Christopher Selvam Damian, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Raja Thandavamoorthy, R. Jayabal
The adoption of biofuels as an energy source has experienced a substantial increase, exceeding the consumption of fossil fuels. The shift can be ascribed to the availability of renewable resources for energy production and the ecological advantages linked to their utilisation. Nevertheless, due to its intricate characteristics, the process of producing ethanol fuel from biomass poses difficulties in terms of administration, enhancement, and forecasting future results. To tackle these difficulties, it is crucial to utilise modelling techniques like artificial intelligence (AI) to create, oversee, and improve bioethanol production procedures. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a prominent AI technique that offers significant advantages for modelling bioethanol production systems’ pretreatment, fermentation, and conversion stages. They are highly flexible and accurate, making them particularly well-suited. This study thoroughly examines several artificial intelligence techniques used in bioethanol production, specifically focusing on research published in the past ten years. The analysis emphasises the importance of using AI methods to address the complexities of bioethanol production and shows their role in enhancing efficiency and sustainability in the biofuel industry.
{"title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence for enhanced bioethanol productions: a cutting-edge approach towards sustainable energy solution","authors":"Christopher Selvam Damian, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Raja Thandavamoorthy, R. Jayabal","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2024-0074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The adoption of biofuels as an energy source has experienced a substantial increase, exceeding the consumption of fossil fuels. The shift can be ascribed to the availability of renewable resources for energy production and the ecological advantages linked to their utilisation. Nevertheless, due to its intricate characteristics, the process of producing ethanol fuel from biomass poses difficulties in terms of administration, enhancement, and forecasting future results. To tackle these difficulties, it is crucial to utilise modelling techniques like artificial intelligence (AI) to create, oversee, and improve bioethanol production procedures. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a prominent AI technique that offers significant advantages for modelling bioethanol production systems’ pretreatment, fermentation, and conversion stages. They are highly flexible and accurate, making them particularly well-suited. This study thoroughly examines several artificial intelligence techniques used in bioethanol production, specifically focusing on research published in the past ten years. The analysis emphasises the importance of using AI methods to address the complexities of bioethanol production and shows their role in enhancing efficiency and sustainability in the biofuel industry.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"43 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The slag-metal interface serves as a crucial locus for both chemical reactions and the adsorption of inclusions during secondary refining. This study first comprehensively reviews the methods of inclusions removal and then establishes a cold-state experiment using a water-oil system to reappear the phenomenon of slag-metal dispersion and inclusion adsorption. The distribution of slag droplets under varying slag volumes is analyzed in terms of the effect of bottom blow rates. Simultaneously, the volumetric fraction of oxygen on the slag-eye surface is analyzed. The result proved that the increase in oil layer thickness or the gas flow rate increase the volume of entrained oil. The dimensionless depth of entrained droplets was positively associated with gas flow rate or oil thickness. The dimensionless depth of “large droplets” and “small droplets” was in the range of 0–25 % and 0–60 %, respectively. Moreover, analysis of the gas composition above the slag-eye in a water-oil system is used to determine the degree of secondary oxidation. The oxygen volume fraction over the surface of the slag-eye decreases with the increase of gas flow rate. The oxygen volume fraction over the surface of the slag-eye is 1.51 % when the gas flow rate is 9 L/min.
{"title":"Study of inclusions-removal and slag-metal dispersion phenomenon in gas-stirred ladle","authors":"Yong Liu, Shu-sen Cheng, Tong Liu","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2024-0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The slag-metal interface serves as a crucial locus for both chemical reactions and the adsorption of inclusions during secondary refining. This study first comprehensively reviews the methods of inclusions removal and then establishes a cold-state experiment using a water-oil system to reappear the phenomenon of slag-metal dispersion and inclusion adsorption. The distribution of slag droplets under varying slag volumes is analyzed in terms of the effect of bottom blow rates. Simultaneously, the volumetric fraction of oxygen on the slag-eye surface is analyzed. The result proved that the increase in oil layer thickness or the gas flow rate increase the volume of entrained oil. The dimensionless depth of entrained droplets was positively associated with gas flow rate or oil thickness. The dimensionless depth of “large droplets” and “small droplets” was in the range of 0–25 % and 0–60 %, respectively. Moreover, analysis of the gas composition above the slag-eye in a water-oil system is used to determine the degree of secondary oxidation. The oxygen volume fraction over the surface of the slag-eye decreases with the increase of gas flow rate. The oxygen volume fraction over the surface of the slag-eye is 1.51 % when the gas flow rate is 9 L/min.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandra Vengoechea-Pimienta, Alejandro R. Alonso, V. E. Márquez-Baños, R. Luna-Sánchez, J. Ramírez-Muñoz
The cobalt electrodeposition from a leaching containing cathode-powdery of spent laptop lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of different commercial brands, collected from local laptop repair shops, was investigated. Citric acid (0.14 M) and hydrazine (0.1 M) were employed as complexing and reducing agents in the leaching during 24 h. Cobalt, manganese and nickel concentrations in the leachate, obtained by the flame method in an atomic absorption spectrometer, are reported. A rotating cylindrical electrode reactor which consists of a rotating open bottom as cathode and a static outer cylindrical as anode was employed. The numerical flow patterns and cathode velocities that induce the presence of Taylor vortices inside and/or outside the cathode were investigated. RANS equations with the standard k−ε turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment was used. Electrical power measurements were performed to validate simulations. Cyclic voltammetry experiments with synthetic solutions were applied to determine the reduction potential of cobalt (found in −1.2 V vs SCE). Subsequently, electrolysis experiments were carried out at predetermined cathode speeds (50, 75, and 125 rpm), imposing a working cathodic potential of −1.2 V versus SCE during 12 h. Experimental results indicate that the best cobalt recovery rates and current efficiency coincide with the presence of Taylor vortices both inside and outside the cathode, i.e., at 50 rpm. The peak performance in cobalt recovery and current efficiency was recorded at 49 % and 47.3 %, respectively. Finally, the deposits obtained from each electrolysis test were removed from the cathode and analyzed via energy dispersive spectroscopy. The range of purity of Co obtained in the electrodeposit film were between 56.75 % and 74.8 %.
{"title":"Cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries using a rotating cylindrical electrode reactor","authors":"Alejandra Vengoechea-Pimienta, Alejandro R. Alonso, V. E. Márquez-Baños, R. Luna-Sánchez, J. Ramírez-Muñoz","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2024-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The cobalt electrodeposition from a leaching containing cathode-powdery of spent laptop lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of different commercial brands, collected from local laptop repair shops, was investigated. Citric acid (0.14 M) and hydrazine (0.1 M) were employed as complexing and reducing agents in the leaching during 24 h. Cobalt, manganese and nickel concentrations in the leachate, obtained by the flame method in an atomic absorption spectrometer, are reported. A rotating cylindrical electrode reactor which consists of a rotating open bottom as cathode and a static outer cylindrical as anode was employed. The numerical flow patterns and cathode velocities that induce the presence of Taylor vortices inside and/or outside the cathode were investigated. RANS equations with the standard k−ε turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment was used. Electrical power measurements were performed to validate simulations. Cyclic voltammetry experiments with synthetic solutions were applied to determine the reduction potential of cobalt (found in −1.2 V vs SCE). Subsequently, electrolysis experiments were carried out at predetermined cathode speeds (50, 75, and 125 rpm), imposing a working cathodic potential of −1.2 V versus SCE during 12 h. Experimental results indicate that the best cobalt recovery rates and current efficiency coincide with the presence of Taylor vortices both inside and outside the cathode, i.e., at 50 rpm. The peak performance in cobalt recovery and current efficiency was recorded at 49 % and 47.3 %, respectively. Finally, the deposits obtained from each electrolysis test were removed from the cathode and analyzed via energy dispersive spectroscopy. The range of purity of Co obtained in the electrodeposit film were between 56.75 % and 74.8 %.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"23 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the catalytic reduction of CO2 into formic acid was investigated over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst synthesized by wet-impregnation technique. The CO2 hydrogenation reaction was performed in a slurry reactor in the temperature range of 100–300 °C and at an autogenerated pressure. The Na2CO3 was used as a CO2 source, and hydrazine hydrate was used as a hydrogen source. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst metal loading (5–15 wt%), and catalyst amount were optimized for the higher yield of formic acid. The catalyst was very selective to formic acid, and a very high formic acid selectivity of ∼99 % was achieved in the presence of 10 wt% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at a much lower reaction temperature of 250 °C. The obtained formic acid yield was ∼53.5 %. The result demonstrated that the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst developed was very promising for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 molecules to formic acid via the in situ hydrogenation from hydrazine hydrate.
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic reduction of CO2 to formic acid in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen source","authors":"Rajeev Ranjan, Prakash Biswas","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2024-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2024-0038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, the catalytic reduction of CO2 into formic acid was investigated over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst synthesized by wet-impregnation technique. The CO2 hydrogenation reaction was performed in a slurry reactor in the temperature range of 100–300 °C and at an autogenerated pressure. The Na2CO3 was used as a CO2 source, and hydrazine hydrate was used as a hydrogen source. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst metal loading (5–15 wt%), and catalyst amount were optimized for the higher yield of formic acid. The catalyst was very selective to formic acid, and a very high formic acid selectivity of ∼99 % was achieved in the presence of 10 wt% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at a much lower reaction temperature of 250 °C. The obtained formic acid yield was ∼53.5 %. The result demonstrated that the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst developed was very promising for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 molecules to formic acid via the in situ hydrogenation from hydrazine hydrate.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"132 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the emission and performance characteristics of single-cylinder diesel engines were tested using various biodiesel blends prepared by mixing diesel with mango seed oil biodiesel (MSOB). Furthermore, the effect of n-amyl and n-hexanol alcohol additions on the performance and emission results of manufactured biodiesel blends is investigated and compared with diesel fuel. On the other hand, a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) method is developed to forecast ideal biodiesel blends in order to reduce emissions from diesel engines while improving performance. The optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for this study were 32.3916 % for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel and 0.0453 kg/kWh for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-amyl fuel, respectively. The optimal emissions from the test engine were 0.1034 % CO from 60 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 20 % n-hexanol and 28.886 ppm HC from 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel. The optimal smoke and NO x levels are achieved with a blend of 60 % diesel, 20 % MSOB, 5 % n-amyl, and 5 % n-hexane. Moreover, the developed DNN-MRFO achieved 0.9979, 0.9992 and 0.9975 overall regression coefficients during training, validation and testing. The root mean square error (RMSE) of DNN-MRFO also ranges from 0.019 to 0.032.
{"title":"Emission and performance investigation of mango seed oil biodiesel supplied with n-pentanol and n-hexanol additives and optimization of fuel blends using modified deep neural network","authors":"S. Rami Reddy, S. K. Sarangi","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0183","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, the emission and performance characteristics of single-cylinder diesel engines were tested using various biodiesel blends prepared by mixing diesel with mango seed oil biodiesel (MSOB). Furthermore, the effect of n-amyl and n-hexanol alcohol additions on the performance and emission results of manufactured biodiesel blends is investigated and compared with diesel fuel. On the other hand, a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) method is developed to forecast ideal biodiesel blends in order to reduce emissions from diesel engines while improving performance. The optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for this study were 32.3916 % for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel and 0.0453 kg/kWh for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-amyl fuel, respectively. The optimal emissions from the test engine were 0.1034 % CO from 60 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 20 % n-hexanol and 28.886 ppm HC from 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel. The optimal smoke and NO\u0000 x\u0000 levels are achieved with a blend of 60 % diesel, 20 % MSOB, 5 % n-amyl, and 5 % n-hexane. Moreover, the developed DNN-MRFO achieved 0.9979, 0.9992 and 0.9975 overall regression coefficients during training, validation and testing. The root mean square error (RMSE) of DNN-MRFO also ranges from 0.019 to 0.032.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"66 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140356274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalytic materials were synthesized following impregnation and co-precipitation routes, and their catalytic performances were compared in the dry-reforming reaction of methane. The effects of Ru impregnation on the catalytic performance of Ni-incorporated Mg–Al were also investigated. Results showed that the catalytic performance of the Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type catalyst (NiMgAlO), which was prepared by the co-precipitation route, was highly stable during dry-reforming reaction tests performed at 600 °C, extending up to 24 h. The fractional conversion of CO2 (0.42) was higher than the fractional conversion of CH4 (0.29) due to the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction. However, the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction to the product distribution was much less with the catalyst prepared following the impregnation route (Ni@MgAlO). This difference was shown to be mainly due to the state of the nickel in the catalyst structures. Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalyst (Ni@CaAlO) was also synthesized and tested in dry reforming of methane. Results obtained with the Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type catalyst showed some changes in its structure and the formation of some CaCO3 during the dry reforming reaction. The comparison of the performances of Ni-impregnated Mg–Al and Ca–Al type catalysts showed a higher amount of coke on the surface of Ni@CaAlO than Ni@MgAlO. It was also concluded that significant coke minimization and highly stable catalytic performance could be achieved by the impregnation of 1 % Ru to the NiMgAlO catalyst. The amount of coke deposited on the catalyst decreased from about 30 % to less than 5 %, by Ru impregnation. The decrease of the surface area of the Ru-impregnated catalyst was also only about 3 % after 240 min of reaction time.
{"title":"Dry reforming of methane over Ni–Mg–Al and Ni–Ca–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalysts: effects of synthesis route and Ru incorporation","authors":"Gülçin Topaloğlu, S. Yaşyerli, G. Dogu","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0232","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalytic materials were synthesized following impregnation and co-precipitation routes, and their catalytic performances were compared in the dry-reforming reaction of methane. The effects of Ru impregnation on the catalytic performance of Ni-incorporated Mg–Al were also investigated. Results showed that the catalytic performance of the Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type catalyst (NiMgAlO), which was prepared by the co-precipitation route, was highly stable during dry-reforming reaction tests performed at 600 °C, extending up to 24 h. The fractional conversion of CO2 (0.42) was higher than the fractional conversion of CH4 (0.29) due to the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction. However, the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction to the product distribution was much less with the catalyst prepared following the impregnation route (Ni@MgAlO). This difference was shown to be mainly due to the state of the nickel in the catalyst structures. Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalyst (Ni@CaAlO) was also synthesized and tested in dry reforming of methane. Results obtained with the Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type catalyst showed some changes in its structure and the formation of some CaCO3 during the dry reforming reaction. The comparison of the performances of Ni-impregnated Mg–Al and Ca–Al type catalysts showed a higher amount of coke on the surface of Ni@CaAlO than Ni@MgAlO. It was also concluded that significant coke minimization and highly stable catalytic performance could be achieved by the impregnation of 1 % Ru to the NiMgAlO catalyst. The amount of coke deposited on the catalyst decreased from about 30 % to less than 5 %, by Ru impregnation. The decrease of the surface area of the Ru-impregnated catalyst was also only about 3 % after 240 min of reaction time.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140210074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Jia, Yuanchi Tan, Zhiling Chen, Yi Jian, Bifeng Yin
A shell-and-tube Methanol Steam Reformer (MSR) system was designed for diesel engines. The effects of structural and operational parameters of the spiral baffles in the methanol reformer on heat transfer and hydrogen production performance were investigated. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology was conducted to study the interactive effects of spacing and thickness, as well as liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio, on the methanol conversion rate, hydrogen concentration and hydrogen production. The results indicated that reducing the baffle spacing and increasing the baffle thickness further improved heat transfer efficiency. Optimal conditions were achieved at a spacing of 30 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, resulting in a methanol conversion rate of 64.2 %. Increasing the steam–methanol ratio from 0.5 to 2 increased the methanol conversion rate from 50.6 % to 79.7 %, with a subsequent decrease in hydrogen concentration. Increasing the liquid hourly space velocity from 635 h−1 to 1905 h−1 significantly reduced the methanol conversion rate from 94.5 % to 64.2 %, but the hydrogen production increased from 0.111 mol/s to 0.228 mol/s. Optimization results indicate that the liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio have a greater influence on the hydrogen production efficiency of the methanol reformer.
{"title":"Design and performance optimization of diesel engine waste heat recovery methanol reforming hydrogen generation system","authors":"H. Jia, Yuanchi Tan, Zhiling Chen, Yi Jian, Bifeng Yin","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0190","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A shell-and-tube Methanol Steam Reformer (MSR) system was designed for diesel engines. The effects of structural and operational parameters of the spiral baffles in the methanol reformer on heat transfer and hydrogen production performance were investigated. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology was conducted to study the interactive effects of spacing and thickness, as well as liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio, on the methanol conversion rate, hydrogen concentration and hydrogen production. The results indicated that reducing the baffle spacing and increasing the baffle thickness further improved heat transfer efficiency. Optimal conditions were achieved at a spacing of 30 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, resulting in a methanol conversion rate of 64.2 %. Increasing the steam–methanol ratio from 0.5 to 2 increased the methanol conversion rate from 50.6 % to 79.7 %, with a subsequent decrease in hydrogen concentration. Increasing the liquid hourly space velocity from 635 h−1 to 1905 h−1 significantly reduced the methanol conversion rate from 94.5 % to 64.2 %, but the hydrogen production increased from 0.111 mol/s to 0.228 mol/s. Optimization results indicate that the liquid hourly space velocity and steam–methanol ratio have a greater influence on the hydrogen production efficiency of the methanol reformer.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"55 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140430951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article develops a method for determining the areas of attraction of trajectories by stable points of dynamic equilibrium. This method is based on determining a line separating these areas. In the case of n-fold equilibrium states, there are a maximum of (n + 1)/2 regions of attraction. This is the maximum number of stable states. It may also happen that none of the states are stable and then there will not be any area of attraction. The number of all states n is odd. In the case of single stable states, we are dealing with one unlimited region of attraction. In the case of three-fold equilibrium states, two of which are stable, there are two regions of attraction, etc. In this study, the case of three-fold dynamic equilibrium states of a chemical tank reactor is considered.
本文提出了一种确定轨迹受动态平衡稳定点吸引区域的方法。该方法基于确定这些区域的分界线。在 n 重平衡状态下，最多有 (n + 1)/2 个吸引区域。这就是稳定状态的最大数量。也有可能没有一个状态是稳定的，那么就不会有任何吸引区域。所有状态的数量 n 为奇数。在单一稳定状态的情况下，我们面对的是一个无限的吸引力区域。在三重平衡态的情况下，其中两重平衡态是稳定的，则有两个吸引区域，等等。本研究考虑的是化学罐式反应器的三重动态平衡状态。
{"title":"Areas of stability of the dynamic equilibrium points of a chemical reactor","authors":"Marek Berezowski","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article develops a method for determining the areas of attraction of trajectories by stable points of dynamic equilibrium. This method is based on determining a line separating these areas. In the case of n-fold equilibrium states, there are a maximum of (n + 1)/2 regions of attraction. This is the maximum number of stable states. It may also happen that none of the states are stable and then there will not be any area of attraction. The number of all states n is odd. In the case of single stable states, we are dealing with one unlimited region of attraction. In the case of three-fold equilibrium states, two of which are stable, there are two regions of attraction, etc. In this study, the case of three-fold dynamic equilibrium states of a chemical tank reactor is considered.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"72 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140439150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
XinTao Su, Shibo Wang, Hua Wang, Jianxin Xu, Q. Xiao
The hydrodynamic and stirring characteristics of gas-slag-copper matte three-phase in side-blowing melt pool melting were numerically simulated using a combination of the volume of fluid (VOF) model in computational fluid dynamics and the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The study obtained macroscopic flow and gas-liquid two-phase distribution information of the flow field in the melting process. It also examined the effects of isokinetic blowing and nonlinear blowing on the fluid velocity, penetration depth, gas content, and turbulent eddy volume of the flow field, and compared the results. The results indicate that, for the same total gas volume, constant velocity blowing (CVS) inadequately agitates the molten pool, resulting in a large stirring dead zone within the flow field. In contrast, nonlinear blowing enhances the fluid velocity overall. Specifically, sinusoidal variable speed blowing (SWS) and rectangular variable speed blowing (RWS) reduce the stirring dead zone area by 79 and 73.5 %, respectively. This is attributed to the increase in maximum penetration depth and slag phase gas content, as well as the decrease in gas escape during nonlinear blowing. The vortex volume over the total calculated time for the three conditions is enhanced by 6.7 and 1.1 % for SWS and RWS, respectively. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy of the fluids is increased by 18.7 and 17 %, respectively.
{"title":"Numerical simulation study of the effect of nonlinear side blowing on the flow of gas-liquid two-phase flow","authors":"XinTao Su, Shibo Wang, Hua Wang, Jianxin Xu, Q. Xiao","doi":"10.1515/ijcre-2023-0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2023-0198","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The hydrodynamic and stirring characteristics of gas-slag-copper matte three-phase in side-blowing melt pool melting were numerically simulated using a combination of the volume of fluid (VOF) model in computational fluid dynamics and the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The study obtained macroscopic flow and gas-liquid two-phase distribution information of the flow field in the melting process. It also examined the effects of isokinetic blowing and nonlinear blowing on the fluid velocity, penetration depth, gas content, and turbulent eddy volume of the flow field, and compared the results. The results indicate that, for the same total gas volume, constant velocity blowing (CVS) inadequately agitates the molten pool, resulting in a large stirring dead zone within the flow field. In contrast, nonlinear blowing enhances the fluid velocity overall. Specifically, sinusoidal variable speed blowing (SWS) and rectangular variable speed blowing (RWS) reduce the stirring dead zone area by 79 and 73.5 %, respectively. This is attributed to the increase in maximum penetration depth and slag phase gas content, as well as the decrease in gas escape during nonlinear blowing. The vortex volume over the total calculated time for the three conditions is enhanced by 6.7 and 1.1 % for SWS and RWS, respectively. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy of the fluids is increased by 18.7 and 17 %, respectively.","PeriodicalId":502324,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Huang, Taoting Li, Yu Yang, Mingyang Dai, Zuobing Xiao, Haiyan Yu, Chen Chen, H. Tian
Cyclodextrins (CDs), due to its unique ‘outer hydrophilic and inner hydrophobic’ structure, can be used as excellent carriers to protect active aroma compounds. The hydrodynamic conditions in the reactor substantially influence the characteristics of the cyclodextrin inclusions. Based on this, this study investigated the effects of the impeller type and the rotational speed on the characteristics of the inclusion complexes, meanwhile the corresponding scale-up process was also investigated. Results showed that the pitched blade turbine was the optimum impeller due to better axial flow performance. The average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), loading capacity and the major aroma concentration of the inclusion complexes prepared at 5 and 120 L reactors did not have significant difference compared to the inclusion complexes prepared at 0.5 L reactor under conditions of geometry similarity and constant power per unit volume, which verified the feasibility of the scale-up rule of the encapsulation process.
环糊精（CD）具有独特的 "外亲水、内疏水 "结构，可用作保护活性芳香化合物的优良载体。反应器中的流体力学条件对环糊精夹杂物的特性有很大影响。基于此，本研究考察了叶轮类型和转速对包合物特性的影响，同时还考察了相应的放大过程。结果表明，斜叶涡轮具有更好的轴向流动性能，是最佳的叶轮。在几何形状相似和单位体积功率恒定的条件下，5 L 和 120 L 反应器制备的包合物的平均粒径、多分散指数（PDI）、装载量和主要芳香物质浓度与 0.5 L 反应器制备的包合物相比没有显著差异，这验证了封装工艺放大规则的可行性。
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