The paper shares the author’s perspectives on the role of explainable-AI in the evolving landscape of AI-driven smart manufacturing decisions. First, critical perspectives on the reasons for the slow adoption of explainable-AI in manufacturing are shared, leading to a discussion on its role and relevance in inspiring scientific understanding and discoveries towards achieving complete autonomy. Finally, to standardize explainability quantification, a new Transparency–Cohesion–Comprehensibility (TCC) evaluation framework is proposed and demonstrated.
{"title":"Towards next-gen smart manufacturing systems: the explainability revolution","authors":"Puthanveettil Madathil Abhilash, Xichun Luo, Qi Liu, Rajeshkumar Madarkar, Charles Walker","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00006-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00006-9","url":null,"abstract":"The paper shares the author’s perspectives on the role of explainable-AI in the evolving landscape of AI-driven smart manufacturing decisions. First, critical perspectives on the reasons for the slow adoption of explainable-AI in manufacturing are shared, leading to a discussion on its role and relevance in inspiring scientific understanding and discoveries towards achieving complete autonomy. Finally, to standardize explainability quantification, a new Transparency–Cohesion–Comprehensibility (TCC) evaluation framework is proposed and demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00006-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00005-w
Saroj Subedi, Siying Liu, Wenbo Wang, S. M. Abu Naser Shovon, Xiangfan Chen, Henry Oliver T. Ware
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is originally considered a single-material process due to cumbersome and time-consuming material switching. Multi-material VPP has been continuously explored with significant switching time reductions realized in recent years, enabling rapid, functional device printing. In addition, VPP hybridization has been explored, enabling printed objects comprising of diverse UV-curable and functional materials. Herein, the authors review the current state of multi-material VPP and VPP hybridization and the remaining challenges.
{"title":"Multi-material vat photopolymerization 3D printing: a review of mechanisms and applications","authors":"Saroj Subedi, Siying Liu, Wenbo Wang, S. M. Abu Naser Shovon, Xiangfan Chen, Henry Oliver T. Ware","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00005-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00005-w","url":null,"abstract":"Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is originally considered a single-material process due to cumbersome and time-consuming material switching. Multi-material VPP has been continuously explored with significant switching time reductions realized in recent years, enabling rapid, functional device printing. In addition, VPP hybridization has been explored, enabling printed objects comprising of diverse UV-curable and functional materials. Herein, the authors review the current state of multi-material VPP and VPP hybridization and the remaining challenges.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00005-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00007-8
Sahson D. Raissi, Marc A. Magaña, Alexander Contreras, Shiqi Wei, Blair Brettmann, Joseph Kalman
Binder jetting additive manufacturing will increase the design space for composite propellants but the technology is limited in part by a lack of insight into the dynamic wetting process. This effort investigates the structural influences on the spreading of commercially available polybutadiene-based droplets impacting ammonium perchlorate. Analysis indicates that spreading scales with t1/2 immediately after impact indicating inertia dominated spreading whereas a viscous regime occurs later in the event. Droplets from a height of 50 mm displayed shear thinning effects in the viscous regime whereas increased droplet height caused faster spreading as expected by Newtonian flows. The maximum spreading diameter for linear polymer droplets was dependent on the infinite shear viscosity. However, improved wetting and formation of globular entities during the event caused the branched variant to spread up to 25% more, by area, despite being more viscous. Implications of these results can improve binder design for binder jetting-made propellants.
{"title":"Polybutadiene structural effects on dynamic wetting","authors":"Sahson D. Raissi, Marc A. Magaña, Alexander Contreras, Shiqi Wei, Blair Brettmann, Joseph Kalman","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00007-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00007-8","url":null,"abstract":"Binder jetting additive manufacturing will increase the design space for composite propellants but the technology is limited in part by a lack of insight into the dynamic wetting process. This effort investigates the structural influences on the spreading of commercially available polybutadiene-based droplets impacting ammonium perchlorate. Analysis indicates that spreading scales with t1/2 immediately after impact indicating inertia dominated spreading whereas a viscous regime occurs later in the event. Droplets from a height of 50 mm displayed shear thinning effects in the viscous regime whereas increased droplet height caused faster spreading as expected by Newtonian flows. The maximum spreading diameter for linear polymer droplets was dependent on the infinite shear viscosity. However, improved wetting and formation of globular entities during the event caused the branched variant to spread up to 25% more, by area, despite being more viscous. Implications of these results can improve binder design for binder jetting-made propellants.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00007-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00004-x
Guan-Cheng Chen, Till Felix Reufsteck, Yitian Chi, Xiaochun Li
Aluminum alloy 7075 is well-known for its high-performance structural systems due to its lightweight and excellent mechanical properties. However, its susceptibility to hot cracking and limited fluidity hinder its casting suitability, posing challenges in manufacturing near-net-shaped structures economically, especially for thin and intricate aerospace components. This paper presents experimental results based on nano-treating, an emerging nanotechnology-enabled manufacturing method by incorporating a low fraction of nanoparticles in liquid aluminum, to allow the casting of complex aluminum alloy 7075 parts. Vacuum fluidity tests demonstrated that nano-treating of aluminum alloy 7075 with only 0.5 vol% TiC nanoparticles increased the fluidity of aluminum alloy 7075 by more than 20%, effectively eliminating hot cracking and enhancing surface quality. Through the Rapid Investment Casting process, nano-treated aluminum alloy 7075 can be successfully cast into turbines with 0.5 mm thick blades. In contrast, aluminum alloy 7075 without nano-treating failed to produce good casting quality due to poor filling and severe cracks. The manufacturing trials highlight the significant improvement in castability achieved through nano-treating, opening a novel pathway for the cost-effective production of complex aluminum alloy 7075 structures for numerous applications.
{"title":"Nanotechnology enabled casting of aluminum alloy 7075 turbines","authors":"Guan-Cheng Chen, Till Felix Reufsteck, Yitian Chi, Xiaochun Li","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00004-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00004-x","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum alloy 7075 is well-known for its high-performance structural systems due to its lightweight and excellent mechanical properties. However, its susceptibility to hot cracking and limited fluidity hinder its casting suitability, posing challenges in manufacturing near-net-shaped structures economically, especially for thin and intricate aerospace components. This paper presents experimental results based on nano-treating, an emerging nanotechnology-enabled manufacturing method by incorporating a low fraction of nanoparticles in liquid aluminum, to allow the casting of complex aluminum alloy 7075 parts. Vacuum fluidity tests demonstrated that nano-treating of aluminum alloy 7075 with only 0.5 vol% TiC nanoparticles increased the fluidity of aluminum alloy 7075 by more than 20%, effectively eliminating hot cracking and enhancing surface quality. Through the Rapid Investment Casting process, nano-treated aluminum alloy 7075 can be successfully cast into turbines with 0.5 mm thick blades. In contrast, aluminum alloy 7075 without nano-treating failed to produce good casting quality due to poor filling and severe cracks. The manufacturing trials highlight the significant improvement in castability achieved through nano-treating, opening a novel pathway for the cost-effective production of complex aluminum alloy 7075 structures for numerous applications.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00004-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00008-7
Joseph R. Lawrence, Hugh R. Lipic, Timothy D. Manship, Steven F. Son
Additive manufacturing has provided new methods for generating complex geometries of composite energetic materials. Additive manufacturing of ammonium-perchlorate composite propellants through direct-ink-write experiences extrusion limitations due to the high viscosities of highly solids loaded propellants. Vibration-assisted printing (VAP) was developed as a method to extend the extrudability limits and extrusion speeds observed with direct-ink-write systems. This study compares the mass flowrates and extrudability limits for bimodal mixtures of glass beads and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder for both VAP and direct-ink-write printing as a function of volume percent solids loading. The VAP system was able to print higher volume loadings and significantly higher mass flowrate than the direct-ink-write system. The bimodal glass bead mixtures were also compared to a previous study that focused on the extrusion of monomodal glass beads/HTPB mixtures. Interestingly, bimodal mixtures were shown to extrude quicker than monomodal mixtures at all volume loadings and across both printing systems.
{"title":"The effect of volume loading on the extrusion of bimodal glass bead mixtures","authors":"Joseph R. Lawrence, Hugh R. Lipic, Timothy D. Manship, Steven F. Son","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00008-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00008-7","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing has provided new methods for generating complex geometries of composite energetic materials. Additive manufacturing of ammonium-perchlorate composite propellants through direct-ink-write experiences extrusion limitations due to the high viscosities of highly solids loaded propellants. Vibration-assisted printing (VAP) was developed as a method to extend the extrudability limits and extrusion speeds observed with direct-ink-write systems. This study compares the mass flowrates and extrudability limits for bimodal mixtures of glass beads and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder for both VAP and direct-ink-write printing as a function of volume percent solids loading. The VAP system was able to print higher volume loadings and significantly higher mass flowrate than the direct-ink-write system. The bimodal glass bead mixtures were also compared to a previous study that focused on the extrusion of monomodal glass beads/HTPB mixtures. Interestingly, bimodal mixtures were shown to extrude quicker than monomodal mixtures at all volume loadings and across both printing systems.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00008-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00009-6
Chengying Xu
{"title":"Inaugural Editorial: Advancing the future of manufacturing through innovation and collaboration","authors":"Chengying Xu","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00009-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00009-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00009-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00003-y
Zhaoyang Hu, Wentao Yan
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) faces challenges in rapid selection and optimization of manufacturing parameters for desired part quality. As a more efficient alternative to experiments and high-fidelity physics-based models, data-driven modeling is effective in understanding process–structure–property relationships. This brief review explores data-driven modeling in metal AM, focusing on “process”, “structure”, and “property”, further identifying limitations in current applications and accordingly presenting future outlook on the possible advancements in this domain.
金属增材制造（AM）面临着快速选择和优化制造参数以获得理想零件质量的挑战。作为实验和高保真物理模型的一种更有效的替代方法，数据驱动建模在理解工艺-结构-性能关系方面非常有效。这篇简短的综述探讨了金属 AM 中的数据驱动建模，重点关注 "工艺"、"结构 "和 "属性"，进一步确定了当前应用中的局限性，并相应地展望了该领域未来可能取得的进展。
{"title":"Data-driven modeling of process-structure-property relationships in metal additive manufacturing","authors":"Zhaoyang Hu, Wentao Yan","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00003-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00003-y","url":null,"abstract":"Metal additive manufacturing (AM) faces challenges in rapid selection and optimization of manufacturing parameters for desired part quality. As a more efficient alternative to experiments and high-fidelity physics-based models, data-driven modeling is effective in understanding process–structure–property relationships. This brief review explores data-driven modeling in metal AM, focusing on “process”, “structure”, and “property”, further identifying limitations in current applications and accordingly presenting future outlook on the possible advancements in this domain.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00003-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142170385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00002-z
Weiwei Mo, Brad Kinsey, John Vickers, Henry Helvajian, Ioana Cozmuta, Marissa Herron, Ajay Malshe
Recent advancements have significantly enhanced the capabilities for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM), to develop infrastructure in orbit and on the surface of celestial bodies. This progress is a departure from the traditional sustainability paradigm focused solely on Earth, highlighting the urgent need to define and operationalize the concept of “space sustainability” along with the development of an evaluation framework. The expansion of human activity into space, particularly in low-earth orbit, cis-lunar space, and beyond, underscores the critical importance of considering sustainability implications. Leveraging space resources offers economic growth and sustainable development opportunities, while reducing pressure on Earth’s ecosystems. This paradigm shift requires responsible and ethical utilization of space resources. A space sustainability assessment framework is essential for guiding ISAM capabilities, operations, missions, standards, and policies. This paper introduces an initial framework encompassing (1) pollution, (2) resource depletion, (3) landscape alteration, and (4) space environmental justice, with potential metrics (resources use and emissions, midpoint, and endpoint indicators) to measure impacts in the four domains.
{"title":"Conceptualizing space environmental sustainability","authors":"Weiwei Mo, Brad Kinsey, John Vickers, Henry Helvajian, Ioana Cozmuta, Marissa Herron, Ajay Malshe","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00002-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00002-z","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements have significantly enhanced the capabilities for in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM), to develop infrastructure in orbit and on the surface of celestial bodies. This progress is a departure from the traditional sustainability paradigm focused solely on Earth, highlighting the urgent need to define and operationalize the concept of “space sustainability” along with the development of an evaluation framework. The expansion of human activity into space, particularly in low-earth orbit, cis-lunar space, and beyond, underscores the critical importance of considering sustainability implications. Leveraging space resources offers economic growth and sustainable development opportunities, while reducing pressure on Earth’s ecosystems. This paradigm shift requires responsible and ethical utilization of space resources. A space sustainability assessment framework is essential for guiding ISAM capabilities, operations, missions, standards, and policies. This paper introduces an initial framework encompassing (1) pollution, (2) resource depletion, (3) landscape alteration, and (4) space environmental justice, with potential metrics (resources use and emissions, midpoint, and endpoint indicators) to measure impacts in the four domains.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00002-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s44334-024-00001-0
Zeba Khan, Dheepesh Gururajan, Sabrina Kartmann, Peter Koltay, Roland Zengerle, Zhe Shu
In pursuing advancing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for 3D objects, this study combines AM techniques for bulk metal and polymer on a single platform for one-stop printing of multilayer 3D electronic circuits with two novel aspects. The first innovation involves the embedded integration of electronic circuits by printing low-resistance electrical traces from bulk metal into polymer channels. Cross-section grinding results reveal (92 ± 5)% occupancy of electrically conductive traces in polymer channels despite the different thermal properties of the two materials. The second aspect encompasses the possibility of printing vertical bulk metal vias up to 10 mm in height with the potential for expansion, interconnecting electrically conductive traces embedded in different layers of the 3D object. The work provides comprehensive 3D printing design guidelines for successfully integrating fully embedded electrically conductive traces and the interconnecting vertical bulk metal vias. A smooth and continuous workflow is also introduced, enabling a single-run print of functional multilayer embedded 3D electronics. The design rules and the workflow facilitate the iterative printing of two distinct materials, each defined by unique printing temperatures and techniques. Observations indicate that conductive traces using molten metal microdroplets show a 12-fold reduction in resistance compared to nanoparticle ink-based methods, meaning this technique greatly complements multi-material additive manufacturing (MM-AM). The work presents insights into the behavior of molten metal microdroplets on a polymer substrate when printed through the MM-AM process. It explores their characteristics in two scenarios: When they are deposited side-by-side to form conductive traces and when they are deposited out-of-plane to create vertical bulk metal vias. The innovative application of MM-AM to produce multilayer embedded 3D electronics with bulk metal and polymer demonstrates significant potential for realizing the fabrication of free-form 3D electronics.
{"title":"Iterative printing of bulk metal and polymer for additive manufacturing of multi-layer electronic circuits","authors":"Zeba Khan, Dheepesh Gururajan, Sabrina Kartmann, Peter Koltay, Roland Zengerle, Zhe Shu","doi":"10.1038/s44334-024-00001-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44334-024-00001-0","url":null,"abstract":"In pursuing advancing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for 3D objects, this study combines AM techniques for bulk metal and polymer on a single platform for one-stop printing of multilayer 3D electronic circuits with two novel aspects. The first innovation involves the embedded integration of electronic circuits by printing low-resistance electrical traces from bulk metal into polymer channels. Cross-section grinding results reveal (92 ± 5)% occupancy of electrically conductive traces in polymer channels despite the different thermal properties of the two materials. The second aspect encompasses the possibility of printing vertical bulk metal vias up to 10 mm in height with the potential for expansion, interconnecting electrically conductive traces embedded in different layers of the 3D object. The work provides comprehensive 3D printing design guidelines for successfully integrating fully embedded electrically conductive traces and the interconnecting vertical bulk metal vias. A smooth and continuous workflow is also introduced, enabling a single-run print of functional multilayer embedded 3D electronics. The design rules and the workflow facilitate the iterative printing of two distinct materials, each defined by unique printing temperatures and techniques. Observations indicate that conductive traces using molten metal microdroplets show a 12-fold reduction in resistance compared to nanoparticle ink-based methods, meaning this technique greatly complements multi-material additive manufacturing (MM-AM). The work presents insights into the behavior of molten metal microdroplets on a polymer substrate when printed through the MM-AM process. It explores their characteristics in two scenarios: When they are deposited side-by-side to form conductive traces and when they are deposited out-of-plane to create vertical bulk metal vias. The innovative application of MM-AM to produce multilayer embedded 3D electronics with bulk metal and polymer demonstrates significant potential for realizing the fabrication of free-form 3D electronics.","PeriodicalId":501702,"journal":{"name":"npj Advanced Manufacturing","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44334-024-00001-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142084601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：