Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.05.24313144
George Odoyo Oromo, Philip Okinda Owuor, Bowa Kwach, Peter Otieno
Pesticides use in vegetable production often has residual effects on the plants and environment with potential health risks. Diazinon, though associated with human health impacts, is a popular pesticide in the production of Brassica oleracea var. acephala at the Kimira-Oluch Smallholder Farmers Improvement Project (KOSFIP), Kenya. The long pre-harvest interval (PHI) of diazinon application may not be observed by farmers with inadequate appreciation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). It is not documented whether diazinon residues levels in the farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala of KOSFIP could be a health risk to the consumers. The diazinon residues levels and corresponding health risks in farm-gate Brassica oleracea var, acephala at KOSFIP were determined. Cross-sectional survey based on snowball sampling identified 40 farms applying diazinon on the vegetable. Triplicate samples were collected from each farm for residue analysis, using the QuEChERS method, and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Standard normal distribution function f(z), revealed 78% of farm-gate samples had detectable residual diazinon levels and 70% were above the Codex MRL of 0.05 mg/kg. The farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala are exposing consumers to health risks. Efforts must be intensified to ensure GAP are adopted. The estimated farm-gate samples with health risk indices for children and adults (HRIc and HRIA) >1.0 were 64% and 26%, respectively. Farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala diazinon levels are therefore causing high health risks to both children and adults. Farm-gate residual levels and HRI were comparatively higher than findings of most previous studies. Inappropriate label PHI and malpractices against GAP may be responsible for high residual levels. There should be regular surveillance and trainings of farmers on GAP for sustainable production of Brassica oleracea var. acephala in the Lake Victoria region. Use of diazinon on Brassica oleracea var. acephala should be discouraged and alternative approaches including integrated pest management practices should be encouraged.
{"title":"Diazinon residues levels in farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. Acephala of Kimira-Oluch Smallholder Farm Improvement Project, Kenya","authors":"George Odoyo Oromo, Philip Okinda Owuor, Bowa Kwach, Peter Otieno","doi":"10.1101/2024.09.05.24313144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.05.24313144","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides use in vegetable production often has residual effects on the plants and environment with potential health risks. Diazinon, though associated with human health impacts, is a popular pesticide in the production of Brassica oleracea var. acephala at the Kimira-Oluch Smallholder Farmers Improvement Project (KOSFIP), Kenya. The long pre-harvest interval (PHI) of diazinon application may not be observed by farmers with inadequate appreciation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). It is not documented whether diazinon residues levels in the farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala of KOSFIP could be a health risk to the consumers. The diazinon residues levels and corresponding health risks in farm-gate Brassica oleracea var, acephala at KOSFIP were determined. Cross-sectional survey based on snowball sampling identified 40 farms applying diazinon on the vegetable. Triplicate samples were collected from each farm for residue analysis, using the QuEChERS method, and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Standard normal distribution function f(z), revealed 78% of farm-gate samples had detectable residual diazinon levels and 70% were above the Codex MRL of 0.05 mg/kg. The farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala are exposing consumers to health risks. Efforts must be intensified to ensure GAP are adopted. The estimated farm-gate samples with health risk indices for children and adults (HRIc and HRIA) >1.0 were 64% and 26%, respectively. Farm-gate Brassica oleracea var. acephala diazinon levels are therefore causing high health risks to both children and adults. Farm-gate residual levels and HRI were comparatively higher than findings of most previous studies. Inappropriate label PHI and malpractices against GAP may be responsible for high residual levels. There should be regular surveillance and trainings of farmers on GAP for sustainable production of Brassica oleracea var. acephala in the Lake Victoria region. Use of diazinon on Brassica oleracea var. acephala should be discouraged and alternative approaches including integrated pest management practices should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.16.24311916
Susanne Kochs, Sandra Schiewe, Milena Foerster, Kathrin Hillmann, Claudia Blankenstein, Martina C. Meinke, Josephine Kugler, David Kocovic, Andreas Luch, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, Ines Schreiver
Background About one-fifth of people in industrialised countries are tattooed, potentially putting them at risk of exposure to possible carcinogenic or otherwise harmful substances. Health risks are directly correlated with the amounts of substances introduced, yet reliable data on the systemic exposure to tattoo inks are lacking.
{"title":"Tat_BioV: Tattoo ink exposure and biokinetics of selected tracers in a short-term clinical study of 24 subjects","authors":"Susanne Kochs, Sandra Schiewe, Milena Foerster, Kathrin Hillmann, Claudia Blankenstein, Martina C. Meinke, Josephine Kugler, David Kocovic, Andreas Luch, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, Ines Schreiver","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.16.24311916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.16.24311916","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Background</strong> About one-fifth of people in industrialised countries are tattooed, potentially putting them at risk of exposure to possible carcinogenic or otherwise harmful substances. Health risks are directly correlated with the amounts of substances introduced, yet reliable data on the systemic exposure to tattoo inks are lacking.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.24306936
Christopher Humphries, Melisande Addison, Guruprasad Aithal, Julia Boyd, Lesley Briody, John DM Campbell, Maria Elena Candela, Ellise Clarke, James Coulson, Nicholas Downing-James, Robert John Fontana, Ailsa Geddes, Julia Grahamslaw, Alison Grant, Anna Heye, James A Hutchinson, Ashley Jones, Fiona Mitchell, Joanna Moore, Alice Riddell, Aryelly Rodriguez, Angela Thomas, Garry Tucker, Kim Walker, Christopher J Weir, Rachel Woods, Sharon Zahra, Stuart J Forbes, James Dear
Introduction Acute Liver Failure (ALF) has no effective treatment other than liver transplantation, and is commonly caused by paracetamol overdose. New treatments are needed to treat and prevent ALF. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) can promote resolution of liver necrosis and stimulate hepatocyte proliferation. Using AAMs in unscheduled care requires the use of an allogeneic product. A clinical trial is needed to determine the safety and tolerability of allogeneic AAMs.
{"title":"Macrophage Therapy for Acute Liver Injury (MAIL): a Phase 1 Randomised, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Activity of Allogeneic Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Patients with Paracetamol-induced Acute Liver Injury","authors":"Christopher Humphries, Melisande Addison, Guruprasad Aithal, Julia Boyd, Lesley Briody, John DM Campbell, Maria Elena Candela, Ellise Clarke, James Coulson, Nicholas Downing-James, Robert John Fontana, Ailsa Geddes, Julia Grahamslaw, Alison Grant, Anna Heye, James A Hutchinson, Ashley Jones, Fiona Mitchell, Joanna Moore, Alice Riddell, Aryelly Rodriguez, Angela Thomas, Garry Tucker, Kim Walker, Christopher J Weir, Rachel Woods, Sharon Zahra, Stuart J Forbes, James Dear","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.28.24306936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.28.24306936","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Introduction</strong> Acute Liver Failure (ALF) has no effective treatment other than liver transplantation, and is commonly caused by paracetamol overdose. New treatments are needed to treat and prevent ALF. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) can promote resolution of liver necrosis and stimulate hepatocyte proliferation. Using AAMs in unscheduled care requires the use of an allogeneic product. A clinical trial is needed to determine the safety and tolerability of allogeneic AAMs.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141189676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.20.24303098
Thibaut Coustillet, Xavier Coumoul, Anne Sophie Bonnet, Michele Bisson, Ellen Fritsche, Jean Marc Brignon, Florence Zeman, Karine Audouze
Several chemical families are linked to a loss of intellectual quotient (IQ) points in children. This may lead to reduced working productivity and/or lower wages in adulthood and contribute to increasing the substantial socio-economic burden worldwide. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept, that leverages existing data to formalize knowledge, is a well-accepted concept in risk assessment although it does not handle the socio-economic impact that environment-induced diseases may generate. Here, we propose to extend the AOP framework by bridging an adverse outcome (AO) to a cost outcome (CO) creating so-called Cost Outcome Pathways (COPs) for including the socio-economic costs of exposure to chemicals. As a case study, a COP related to neurodevelopmental toxicity was designed, with a connection between the AO decreased, IQ and the CO increased, socio-economic burden. For support to policymaking in the public health sector, this framework might also hold great potential for environmental exposure-related diseases such as cancer or obesity which are diseases with known detrimental socio-economic impacts.
{"title":"The Cost Outcome Pathway Framework: Integrating socio-economic impacts to Adverse Outcome Pathways","authors":"Thibaut Coustillet, Xavier Coumoul, Anne Sophie Bonnet, Michele Bisson, Ellen Fritsche, Jean Marc Brignon, Florence Zeman, Karine Audouze","doi":"10.1101/2024.02.20.24303098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.20.24303098","url":null,"abstract":"Several chemical families are linked to a loss of intellectual quotient (IQ) points in children. This may lead to reduced working productivity and/or lower wages in adulthood and contribute to increasing the substantial socio-economic burden worldwide. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept, that leverages existing data to formalize knowledge, is a well-accepted concept in risk assessment although it does not handle the socio-economic impact that environment-induced diseases may generate. Here, we propose to extend the AOP framework by bridging an adverse outcome (AO) to a cost outcome (CO) creating so-called Cost Outcome Pathways (COPs) for including the socio-economic costs of exposure to chemicals. As a case study, a COP related to neurodevelopmental toxicity was designed, with a connection between the AO decreased, IQ and the CO increased, socio-economic burden. For support to policymaking in the public health sector, this framework might also hold great potential for environmental exposure-related diseases such as cancer or obesity which are diseases with known detrimental socio-economic impacts.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139923025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-19DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.16.22271035
Peter D Maskell, Katherine J C Sang, Steven B Heymsfield, Sue Shapses, Alanna de Korompay
There are an increasing number of individuals undergoing gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) to treat gender dysphoria. Forensic alcohol calculations require knowledge of the sex of the individual but this may disadvantage trans people as research has demonstrated that there are physiological changes in individuals who are undergoing GAHT.
{"title":"Forensic Alcohol Calculations in transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming hormonal treatment","authors":"Peter D Maskell, Katherine J C Sang, Steven B Heymsfield, Sue Shapses, Alanna de Korompay","doi":"10.1101/2022.02.16.22271035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.16.22271035","url":null,"abstract":"There are an increasing number of individuals undergoing gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) to treat gender dysphoria. Forensic alcohol calculations require knowledge of the sex of the individual but this may disadvantage trans people as research has demonstrated that there are physiological changes in individuals who are undergoing GAHT.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138535243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-07DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.03.20052621
Nadia Ayala-Lopez, Layla Aref, Jennifer M. Colby, Jacob J. Hughey
Background Urine drug screening (UDS) assays can rapidly and sensitively detect drugs of abuse, but can also produce spurious results due to interfering substances. We previously developed an approach to identify interfering medications using electronic health record (EHR) data, but the approach was limited to UDS assays for which presumptive positives were confirmed using more specific methods. Here we adapted the approach to search for medications that cause false positives on UDS assays lacking confirmation data.
{"title":"A computational approach to identify interfering medications on urine drug screening assays without data from confirmatory testing","authors":"Nadia Ayala-Lopez, Layla Aref, Jennifer M. Colby, Jacob J. Hughey","doi":"10.1101/2020.04.03.20052621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20052621","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Background</strong> Urine drug screening (UDS) assays can rapidly and sensitively detect drugs of abuse, but can also produce spurious results due to interfering substances. We previously developed an approach to identify interfering medications using electronic health record (EHR) data, but the approach was limited to UDS assays for which presumptive positives were confirmed using more specific methods. Here we adapted the approach to search for medications that cause false positives on UDS assays lacking confirmation data.","PeriodicalId":501432,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Toxicology","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138535242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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