477; 44%), NmW (116/477; 24%), NmY (96/477; 20%) and NmC (48/477; 10%). Predominant clonal complexes (CC) were CC41/44 in NmB (27/113; 24%), CC11 in NmW (46/56; 82%), CC167 in NmY (23/44; 53%), and CC865 in NmC (9/24; 38%). Peni was detected in 16% (42/262) of isolates, and was due to the presence of a penA mosaic, with the majority harboring penA7, penA9 or penA14. Conclusion IMD lineages circulating in South Africa were consistent with those circulating prior to 2008, however peni was higher than previously reported, and occurred in a variety of lineages.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140817601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oscar Cortes-Azuero, Noémie Lefrancq, Birgit Nikolay, Clifton McKee, Julien Cappelle, Vibol Hul, Tey Putita Ou, Thavry Hoem, Philippe Lemey, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Ausraful Islam, Emily S Gurley, Veasna Duong, Henrik Salje
Background Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining viral genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity. Methods We develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate the presence and the average size of genetic clusters per area. Results We find that, within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1500-2000km2. We estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most clusters have been identified, but only ∼15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.
{"title":"The genetic diversity of Nipah virus across spatial scales","authors":"Oscar Cortes-Azuero, Noémie Lefrancq, Birgit Nikolay, Clifton McKee, Julien Cappelle, Vibol Hul, Tey Putita Ou, Thavry Hoem, Philippe Lemey, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Ausraful Islam, Emily S Gurley, Veasna Duong, Henrik Salje","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae221","url":null,"abstract":"Background Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining viral genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity. Methods We develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate the presence and the average size of genetic clusters per area. Results We find that, within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1500-2000km2. We estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most clusters have been identified, but only ∼15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Gao, Jim Manos, Greg Whiteley, Iryna Zablotska-Manos
Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is difficult to eradicate due to BV biofilms protecting BV bacteria (Gardnerella, Prevotella, and other genera). With the growing understanding of biofilms, we systematically reviewed the current knowledge on the efficacy of anti-BV biofilm agents. Methods We searched literature in the Scopus, Medline, and Embase databases for empirical studies investigating substances for the treatment of BV biofilms or prevention of their recurrence and their efficacy and/or safety. Results Of 201 unique titles, 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most studies (89%) reported on preclinical laboratory research on the efficacy of experimental antibiofilm agents (80%) rather than their safety. Over 50% were published within the past 5 years. Agents were classified into 7 groups: antibiotics, antiseptics, cationic peptides, enzymes, plant extracts, probiotics, and surfactants/surfactant components. Enzymes and probiotics were most commonly investigated. Earlier reports of antibiotics having anti-BV biofilm activity have not been confirmed. Some compounds from other classes demonstrated promising anti-BV biofilm efficacy in early studies. Conclusions Further research is anticipated on successful antibiofilm agents. If confirmed as effective and safe in human clinical trials, they may offer a breakthrough in BV treatment. With rising antibiotic resistance, antibiofilm agents will significantly improve the current standard of care for BV management.
{"title":"Antibiofilm Agents for the Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Narrative Review","authors":"Michael Gao, Jim Manos, Greg Whiteley, Iryna Zablotska-Manos","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae134","url":null,"abstract":"Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is difficult to eradicate due to BV biofilms protecting BV bacteria (Gardnerella, Prevotella, and other genera). With the growing understanding of biofilms, we systematically reviewed the current knowledge on the efficacy of anti-BV biofilm agents. Methods We searched literature in the Scopus, Medline, and Embase databases for empirical studies investigating substances for the treatment of BV biofilms or prevention of their recurrence and their efficacy and/or safety. Results Of 201 unique titles, 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most studies (89%) reported on preclinical laboratory research on the efficacy of experimental antibiofilm agents (80%) rather than their safety. Over 50% were published within the past 5 years. Agents were classified into 7 groups: antibiotics, antiseptics, cationic peptides, enzymes, plant extracts, probiotics, and surfactants/surfactant components. Enzymes and probiotics were most commonly investigated. Earlier reports of antibiotics having anti-BV biofilm activity have not been confirmed. Some compounds from other classes demonstrated promising anti-BV biofilm efficacy in early studies. Conclusions Further research is anticipated on successful antibiofilm agents. If confirmed as effective and safe in human clinical trials, they may offer a breakthrough in BV treatment. With rising antibiotic resistance, antibiofilm agents will significantly improve the current standard of care for BV management.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha W J He, Franziska Voß, Mioara A Nicolaie, Jolanda Brummelman, Martijn D B van de Garde, Elske Bijvank, Martien Poelen, Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur, Anne L Wyllie, Krzysztof Trzciński, Josine Van Beek, Nynke Y Rots, Gerco den Hartog, Sven Hammerschmidt, Cécile A C M van Els
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. Yet knowledge on the development of pneumococcal protein-specific antibody responses throughout life is limited. To investigate this, we measured serum IgG levels to 55 pneumococcal proteins in 11-month old infants (n=73), 24-month old children (n=101), parents (n=99), adults without children <6 years of age (n= 99) and older adults aged >60 years (n=100). Our findings revealed low IgG levels in infancy, with distinct development patterns peaking in adults. A decrease in levels was observed for 27 antigens towards older age. Adults and older adults had increased IgG levels during pneumococcal carriage and at increased exposure risk to S. pneumoniae. Carriage was a stronger predictor than exposure or age for antibody responses. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of naturally acquired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins throughout life, offering insights for age-targeted interventions.
{"title":"Serological profiling of pneumococcal proteins reveals unique patterns of acquisition, maintenance and waning of antibodies throughout life","authors":"Samantha W J He, Franziska Voß, Mioara A Nicolaie, Jolanda Brummelman, Martijn D B van de Garde, Elske Bijvank, Martien Poelen, Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur, Anne L Wyllie, Krzysztof Trzciński, Josine Van Beek, Nynke Y Rots, Gerco den Hartog, Sven Hammerschmidt, Cécile A C M van Els","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae216","url":null,"abstract":"Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. Yet knowledge on the development of pneumococcal protein-specific antibody responses throughout life is limited. To investigate this, we measured serum IgG levels to 55 pneumococcal proteins in 11-month old infants (n=73), 24-month old children (n=101), parents (n=99), adults without children &lt;6 years of age (n= 99) and older adults aged &gt;60 years (n=100). Our findings revealed low IgG levels in infancy, with distinct development patterns peaking in adults. A decrease in levels was observed for 27 antigens towards older age. Adults and older adults had increased IgG levels during pneumococcal carriage and at increased exposure risk to S. pneumoniae. Carriage was a stronger predictor than exposure or age for antibody responses. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of naturally acquired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins throughout life, offering insights for age-targeted interventions.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Polack, Eglantine Mathieu-Bégné, Isabelle Vallée, Anne Rognon, Jean-Jacques Fontaine, Eve Toulza, Myriam Thomas, Jérôme Boissier
We are currently witnessing the endemization of urogenital schistosomiasis in southern Europe. The incriminated parasite is a hybrid between a human parasite and a livestock parasite. Using an experimental evolutionary protocol, we created hybrid lines from pure strains of both parasite species. We showed that the host spectrum of the human parasite is enlarged to the livestock parasite after genomic introgression. We also evidenced that the tropism of the parasites within the host changes and that some hybrid lines are more virulent than the parental strains. These results engage a paradigm shift from human to zoonotic transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis.
{"title":"Experimental Infections Reveal Acquired Zoonotic Capacity of Human Schistosomiasis Trough Hybridization","authors":"Bruno Polack, Eglantine Mathieu-Bégné, Isabelle Vallée, Anne Rognon, Jean-Jacques Fontaine, Eve Toulza, Myriam Thomas, Jérôme Boissier","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae152","url":null,"abstract":"We are currently witnessing the endemization of urogenital schistosomiasis in southern Europe. The incriminated parasite is a hybrid between a human parasite and a livestock parasite. Using an experimental evolutionary protocol, we created hybrid lines from pure strains of both parasite species. We showed that the host spectrum of the human parasite is enlarged to the livestock parasite after genomic introgression. We also evidenced that the tropism of the parasites within the host changes and that some hybrid lines are more virulent than the parental strains. These results engage a paradigm shift from human to zoonotic transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140651346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Huang, Jing Shi, Xiuyu Zhang, Feng Tian, Juan Huang, Qing Zhao, Ningyi Wan, Lijun Zhang, Ying Hu, Pu Li
Summary Background The role of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in bloodstream infection (BSI) diagnosis is unknown. Methods Serum GSDMD levels were measured in BSI patients. Endothelial cells and PBMCs were isolated, infected with bacteria/fungi, and intracellular/extracellular GSDMD concentrations were measured. An animal model was established to investigate the association between serum GSDMD levels and BSI incidence/progression. Results ROC curve analysis indicated that GSDMD could be a potential early diagnostic biomarker for BSI (AUC = 0.9885). Combining GSDMD with procalcitonin (PCT) improved the differential diagnosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (AUC = 0.6699, 66.15% specificity), and early diagnosis of Gram-positive bacteria (98.46% sensitivity), while PCT was not significantly elevated. The combined GSDMD and G-test had higher sensitivity (AUC = 0.7174) for differential diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, and early detection of fungal infections (98.44% sensitivity). In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that GSDMD levels increased significantly within 2 hours, peaked at 16 hours, and exhibited a time-dependent upward trend. Conclusions Serum GSDMD, alone or combined with other biomarkers, has potential for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of BSI caused by various pathogens. This finding offers a new strategy for early detection and treatment of BSI.
{"title":"Serum GSDMD for Early Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infection and Differentiating Bacterial from Fungal Infections","authors":"Jing Huang, Jing Shi, Xiuyu Zhang, Feng Tian, Juan Huang, Qing Zhao, Ningyi Wan, Lijun Zhang, Ying Hu, Pu Li","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae217","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Background The role of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in bloodstream infection (BSI) diagnosis is unknown. Methods Serum GSDMD levels were measured in BSI patients. Endothelial cells and PBMCs were isolated, infected with bacteria/fungi, and intracellular/extracellular GSDMD concentrations were measured. An animal model was established to investigate the association between serum GSDMD levels and BSI incidence/progression. Results ROC curve analysis indicated that GSDMD could be a potential early diagnostic biomarker for BSI (AUC = 0.9885). Combining GSDMD with procalcitonin (PCT) improved the differential diagnosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (AUC = 0.6699, 66.15% specificity), and early diagnosis of Gram-positive bacteria (98.46% sensitivity), while PCT was not significantly elevated. The combined GSDMD and G-test had higher sensitivity (AUC = 0.7174) for differential diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, and early detection of fungal infections (98.44% sensitivity). In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that GSDMD levels increased significantly within 2 hours, peaked at 16 hours, and exhibited a time-dependent upward trend. Conclusions Serum GSDMD, alone or combined with other biomarkers, has potential for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of BSI caused by various pathogens. This finding offers a new strategy for early detection and treatment of BSI.","PeriodicalId":501010,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140651347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：