Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000248
Nadia Milad, K. Belisario, J. MacKillop, Jeremy Hirota
Objective: The potential impact of cigarette and cannabis smoking on COVID-19 infection outcomes is not well understood. We investigated the association between combustible tobacco use and dried cannabis use with COVID-19 infection in a longitudinal cohort of community adults. Method: The sample comprised 1,343 participants, originally enrolled in 2018, who reported their cigarette and cannabis use in 11 assessments over 44 months, until 2022. COVID-19 infection history were self-reported after the onset of the pandemic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. The potentially confounding factor of vaccination status was also considered by stratifying data by booster vaccination self-reporting. Results: Among 1,343 participants, 820 (61.1%) reported any COVID-19 infection. Dried cannabis use (46.3% of participants, n = 721) was associated with higher self-reporting of 2+ COVID-19 infections (13.3% vs. 7.3% in non-users, p = .0004), while tobacco use (18.5% of participants, n = 248) had no significant effect (13.3% vs. 10.0% in no use group, p = .116). When stratified into single or dual substance use groups, dried cannabis-only use was associated with increased reporting of 1 or 2+ COVID-19 infections compared to substance non-users, while tobacco-only use and dual use groups were not significantly different from non-users. To account for differences in vaccination rates between substance use groups, we found that, among individuals with a COVID-19 booster vaccine, dried cannabis use was still associated with increased reporting of 2+ COVID-19 infections (p = .008). Conclusions: Our study suggests that dried cannabis use is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting 2+ COVID-19 infections. Although the study was observational and relied on self-report infection status, our findings support the need for further investigation into the impact of cannabis use on COVID-19 infection, particularly studies employing controlled experimental designs.
{"title":"Dried Cannabis Use, Tobacco Smoking, and COVID-19 Infection: Findings from a Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study","authors":"Nadia Milad, K. Belisario, J. MacKillop, Jeremy Hirota","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000248","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The potential impact of cigarette and cannabis smoking on COVID-19 infection outcomes is not well understood. We investigated the association between combustible tobacco use and dried cannabis use with COVID-19 infection in a longitudinal cohort of community adults. Method: The sample comprised 1,343 participants, originally enrolled in 2018, who reported their cigarette and cannabis use in 11 assessments over 44 months, until 2022. COVID-19 infection history were self-reported after the onset of the pandemic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. The potentially confounding factor of vaccination status was also considered by stratifying data by booster vaccination self-reporting. Results: Among 1,343 participants, 820 (61.1%) reported any COVID-19 infection. Dried cannabis use (46.3% of participants, n = 721) was associated with higher self-reporting of 2+ COVID-19 infections (13.3% vs. 7.3% in non-users, p = .0004), while tobacco use (18.5% of participants, n = 248) had no significant effect (13.3% vs. 10.0% in no use group, p = .116). When stratified into single or dual substance use groups, dried cannabis-only use was associated with increased reporting of 1 or 2+ COVID-19 infections compared to substance non-users, while tobacco-only use and dual use groups were not significantly different from non-users. To account for differences in vaccination rates between substance use groups, we found that, among individuals with a COVID-19 booster vaccine, dried cannabis use was still associated with increased reporting of 2+ COVID-19 infections (p = .008). Conclusions: Our study suggests that dried cannabis use is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting 2+ COVID-19 infections. Although the study was observational and relied on self-report infection status, our findings support the need for further investigation into the impact of cannabis use on COVID-19 infection, particularly studies employing controlled experimental designs.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000233
Hannah Appleseth, Desiree R. Azizoddin, Amy Cohn
Objective: Rates of chronic pain are higher among rural versus urban individuals and rural individuals experience higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage, poor or no health insurance coverage, and unmet treatment need. Medical cannabis is legal in Oklahoma. With 40% of Oklahoma’s population living in rural areas, and nearly 17% uninsured, the medical legalization of cannabis may present as an accessible and relatively low-cost alternative treatment, particularly for those with chronic pain. This study investigated differences in cannabis use by rural (vs. urban) status and unmet (vs. met) treatment need among adults with and without chronic pain living in Oklahoma. Method: To be eligible, participants had to be 18 years or older, reside in Oklahoma, and be able to read and write English-language surveys. Results: The sample (N = 3622) was primarily made up of non-Hispanic White (70.4%) females (53.8%) in their early middle age (M = 41.80, SD = 16.88), employed full-time or part-time (53.8%), with some college/technical school (37.2%) or a bachelor’s degree (28.5%). Nearly one-fifth of the sample (18.2%) endorsed chronic pain, and individuals with chronic pain were eight times more likely to report past 30-day cannabis use. No difference was detected when only rurality (vs. urban residence) was examined. Among adults with chronic pain, those who were rural dwelling and who reported unmet treatment need were almost two times more likely to report past 30-day cannabis use, compared to urban dwelling chronic pain adults with unmet treatment need. Conclusions: In Oklahoma, adults in rural areas with unmet treatment need and chronic pain may benefit from increasing access to chronic pain treatment, as well as education on cannabis use and harm reduction strategies to inform healthcare decision-making.
{"title":"The Intersection of Rurality, Unmet Treatment Need, and Cannabis Use for Adults with Chronic Pain","authors":"Hannah Appleseth, Desiree R. Azizoddin, Amy Cohn","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000233","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Rates of chronic pain are higher among rural versus urban individuals and rural individuals experience higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage, poor or no health insurance coverage, and unmet treatment need. Medical cannabis is legal in Oklahoma. With 40% of Oklahoma’s population living in rural areas, and nearly 17% uninsured, the medical legalization of cannabis may present as an accessible and relatively low-cost alternative treatment, particularly for those with chronic pain. This study investigated differences in cannabis use by rural (vs. urban) status and unmet (vs. met) treatment need among adults with and without chronic pain living in Oklahoma. Method: To be eligible, participants had to be 18 years or older, reside in Oklahoma, and be able to read and write English-language surveys. Results: The sample (N = 3622) was primarily made up of non-Hispanic White (70.4%) females (53.8%) in their early middle age (M = 41.80, SD = 16.88), employed full-time or part-time (53.8%), with some college/technical school (37.2%) or a bachelor’s degree (28.5%). Nearly one-fifth of the sample (18.2%) endorsed chronic pain, and individuals with chronic pain were eight times more likely to report past 30-day cannabis use. No difference was detected when only rurality (vs. urban residence) was examined. Among adults with chronic pain, those who were rural dwelling and who reported unmet treatment need were almost two times more likely to report past 30-day cannabis use, compared to urban dwelling chronic pain adults with unmet treatment need. Conclusions: In Oklahoma, adults in rural areas with unmet treatment need and chronic pain may benefit from increasing access to chronic pain treatment, as well as education on cannabis use and harm reduction strategies to inform healthcare decision-making.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000239
Blake Pearson, Mariah Walker, José Tempero, Kaye Ong, Philippe Lucas
Objective: Cannabis is being used as a therapeutic option by patients around the globe, and older patients represent a rapidly growing subset of this population. This study aims to assess the patterns of medical cannabis use in patients over 50 years of age and its effect on health outcomes such as pain, sleep, quality of life, and co-medication. Method: The Medical Cannabis in Older Patients Study (MCOPS) is a multi-site, prospective observational study examining the real-world impact of medical cannabis use on patients over age 50 under the guidance of a health care provider. The study included validated instruments, with treating physicians collecting detailed data on participant characteristics, medical cannabis and co-medication use, and associated impacts on pain, sleep, quality of life, as well as adverse events. Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 299 participants. Average age of participants was 66.7 years, and 66.2% of respondents identified as female. Approximately 90% of patients used medical cannabis to treat pain-related conditions such as chronic pain and arthritis. Almost all patients reported a preference for oral cannabis products (e.g., extracts, edibles) rather than inhalation products (e.g., flower, vapes), and most preferred oral formulations high in cannabidiol and low in tetrahydrocannabinol. Over the six-month study period, significant improvements were noted in pain, sleep, and quality of life measures, with 45% experiencing a clinically meaningful improvement in pain interference and in sleep quality scores. Additionally, nearly 50% of patients taking co-medications at baseline had reduced their use by the end of the study period, and quality of life improved significantly from baseline to M3 and from baseline to M6, with an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of $25,357.20. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported. Conclusions: In this cohort of older patients, most of whom suffered from pain-related conditions, medical cannabis seemed to be a safe and effective treatment. Most patients experienced clinically significant improvements in pain, sleep, and quality of life and reductions in co-medication. The cost per QALY was well below the standard for traditional pharmaceuticals, and no SAEs were reported, suggesting that cannabis is a relatively safe and cost-effective therapeutic option for adults dealing with age-related health conditions.
{"title":"Medical Cannabis for Patients Over Age 50: A Multi-site, Prospective Study of Patterns of Use and Health Outcomes","authors":"Blake Pearson, Mariah Walker, José Tempero, Kaye Ong, Philippe Lucas","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000239","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Cannabis is being used as a therapeutic option by patients around the globe, and older patients represent a rapidly growing subset of this population. This study aims to assess the patterns of medical cannabis use in patients over 50 years of age and its effect on health outcomes such as pain, sleep, quality of life, and co-medication. Method: The Medical Cannabis in Older Patients Study (MCOPS) is a multi-site, prospective observational study examining the real-world impact of medical cannabis use on patients over age 50 under the guidance of a health care provider. The study included validated instruments, with treating physicians collecting detailed data on participant characteristics, medical cannabis and co-medication use, and associated impacts on pain, sleep, quality of life, as well as adverse events. Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 299 participants. Average age of participants was 66.7 years, and 66.2% of respondents identified as female. Approximately 90% of patients used medical cannabis to treat pain-related conditions such as chronic pain and arthritis. Almost all patients reported a preference for oral cannabis products (e.g., extracts, edibles) rather than inhalation products (e.g., flower, vapes), and most preferred oral formulations high in cannabidiol and low in tetrahydrocannabinol. Over the six-month study period, significant improvements were noted in pain, sleep, and quality of life measures, with 45% experiencing a clinically meaningful improvement in pain interference and in sleep quality scores. Additionally, nearly 50% of patients taking co-medications at baseline had reduced their use by the end of the study period, and quality of life improved significantly from baseline to M3 and from baseline to M6, with an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of $25,357.20. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported. Conclusions: In this cohort of older patients, most of whom suffered from pain-related conditions, medical cannabis seemed to be a safe and effective treatment. Most patients experienced clinically significant improvements in pain, sleep, and quality of life and reductions in co-medication. The cost per QALY was well below the standard for traditional pharmaceuticals, and no SAEs were reported, suggesting that cannabis is a relatively safe and cost-effective therapeutic option for adults dealing with age-related health conditions.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000206
Gregory Smith
Objective: Metabolic syndrome is due to dysregulation that starts with fat accumulation, causing inflammatory response, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and fatty liver disease. The endocannabinoid system, via cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), has been shown to be involved with energy homeostasis and regulation of appetitive behavior via activity in the hypothalamus, limbic forebrain and amygdala and in the peripheral tissues including adipose, liver and muscle. Therefore, two phytocannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a CB1 neutral antagonist, and cannabidiol (CBD), a negative allosteric modulator of CB1, are expected to have therapeutic metabolic benefits, including weight loss. Method: A placebo-controlled study was conducted on 44 subjects (31 females and 13 males) with an average age of 51.75. The study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of THCV and CBD (8 mg THCV/10 mg CBD in the lower dose and 16 mg THCV/20 mg CBD in the higher dose), taken once daily for 90 days via mucoadhesive oral strips, for weight loss and improvement of certain metabolic markers. Results: Use of the THCV/CBD strip was associated with statistically significant weight loss, decreases in abdominal girth, systolic blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol. The study was limited by small sample sizes in both the high dose and placebo groups. Conclusions: The 16 mg/20 mg daily dose was superior for weight loss compared to the 8 mg/10 mg daily dose; both sets of results differed from placebo in a way that was statistically significant. The results of this study were congruent with the prior unpublished studies of a hemp extract containing significant percentages of THCV, CBDV and CBD.
{"title":"Weight Loss and Therapeutic Metabolic Effects of Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)-Infused Mucoadhesive Strips","authors":"Gregory Smith","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000206","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Metabolic syndrome is due to dysregulation that starts with fat accumulation, causing inflammatory response, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and fatty liver disease. The endocannabinoid system, via cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), has been shown to be involved with energy homeostasis and regulation of appetitive behavior via activity in the hypothalamus, limbic forebrain and amygdala and in the peripheral tissues including adipose, liver and muscle. Therefore, two phytocannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a CB1 neutral antagonist, and cannabidiol (CBD), a negative allosteric modulator of CB1, are expected to have therapeutic metabolic benefits, including weight loss. Method: A placebo-controlled study was conducted on 44 subjects (31 females and 13 males) with an average age of 51.75. The study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of THCV and CBD (8 mg THCV/10 mg CBD in the lower dose and 16 mg THCV/20 mg CBD in the higher dose), taken once daily for 90 days via mucoadhesive oral strips, for weight loss and improvement of certain metabolic markers. Results: Use of the THCV/CBD strip was associated with statistically significant weight loss, decreases in abdominal girth, systolic blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol. The study was limited by small sample sizes in both the high dose and placebo groups. Conclusions: The 16 mg/20 mg daily dose was superior for weight loss compared to the 8 mg/10 mg daily dose; both sets of results differed from placebo in a way that was statistically significant. The results of this study were congruent with the prior unpublished studies of a hemp extract containing significant percentages of THCV, CBDV and CBD.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000203
Abigail Bradley, Melissa Salmon, Michael Wohl, Andrea L. Howard
Objective: The Government of Canada legalized recreational cannabis use in October of 2018 with the implementation of the Cannabis Act. The act aimed to reduce the illicit cannabis market, improve consumer health outcomes, and reduce youth access to cannabis. However, little is known about the attitudes and behaviors of young adults, who have been shown to have a high prevalence of cannabis use, towards cannabis after legalization. Method: In this descriptive study, we examined cannabis use, attitudes, and purchasing preferences among Canadian university-attending young adults both before and after the legalization of cannabis. Participants were recruited from a large Canadian university from 2017 to 2021. Results: Our findings showed that there was an increase in cannabis use immediately following legalization that subsequently decreased in later years. Additionally, attitudes about the legalization of cannabis became more favorable in later years (following legalization), particularly among those who did not use cannabis. Most young adults were also keen to purchase cannabis from a government-owned store before legalization. However, with the exception of past-month consumers, this preference decreased substantially following legalization. Conclusions: The current research adds to the knowledge base about changes in cannabis-related attitudes and use after legalization and focuses on a key population – young adults.
{"title":"Impact of Legalization on Cannabis Use, Attitudes, and Purchasing Preferences: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey of Canadian Young Adults","authors":"Abigail Bradley, Melissa Salmon, Michael Wohl, Andrea L. Howard","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000203","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The Government of Canada legalized recreational cannabis use in October of 2018 with the implementation of the Cannabis Act. The act aimed to reduce the illicit cannabis market, improve consumer health outcomes, and reduce youth access to cannabis. However, little is known about the attitudes and behaviors of young adults, who have been shown to have a high prevalence of cannabis use, towards cannabis after legalization. Method: In this descriptive study, we examined cannabis use, attitudes, and purchasing preferences among Canadian university-attending young adults both before and after the legalization of cannabis. Participants were recruited from a large Canadian university from 2017 to 2021. Results: Our findings showed that there was an increase in cannabis use immediately following legalization that subsequently decreased in later years. Additionally, attitudes about the legalization of cannabis became more favorable in later years (following legalization), particularly among those who did not use cannabis. Most young adults were also keen to purchase cannabis from a government-owned store before legalization. However, with the exception of past-month consumers, this preference decreased substantially following legalization. Conclusions: The current research adds to the knowledge base about changes in cannabis-related attitudes and use after legalization and focuses on a key population – young adults.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000224
Samantha Marinello
Objective: To assess the longer-term impacts of recreational cannabis markets on cannabis use among adolescents and adults across five U.S. states. Method: Drawing on state-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study uses a novel method of causal inference called the synthetic control method with staggered treatment adoption to estimate the pooled effect of recreational markets on prevalence and initiation of use in Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and Nevada. Three separate models were used for those 12-17, 18-25, and 26 and older. Pre-treatment state-level characteristics and trends in cannabis use were used to generate synthetic control weights. Confidence intervals were constructed using a leave-one-out jackknifing method. Results: Synthetic controls and treated states were similar in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, prevalence of other drug use, and trends in cannabis use prior to the implementation of recreational markets. The study results revealed moderate increases in prevalence and initiation of use among adolescents aged 12-17 (11% and 13%, respectively), and large increases in prevalence and initiation of use among young adults aged 18-25 (17% and 33%, respectively) and older adults aged 26 and older (33% and 82%, respectively) 2-4 years after dispensaries became operational. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest recreational cannabis markets have increased prevalence and initiation of cannabis use among adolescents and adults. These increases may lead to adverse health outcomes depending on factors such as frequency of use and characteristics of users.
目的：评估娱乐性大麻市场对美国五个州青少年和成年人使用大麻的长期影响。方法： 利用国家药物使用和毒品调查的州级数据：本研究利用国家药物使用和健康调查（National Survey on Drug Use and Health）中的州级数据，采用一种名为 "合成控制法"（synthetic control method）的新颖因果推断方法，通过交错治疗来估算娱乐市场对科罗拉多州、华盛顿州、俄勒冈州、阿拉斯加州和内华达州的流行率和开始使用率的综合影响。针对 12-17 岁、18-25 岁和 26 岁及以上人群分别使用了三个模型。治疗前的州级特征和大麻使用趋势用于生成合成对照权重。置信区间的构建采用了 "一撇一捺 "的千分法。结果：合成对照州和治疗州在社会人口特征、其他药物使用流行率以及娱乐市场实施前的大麻使用趋势方面相似。研究结果显示，在药房开始运营 2-4 年后，12-17 岁青少年的流行率和开始使用率略有上升（分别为 11% 和 13%），18-25 岁年轻成年人（分别为 17% 和 33%）和 26 岁及以上老年人（分别为 33% 和 82%）的流行率和开始使用率大幅上升。结论：这项研究的结果表明，娱乐性大麻市场增加了青少年和成年人使用大麻的流行率和起始率。根据使用频率和使用者特征等因素，这些增加可能会导致不良的健康后果。
{"title":"The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Markets on Cannabis Use Among Adolescents and Adults: A Synthetic Control Analysis","authors":"Samantha Marinello","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000224","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the longer-term impacts of recreational cannabis markets on cannabis use among adolescents and adults across five U.S. states. Method: Drawing on state-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study uses a novel method of causal inference called the synthetic control method with staggered treatment adoption to estimate the pooled effect of recreational markets on prevalence and initiation of use in Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and Nevada. Three separate models were used for those 12-17, 18-25, and 26 and older. Pre-treatment state-level characteristics and trends in cannabis use were used to generate synthetic control weights. Confidence intervals were constructed using a leave-one-out jackknifing method. Results: Synthetic controls and treated states were similar in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, prevalence of other drug use, and trends in cannabis use prior to the implementation of recreational markets. The study results revealed moderate increases in prevalence and initiation of use among adolescents aged 12-17 (11% and 13%, respectively), and large increases in prevalence and initiation of use among young adults aged 18-25 (17% and 33%, respectively) and older adults aged 26 and older (33% and 82%, respectively) 2-4 years after dispensaries became operational. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest recreational cannabis markets have increased prevalence and initiation of cannabis use among adolescents and adults. These increases may lead to adverse health outcomes depending on factors such as frequency of use and characteristics of users.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000216
Priyanka Sridharan, Katelyn F. Romm, Carla Berg
Objective: Recreational and medical cannabis use has increased, particularly among young adults, but little is known regarding who uses for these purposes or how purpose of use is associated with problematic use. Method: We analyzed Fall 2019 survey data among 1,083 US young adults (ages 18-34) reporting past 6-month cannabis use. Multivariable regression analyses examined: 1) characteristics of those using for only/primarily medical purposes, primarily recreationally, and only recreationally vs. equally for medical and recreational purposes (referent; multinomial logistic); and 2) reasons for use in relation to cannabis use disorder symptoms (linear) and driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC; binary logistic). Results: 37.1% used only recreationally, 23.5% primarily recreationally, 21.5% equally for both, and 17.8% medically. Compared to those using equally for medical and recreational purposes, those using only/primarily medically had fewer friends who used cannabis; those using primarily recreationally were younger, more educated, less likely used tobacco, and reported fewer ACEs. Those using only recreationally were younger, more likely male, less likely to report an ADHD diagnosis or past-month alcohol or tobacco use, and reported fewer friends who used cannabis, ACEs, and depressive symptoms. Using equally for medical and recreational purposes (vs. all other cannabis use subgroups) correlated with greater use disorder symptoms and DUIC. Conclusions: Using cannabis equally for medical and recreational purposes may pose particularly high-risk, given the association with greater mental health concerns and problematic use. Understanding use profiles and how young adults interpret and distinguish medical and recreational use is critical.
{"title":"Use of Cannabis for Medical or Recreational Purposes Among US Young Adults: Correlates and Implications for Problematic Use and Interest in Quitting","authors":"Priyanka Sridharan, Katelyn F. Romm, Carla Berg","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000216","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Recreational and medical cannabis use has increased, particularly among young adults, but little is known regarding who uses for these purposes or how purpose of use is associated with problematic use. Method: We analyzed Fall 2019 survey data among 1,083 US young adults (ages 18-34) reporting past 6-month cannabis use. Multivariable regression analyses examined: 1) characteristics of those using for only/primarily medical purposes, primarily recreationally, and only recreationally vs. equally for medical and recreational purposes (referent; multinomial logistic); and 2) reasons for use in relation to cannabis use disorder symptoms (linear) and driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC; binary logistic). Results: 37.1% used only recreationally, 23.5% primarily recreationally, 21.5% equally for both, and 17.8% medically. Compared to those using equally for medical and recreational purposes, those using only/primarily medically had fewer friends who used cannabis; those using primarily recreationally were younger, more educated, less likely used tobacco, and reported fewer ACEs. Those using only recreationally were younger, more likely male, less likely to report an ADHD diagnosis or past-month alcohol or tobacco use, and reported fewer friends who used cannabis, ACEs, and depressive symptoms. Using equally for medical and recreational purposes (vs. all other cannabis use subgroups) correlated with greater use disorder symptoms and DUIC. Conclusions: Using cannabis equally for medical and recreational purposes may pose particularly high-risk, given the association with greater mental health concerns and problematic use. Understanding use profiles and how young adults interpret and distinguish medical and recreational use is critical.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000200
Erin Corcoran, Tim Janssen, Joy Gabrielli, Kristina Jackson
Objective: Alcohol is the most frequently depicted substance in the media, and adolescent exposure to alcohol in the media predicts alcohol use. There is relatively little research on exposure to cannabis in the media, but exposure to alcohol content may exert cross-substance effects on cannabis use. Given the social and health risks associated with early cannabis use, the present study aims to assess the cross-substance effects of exposure to alcohol media content on age of cannabis initiation. Method: A sample of 830 middle school students (53% female) reported on movie alcohol exposure and cannabis initiation longitudinally until high school completion. Discrete-time survival models examined whether movie alcohol exposure predicted subsequent initiation among students who were cannabis-naïve at baseline, controlling for demographic, social, and behavioral covariates. The interaction between sex and movie alcohol exposure was also explored. Results: One third (33%) of participants reported cannabis initiation with a mean of 5.57 estimated hours (SD = 4.29) of movie alcohol exposure. A 1-hour increase in movie exposure predicted a significant 16% increased probability of cannabis initiation in models adjusted for demographic variables and a significant 14% increase in models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and social variables. No differences were observed across sex. Conclusions: Greater adolescent exposure to alcohol content in the media was associated with earlier cannabis initiation above and beyond other etiologically relevant demographic, behavioral, and social variables. The influence of cross-substance media exposures warrants further exploration and should be taken into consideration in the development of preventive interventions for youth substance use.
{"title":"Cross-substance Effects of Adolescent Exposure to Alcohol Content in Popular Movies on Cannabis Initiation","authors":"Erin Corcoran, Tim Janssen, Joy Gabrielli, Kristina Jackson","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000200","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Alcohol is the most frequently depicted substance in the media, and adolescent exposure to alcohol in the media predicts alcohol use. There is relatively little research on exposure to cannabis in the media, but exposure to alcohol content may exert cross-substance effects on cannabis use. Given the social and health risks associated with early cannabis use, the present study aims to assess the cross-substance effects of exposure to alcohol media content on age of cannabis initiation. Method: A sample of 830 middle school students (53% female) reported on movie alcohol exposure and cannabis initiation longitudinally until high school completion. Discrete-time survival models examined whether movie alcohol exposure predicted subsequent initiation among students who were cannabis-naïve at baseline, controlling for demographic, social, and behavioral covariates. The interaction between sex and movie alcohol exposure was also explored. Results: One third (33%) of participants reported cannabis initiation with a mean of 5.57 estimated hours (SD = 4.29) of movie alcohol exposure. A 1-hour increase in movie exposure predicted a significant 16% increased probability of cannabis initiation in models adjusted for demographic variables and a significant 14% increase in models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and social variables. No differences were observed across sex. Conclusions: Greater adolescent exposure to alcohol content in the media was associated with earlier cannabis initiation above and beyond other etiologically relevant demographic, behavioral, and social variables. The influence of cross-substance media exposures warrants further exploration and should be taken into consideration in the development of preventive interventions for youth substance use.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140688689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000211
Zannie Montgomery, Yanina Michelini, Adrian Bravo, A. Pilatti, Laura Mezquita
The present study sought to examine three distinct research questions: a) are self-control constructs (i.e., negative/positive urgency, self-regulation, and emotion-regulation) indirectly related to negative alcohol/marijuana consequences via substance use motives, b) to what extent are these indirect effects consistent across differing drugs (i.e., alcohol and marijuana), and c) are these models invariant across gender and countries. Participants were 2,230 college students (mean age=20.28, SD=0.40; 71.1% females) across 7 countries (USA, Canada, Spain, England, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa) who consumed alcohol and marijuana in the last month. Two (one for alcohol and one for marijuana) fully saturated path models were conducted, such that indirect paths were examined for each self-control construct and substance use motive on negative consequences (e.g., negative urgency → coping motives → negative consequences) within the same model. Within the comprehensive alcohol model, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more alcohol consequences via higher coping and conformity motives. For marijuana, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more marijuana consequences via higher coping motives (not significant for conformity motives). Unique to marijuana, we did find support for higher expansion motives indirectly linking positive urgency to more negative consequences. These results were invariant across gender groups and only minor differences across countries emerged. Prevention and intervention programs of alcohol and marijuana around university campuses may benefit from targeting self-control related skills in addition to motives to drug use to prevent and reduce negative drug-related consequences.
{"title":"Substance Use Motives as Mediators of the Associations between Self-Control Constructs and Negative Substance Use Consequences: A Cross-Cultural Examination","authors":"Zannie Montgomery, Yanina Michelini, Adrian Bravo, A. Pilatti, Laura Mezquita","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000211","url":null,"abstract":"The present study sought to examine three distinct research questions: a) are self-control constructs (i.e., negative/positive urgency, self-regulation, and emotion-regulation) indirectly related to negative alcohol/marijuana consequences via substance use motives, b) to what extent are these indirect effects consistent across differing drugs (i.e., alcohol and marijuana), and c) are these models invariant across gender and countries. Participants were 2,230 college students (mean age=20.28, SD=0.40; 71.1% females) across 7 countries (USA, Canada, Spain, England, Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa) who consumed alcohol and marijuana in the last month. Two (one for alcohol and one for marijuana) fully saturated path models were conducted, such that indirect paths were examined for each self-control construct and substance use motive on negative consequences (e.g., negative urgency → coping motives → negative consequences) within the same model. Within the comprehensive alcohol model, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more alcohol consequences via higher coping and conformity motives. For marijuana, we found that lower self-regulation and higher negative urgency/suppression were related to more marijuana consequences via higher coping motives (not significant for conformity motives). Unique to marijuana, we did find support for higher expansion motives indirectly linking positive urgency to more negative consequences. These results were invariant across gender groups and only minor differences across countries emerged. Prevention and intervention programs of alcohol and marijuana around university campuses may benefit from targeting self-control related skills in addition to motives to drug use to prevent and reduce negative drug-related consequences.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140377957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000236
Katelyn F. Romm, Sunny McDonald, Emma DiLissio, Craig Dearfield, Carla Berg
Introduction. Despite cannabis use disparities among sexual minority (SM; vs. heterosexual) young adults (SMYAs), little research has explored social influences contributing to these disparities. This study examined sexual identity subgroup differences in parenting behaviors and associations among parenting behaviors and cannabis use behaviors among YA subgroups. Methods. Participants were female (N=416; 44.7% bisexual, 7.2% lesbian) and male (N=228; 11.0% bisexual, 13.2% gay) YAs (ages 18-29) recruited via social media from 6 US cities. Bivariate analyses examined differences in perceived parenting (psychological control, behavioral control, knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, communication, cannabis disapproval), any past-month (current) cannabis use, and current cannabis use frequency across sexual identity subgroups. Multivariable regression examined associations among sexual identity and parenting behaviors with cannabis use outcomes. Results. Among female YAs, bisexual (vs. heterosexual) YAs had greater odds of cannabis use, reported more frequent use, and reported greater parental psychological control and less behavioral control, autonomy support, warmth, and communication; greater psychological control was associated with both outcomes; less autonomy support was associated with current use; and less warmth and communication were associated with use frequency. Among male YAs, gay and bisexual (vs. heterosexual) YAs had greater odds of current use and reported more frequent use and greater psychological control; gay (vs. heterosexual) YAs reported greater behavioral control and less autonomy support, warmth, and communication; and greater psychological control and less warmth and communication were associated with both outcomes. Conclusions. Cannabis prevention/cessation programs should target specific parenting behaviors that differentially impact cannabis use outcomes among specific SMYA subgroups.
{"title":"Disparities in Cannabis Use among Female and Male Sexual Minority Young Adults in the US: The Role of Parenting Behaviors","authors":"Katelyn F. Romm, Sunny McDonald, Emma DiLissio, Craig Dearfield, Carla Berg","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000236","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Despite cannabis use disparities among sexual minority (SM; vs. heterosexual) young adults (SMYAs), little research has explored social influences contributing to these disparities. This study examined sexual identity subgroup differences in parenting behaviors and associations among parenting behaviors and cannabis use behaviors among YA subgroups. Methods. Participants were female (N=416; 44.7% bisexual, 7.2% lesbian) and male (N=228; 11.0% bisexual, 13.2% gay) YAs (ages 18-29) recruited via social media from 6 US cities. Bivariate analyses examined differences in perceived parenting (psychological control, behavioral control, knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, communication, cannabis disapproval), any past-month (current) cannabis use, and current cannabis use frequency across sexual identity subgroups. Multivariable regression examined associations among sexual identity and parenting behaviors with cannabis use outcomes. Results. Among female YAs, bisexual (vs. heterosexual) YAs had greater odds of cannabis use, reported more frequent use, and reported greater parental psychological control and less behavioral control, autonomy support, warmth, and communication; greater psychological control was associated with both outcomes; less autonomy support was associated with current use; and less warmth and communication were associated with use frequency. Among male YAs, gay and bisexual (vs. heterosexual) YAs had greater odds of current use and reported more frequent use and greater psychological control; gay (vs. heterosexual) YAs reported greater behavioral control and less autonomy support, warmth, and communication; and greater psychological control and less warmth and communication were associated with both outcomes. Conclusions. Cannabis prevention/cessation programs should target specific parenting behaviors that differentially impact cannabis use outcomes among specific SMYA subgroups.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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