The term adaptation is used to refer to a feature of structure, function, or behavior that is beneficial and enables survival in a specific environment. Most often, they talk about genetic adaptation. There is no generally accepted definition of adaptive phenotype (AP). Since natural selection "sees" only AP, and not a gene or genotype, there is a need to clarify existing concepts. It seems that the time has come to determine objective criteria that would allow to decide which morphological, physiological or behavioral trait to take for AP. Criteria are proposed on the basis of which it would be possible to decide whether this trait meets the requirements for AP. Genomics studies for high-altitude populations have identified 169 genes that the authors believe are under positive natural selection. However, they did not help to find a high-altitude AP that would be "visible" to natural selection. The issues concerning the material bases, criteria and methods of proving AP on the example of human adaptation to a high-altitude climate are discussed.
{"title":"Adaptive Phenotypes: Their Material Bases, Criteria and Proofs: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/mcr.08.11.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/mcr.08.11.06","url":null,"abstract":"The term adaptation is used to refer to a feature of structure, function, or behavior that is beneficial and enables survival in a specific environment. Most often, they talk about genetic adaptation. There is no generally accepted definition of adaptive phenotype (AP). Since natural selection \"sees\" only AP, and not a gene or genotype, there is a need to clarify existing concepts. It seems that the time has come to determine objective criteria that would allow to decide which morphological, physiological or behavioral trait to take for AP. Criteria are proposed on the basis of which it would be possible to decide whether this trait meets the requirements for AP. Genomics studies for high-altitude populations have identified 169 genes that the authors believe are under positive natural selection. However, they did not help to find a high-altitude AP that would be \"visible\" to natural selection. The issues concerning the material bases, criteria and methods of proving AP on the example of human adaptation to a high-altitude climate are discussed.","PeriodicalId":503698,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Clinical Research","volume":"20 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In China, the COVID-19 outbreak infected more than 80% of the population. Few trials have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the China-manufactured vaccine against COVID-19. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of pneumonia in individuals with COVID-19 who were fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, and unvaccinated, using routine chest computed tomography. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from patients (aged >18 years) who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia between December 2022 and January 2023. Patients who underwent routine chest CT scans were divided into three groups based on their vaccination status. The lobar involvement grading system (0-25) was used to assess the extent of lung injury. The primary outcome was either survival or death. The Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and one-way ANOVA were used to compare clinical and imaging features. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of the CT severity score (CT-SS) in relation to the outcome. Results: Of the 94 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, 39 patients (41%) were fully vaccinated, 14 (15%) were partially vaccinated, and 41 (44%) were unvaccinated. Among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, the mean CT severity scores (CT-SS) were 5.9 ± 4.0, 6.5 ± 4.9, and 8.9 ± 4.5 for fully vaccinated individuals, partially vaccinated individuals, and unvaccinated individuals, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). CT-SS of 10.5 or higher was associated with severe pneumonia (100% sensitivity, 81.1% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92). Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination leads to less severe pneumonia based on CT. Fully and partially vaccinated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia have less lung involvement compared to unvaccinated patients. Visual observation by CT imaging provides additional evidence to support the clinical effectiveness of vaccination.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccination Effectively Reduces Pneumonia Severity as Assessed by Routine Chest Computed Tomography","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/mcr.08.11.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/mcr.08.11.07","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In China, the COVID-19 outbreak infected more than 80% of the population. Few trials have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the China-manufactured vaccine against COVID-19. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of pneumonia in individuals with COVID-19 who were fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, and unvaccinated, using routine chest computed tomography. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from patients (aged >18 years) who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia between December 2022 and January 2023. Patients who underwent routine chest CT scans were divided into three groups based on their vaccination status. The lobar involvement grading system (0-25) was used to assess the extent of lung injury. The primary outcome was either survival or death. The Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and one-way ANOVA were used to compare clinical and imaging features. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of the CT severity score (CT-SS) in relation to the outcome. Results: Of the 94 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, 39 patients (41%) were fully vaccinated, 14 (15%) were partially vaccinated, and 41 (44%) were unvaccinated. Among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, the mean CT severity scores (CT-SS) were 5.9 ± 4.0, 6.5 ± 4.9, and 8.9 ± 4.5 for fully vaccinated individuals, partially vaccinated individuals, and unvaccinated individuals, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). CT-SS of 10.5 or higher was associated with severe pneumonia (100% sensitivity, 81.1% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92). Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination leads to less severe pneumonia based on CT. Fully and partially vaccinated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia have less lung involvement compared to unvaccinated patients. Visual observation by CT imaging provides additional evidence to support the clinical effectiveness of vaccination.","PeriodicalId":503698,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Clinical Research","volume":"71 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Abadie, Hussain Tukmatchy, M. Abadie, P. Ball, Hana Morrissey
Background: There is growing evidence to suggest a significant role for the adaptive immune system in disease progression and relapse. Therapies targeted the inflammatory responses of epidermal and immune system cells have been demonstrated effect in the treatment of vitiligo. However, more comparative studies are needed to inform the treatment decision making process. Purpose: To discuss the new target therapies modalities which are currently being trialled or recently licenced for the treatment of vitiligo. Method: A semi structured, rapid systematic review of the literature, where the findings from 11 studies was narratively discussed. Findings: The reviewed medications (ruxolitinib, baritininb, tofacitinib, ritlecitinib, afamelanotide, crisaborole and apremilast) all showed reduction in the percentage of depigmented body surface area and were well tolerated. However, no head-to-head studies were identified to compare the medications to each other or to other treatment modalities used in the treatment of vitiligo, to determine superiority.
{"title":"An Update on Vitiligo Target Therapy: A Semi-Structured Systematic Review","authors":"M. A. Abadie, Hussain Tukmatchy, M. Abadie, P. Ball, Hana Morrissey","doi":"10.33140/mcr.08.11.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/mcr.08.11.04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is growing evidence to suggest a significant role for the adaptive immune system in disease progression and relapse. Therapies targeted the inflammatory responses of epidermal and immune system cells have been demonstrated effect in the treatment of vitiligo. However, more comparative studies are needed to inform the treatment decision making process. Purpose: To discuss the new target therapies modalities which are currently being trialled or recently licenced for the treatment of vitiligo. Method: A semi structured, rapid systematic review of the literature, where the findings from 11 studies was narratively discussed. Findings: The reviewed medications (ruxolitinib, baritininb, tofacitinib, ritlecitinib, afamelanotide, crisaborole and apremilast) all showed reduction in the percentage of depigmented body surface area and were well tolerated. However, no head-to-head studies were identified to compare the medications to each other or to other treatment modalities used in the treatment of vitiligo, to determine superiority.","PeriodicalId":503698,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Clinical Research","volume":"5 8-9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The latest Australian mortality data provide the first clear statistical indication that COVID-19 injections are doing long-term harm to the population, where further injections are likely to cause greater proportionate harm. The causal relationship between COVID injections and excess deaths discovered in earlier studies, is shown to be accurately predictive, because Australia is arguably an excellent natural “controlled” experiment on the effects of the intervention. Significantly, this bad news about the injections is also relevant for the rest of the world
{"title":"Early Indication of Long-Term Impact of COVID Injections","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/mcr.07.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/mcr.07.048","url":null,"abstract":"The latest Australian mortality data provide the first clear statistical indication that COVID-19 injections are doing long-term harm to the population, where further injections are likely to cause greater proportionate harm. The causal relationship between COVID injections and excess deaths discovered in earlier studies, is shown to be accurately predictive, because Australia is arguably an excellent natural “controlled” experiment on the effects of the intervention. Significantly, this bad news about the injections is also relevant for the rest of the world","PeriodicalId":503698,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Clinical Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139316143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Bacteriological study of clinical samples obtain from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 acquired bacterial infections. The etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria were reported and used for the latest information on the relationship between bacterial infections and COVID-19. Methods: Clinical samples from COVID-19 patients were collected and analyzed for the presence of bacterial infections. Bacterial species were identified using established microbiological and molecular techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on isolated bacteria. Results: Bacterial infections associated with COVID-19 were studied. 384(29.4%) of patients showing evidence of bacterial infections. A total of 231 patients, accounting for 60.2% of the sample, were identified as male, while 153 patients, representing 39.8% of the sample, were identified as female. A total of 226 isolates (58.8%) were identified as bacterial species, with 158(41.2%) classified as Gram-negative bacteria and the remaining 41.2% classified as Gram-positive bacteria. The proportion of bacterial isolates in the blood was higher than other sites. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed varying degrees of resistance.
{"title":"Bacterial Infections Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/mcr.07.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/mcr.07.049","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacteriological study of clinical samples obtain from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 acquired bacterial infections. The etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria were reported and used for the latest information on the relationship between bacterial infections and COVID-19. Methods: Clinical samples from COVID-19 patients were collected and analyzed for the presence of bacterial infections. Bacterial species were identified using established microbiological and molecular techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on isolated bacteria. Results: Bacterial infections associated with COVID-19 were studied. 384(29.4%) of patients showing evidence of bacterial infections. A total of 231 patients, accounting for 60.2% of the sample, were identified as male, while 153 patients, representing 39.8% of the sample, were identified as female. A total of 226 isolates (58.8%) were identified as bacterial species, with 158(41.2%) classified as Gram-negative bacteria and the remaining 41.2% classified as Gram-positive bacteria. The proportion of bacterial isolates in the blood was higher than other sites. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed varying degrees of resistance.","PeriodicalId":503698,"journal":{"name":"Medical & Clinical Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139321058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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