Resistance to entering the UK government’s modern slavery victim identification mechanism is widespread and part of normal practices of state evasion that shape the lives of large numbers of insufficiently documented people. This article provides evidence of the role practitioners play in producing referrals into that mechanism in spite of such resistance and in spite of the harms caused by the identification mechanism itself, which is integrated into the immigration system. Though referrals are driven by practitioners, those entering the mechanism are said to be ‘abusing’ the system. This dynamic is considered in relation to a common trend of the liberal state, in which state practices are externalized onto others, while it claims to itself be the victim of violence.
{"title":"Modern Slavery, Victim Identification and the ‘Victimized State’","authors":"Joshua Findlay","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae061","url":null,"abstract":"Resistance to entering the UK government’s modern slavery victim identification mechanism is widespread and part of normal practices of state evasion that shape the lives of large numbers of insufficiently documented people. This article provides evidence of the role practitioners play in producing referrals into that mechanism in spite of such resistance and in spite of the harms caused by the identification mechanism itself, which is integrated into the immigration system. Though referrals are driven by practitioners, those entering the mechanism are said to be ‘abusing’ the system. This dynamic is considered in relation to a common trend of the liberal state, in which state practices are externalized onto others, while it claims to itself be the victim of violence.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Therapeutic interventions have been implemented in many prison systems around the world, in an attempt to address high rates of harmful substance use amongst people in prison. This article analyses the criteria for acceptance to drug recovery units in Norwegian prisons, based on an ethnographic study of four high-security prisons and 22 interviews with prison staff. The main criteria that were considered by staff during the assessment of potential candidates, were the timing and type of sentence applicants held; the type of offence applicants were convicted for; the types of medications they used and their perceived motivations for entering treatment.
{"title":"The Ideal Client: Selecting Candidates for Drug Treatment in Prison","authors":"Rose Elizabeth Boyle","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae059","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic interventions have been implemented in many prison systems around the world, in an attempt to address high rates of harmful substance use amongst people in prison. This article analyses the criteria for acceptance to drug recovery units in Norwegian prisons, based on an ethnographic study of four high-security prisons and 22 interviews with prison staff. The main criteria that were considered by staff during the assessment of potential candidates, were the timing and type of sentence applicants held; the type of offence applicants were convicted for; the types of medications they used and their perceived motivations for entering treatment.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Norman, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Katharina Maier
Following interviews with 150 Canadian federal parole officers employed in prisons or community spaces, we ‘spatialize’ parole work by analysing how participants perceive and navigate risk and use emotional labour in relation to their carceral workspaces. Employing Henri Lefebvre’s theorization of the social production of space, we analyse how parole officers’ feelings of vulnerability arise from the interaction of the built environment with people’s use of space (including both criminalized persons and other correctional workers). We also unpack the strategies employed by parole officers to mitigate the spatial risks experienced in their occupational routines; and examine how these spatial experiences connect to the emotional labour performed by parole officers in their supportive and disciplinary job functions.
{"title":"‘You’re Walking into Situations Where You Just Really Don’t Know How It’s Going to Go Down’: The Production of Carceral Space and Risk in Parole Work","authors":"Mark Norman, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Katharina Maier","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae057","url":null,"abstract":"Following interviews with 150 Canadian federal parole officers employed in prisons or community spaces, we ‘spatialize’ parole work by analysing how participants perceive and navigate risk and use emotional labour in relation to their carceral workspaces. Employing Henri Lefebvre’s theorization of the social production of space, we analyse how parole officers’ feelings of vulnerability arise from the interaction of the built environment with people’s use of space (including both criminalized persons and other correctional workers). We also unpack the strategies employed by parole officers to mitigate the spatial risks experienced in their occupational routines; and examine how these spatial experiences connect to the emotional labour performed by parole officers in their supportive and disciplinary job functions.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The California Gang Database (CalGang) is the first, largest and arguably most controversial shared gang database in the United States. This study examined its demographic composition and disparities in 103,840 records input by 222 unique law enforcement agencies between 2017 and 2022; the database was 94 per cent male, 66 per cent Hispanic, 23 per cent Black, 51 per cent 18 to 30 years old and 38 per cent 31–45 years old. About one-quarter of 1 per cent of Californians are listed in CalGang. Age-standardized estimates indicated that males were overrepresented relative to females by a factor of 17 and that Black and Hispanic males were overrepresented relative to White males by factors of 33 and 11, respectively, while Asian males were underrepresented. These demographic disparities generalized across nearly all law enforcement agencies. Gang databases will remain highly controversial owing to significant racial/ethnic disparities, but also concerns about civil liberties, due process, privacy rights and collateral consequences. The generative questions that remain are whether the observed disparities can be explained by legal factors and whether any public safety value can be achieved while protecting individual rights.
{"title":"Pulling Back the Curtain on the California Gang Database: Evidence of Racial, Ethnic and Gender Disparities Among 222 Law Enforcement Agencies","authors":"David C Pyrooz, James A Densley","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae040","url":null,"abstract":"The California Gang Database (CalGang) is the first, largest and arguably most controversial shared gang database in the United States. This study examined its demographic composition and disparities in 103,840 records input by 222 unique law enforcement agencies between 2017 and 2022; the database was 94 per cent male, 66 per cent Hispanic, 23 per cent Black, 51 per cent 18 to 30 years old and 38 per cent 31–45 years old. About one-quarter of 1 per cent of Californians are listed in CalGang. Age-standardized estimates indicated that males were overrepresented relative to females by a factor of 17 and that Black and Hispanic males were overrepresented relative to White males by factors of 33 and 11, respectively, while Asian males were underrepresented. These demographic disparities generalized across nearly all law enforcement agencies. Gang databases will remain highly controversial owing to significant racial/ethnic disparities, but also concerns about civil liberties, due process, privacy rights and collateral consequences. The generative questions that remain are whether the observed disparities can be explained by legal factors and whether any public safety value can be achieved while protecting individual rights.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henrique Carvalho, Sally Foreman, Simon Tawfic, Ana Aliverti, Anastasia Chamberlen, Belinda Rawson
This paper provides a critical analysis of modern slavery (MS) policy, legislation and discourse in the United Kingdom. Challenging the suggestion that recent attempts to dilute protections and guarantees in the original MS framework represent a fundamental shift from a more humanitarian to a more punitive orientation, it argues that these two moments ought to be understood as products of a single, underlying articulation, the ‘punitive–humanitarian complex’. We first explore the context and discourse of the MS agenda, exposing an ambivalence within its core tenets, primarily manifested through the dichotomy between victims (slaves) and offenders (slavers). The paper then examines how the punitive–humanitarian complex engenders moral and affective economies and reflects on how it reveals the vulnerability of contemporary state power.
本文对英国的现代奴隶制（MS）政策、立法和论述进行了批判性分析。有一种观点认为，最近试图淡化原有 MS 框架中的保护和保障措施的做法代表了从人道主义导向到惩罚导向的根本转变，本文对此提出质疑，并认为这两个时刻应被理解为一种单一的、基本的表述，即 "惩罚-人道主义复合体 "的产物。我们首先探讨了 "会员国 "议程的背景和论述，揭示了其核心原则中的矛盾性，主要表现为受害者（奴隶）和犯罪者（奴隶主）之间的二分法。然后，本文探讨了惩罚-人道主义综合体如何产生道德和情感经济，并反思了它如何揭示了当代国家权力的脆弱性。
{"title":"Modern Slavery and the Punitive–Humanitarian Complex","authors":"Henrique Carvalho, Sally Foreman, Simon Tawfic, Ana Aliverti, Anastasia Chamberlen, Belinda Rawson","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae044","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a critical analysis of modern slavery (MS) policy, legislation and discourse in the United Kingdom. Challenging the suggestion that recent attempts to dilute protections and guarantees in the original MS framework represent a fundamental shift from a more humanitarian to a more punitive orientation, it argues that these two moments ought to be understood as products of a single, underlying articulation, the ‘punitive–humanitarian complex’. We first explore the context and discourse of the MS agenda, exposing an ambivalence within its core tenets, primarily manifested through the dichotomy between victims (slaves) and offenders (slavers). The paper then examines how the punitive–humanitarian complex engenders moral and affective economies and reflects on how it reveals the vulnerability of contemporary state power.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sound’s ability to impact the body and cross borders places it firmly within the remit of criminological concern. However, although sound continually emerges as a feature of far-right protests and riots—including through music, chants, singing, yelling and drumming—the role it fulfils for the far right has gone untheorized. To address this gap, this article introduces the concept of ‘nationalist soundscapes’, which describes the mechanisms through which far-right nationalists deploy sound to effectuate a politics of power, domination and nationalist superiority. Referencing a selection of events, I argue nationalists weaponize sound in a way that is unique to them, insofar as nationalist soundscapes are deployed to assert ownership over the nation, while simultaneously displacing racialized others through sonic violence.
{"title":"Nationalist Soundscapes: The Sonic Violence of the Far Right","authors":"Liam Gillespie","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae046","url":null,"abstract":"Sound’s ability to impact the body and cross borders places it firmly within the remit of criminological concern. However, although sound continually emerges as a feature of far-right protests and riots—including through music, chants, singing, yelling and drumming—the role it fulfils for the far right has gone untheorized. To address this gap, this article introduces the concept of ‘nationalist soundscapes’, which describes the mechanisms through which far-right nationalists deploy sound to effectuate a politics of power, domination and nationalist superiority. Referencing a selection of events, I argue nationalists weaponize sound in a way that is unique to them, insofar as nationalist soundscapes are deployed to assert ownership over the nation, while simultaneously displacing racialized others through sonic violence.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141769725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous canonical writings on racism and policing have focussed on the shift from overt to covert articulations (Loftus 2010; Holdaway and O’Neill 2013), finding that racism is communicated primarily by white, heterosexist men in ‘white spaces’ (Loftus 2008). This paper moves beyond individualistic conceptions of racism to explore how police officers subscribe to a white racial ideology (Bonilla-Silva 2018). By drawing upon over 600 h of observations and interviews and discussions with over 60 officers, this paper explores four police discourses that underplay, defend and maintain the unequal racial status quo in policing: (1) individualization, (2) historicization, (3) discursive deracialization and (4) racial stories.
{"title":"The Racial Ideology of the British Police: Protecting and Maintaining the Racial Interests of the White Institution","authors":"Nikhaela Wicks","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae043","url":null,"abstract":"Previous canonical writings on racism and policing have focussed on the shift from overt to covert articulations (Loftus 2010; Holdaway and O’Neill 2013), finding that racism is communicated primarily by white, heterosexist men in ‘white spaces’ (Loftus 2008). This paper moves beyond individualistic conceptions of racism to explore how police officers subscribe to a white racial ideology (Bonilla-Silva 2018). By drawing upon over 600 h of observations and interviews and discussions with over 60 officers, this paper explores four police discourses that underplay, defend and maintain the unequal racial status quo in policing: (1) individualization, (2) historicization, (3) discursive deracialization and (4) racial stories.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article uses conversation analysis to examine recordings of police encounters, focusing on how officers respond to routine forms of trouble emerging from civilians’ failure to comprehend and cooperate with their initiating actions. The analysis demonstrates how officers improvise methods to deal with their subjects’ troublesome responses to their queries and directives, treating civilians along a continuum from being purposefully uncooperative to lacking the interactional competence to comply with their projects. In the latter case, officers treat noncompliance as related to one’s status as “mentally disordered,” adopting practices to progressively carve out islands of competence within which civilians are competent to cooperate or accountable for not doing so. Thus, officers’ orientation to a continuum of accountability shapes the encounter’s interactional trajectory toward more punitive or instructive outcomes.
{"title":"Managing Trouble Along a Continuum of Accountability: On Police Practices for Dealing with Less-Than-Competent Subjects","authors":"André Buscariolli","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae031","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses conversation analysis to examine recordings of police encounters, focusing on how officers respond to routine forms of trouble emerging from civilians’ failure to comprehend and cooperate with their initiating actions. The analysis demonstrates how officers improvise methods to deal with their subjects’ troublesome responses to their queries and directives, treating civilians along a continuum from being purposefully uncooperative to lacking the interactional competence to comply with their projects. In the latter case, officers treat noncompliance as related to one’s status as “mentally disordered,” adopting practices to progressively carve out islands of competence within which civilians are competent to cooperate or accountable for not doing so. Thus, officers’ orientation to a continuum of accountability shapes the encounter’s interactional trajectory toward more punitive or instructive outcomes.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica L Horowitz, Synøve N Andersen, Jordan M Hyatt
As the COVID-19 pandemic upended life worldwide, prisons gained attention as epicentres for the virus. The focus was primarily on infections and death rates, often omitting the impact on incarcerated people. This study draws on semi-structured interviews (n = 58) with men imprisoned throughout the pandemic. Using and extending classic and contemporary theorizations of ‘the pains of imprisonment’, we find that official pandemic responses meant that (1) new, pandemic-related pains developed, (2) established pains changed in severity and took new manifestations, and (3) pains were experienced simultaneously and interactively. Thus, the pandemic amplified, diversified and compounded the pains of imprisonment. While most visible in the context of a large-scale crisis, these concepts provide an expanded, broadly applicable framing for future carceral scholarship.
{"title":"COVID-19 and the New Pains of Imprisonment","authors":"Veronica L Horowitz, Synøve N Andersen, Jordan M Hyatt","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae036","url":null,"abstract":"As the COVID-19 pandemic upended life worldwide, prisons gained attention as epicentres for the virus. The focus was primarily on infections and death rates, often omitting the impact on incarcerated people. This study draws on semi-structured interviews (n = 58) with men imprisoned throughout the pandemic. Using and extending classic and contemporary theorizations of ‘the pains of imprisonment’, we find that official pandemic responses meant that (1) new, pandemic-related pains developed, (2) established pains changed in severity and took new manifestations, and (3) pains were experienced simultaneously and interactively. Thus, the pandemic amplified, diversified and compounded the pains of imprisonment. While most visible in the context of a large-scale crisis, these concepts provide an expanded, broadly applicable framing for future carceral scholarship.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article outlines findings from our research which sought to explore the lived experiences of victim/survivors of stalking and/or coercive control as they navigated their way through the Scottish Criminal Justice System (SCJS), commissioned by the Scottish Government. Building on the work of Acker (1990), Hochschild (1983), Fishman (1978), Kelly (2016) and Vera-Gray (2018; 2020) our findings show that women’s involvement as victim-survivors with the criminal justice system insists they perform elements of both hidden (behind the scenes) and visible (but unacknowledged) work. These types of work replicate already identified elements of emotional, safety and violence work. In addition, however, we uncovered a new form of work that women must undertake when seeking justice which we have conceptualized as ‘Justice Work’.
{"title":"Justice Work: Sisters (Having to) Do It for Themselves","authors":"Nancy Lombard, Katy Proctor","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azae041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azae041","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines findings from our research which sought to explore the lived experiences of victim/survivors of stalking and/or coercive control as they navigated their way through the Scottish Criminal Justice System (SCJS), commissioned by the Scottish Government. Building on the work of Acker (1990), Hochschild (1983), Fishman (1978), Kelly (2016) and Vera-Gray (2018; 2020) our findings show that women’s involvement as victim-survivors with the criminal justice system insists they perform elements of both hidden (behind the scenes) and visible (but unacknowledged) work. These types of work replicate already identified elements of emotional, safety and violence work. In addition, however, we uncovered a new form of work that women must undertake when seeking justice which we have conceptualized as ‘Justice Work’.","PeriodicalId":501092,"journal":{"name":"The British Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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