There is increasing evidence demonstrating that children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have a greater risk of developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in later life. This review aims to summarise the genetics and pathophysiology underlying both conditions. A PubMed search was performed to identify relevant studies exploring the comorbidities of ASD and CHD. The comorbidities of ASD and CHD can be explained by the influence of common and rare variants that contribute to genetic risks. De novo mutations in chromatin remodelling genes, and common genetic loci in the development of brain and heart in utero, can lead to the co-occurrence of ASD and CHD. Furthermore, there are several cases of syndromic ASD with concurrent CHD presentation. Foetuses with CHD may have abnormal haemodynamic changes and alteration of brain circulation in utero, resulting in impaired development of the brain, and increased risk of ASD. Abnormal brain development or brain injury as observed in MRI studies of infants with CHD may also contribute to the risk of ASD. Children with CHD should have regular neurodevelopmental assessment to screen for ASD symptoms for early diagnosis and intervention.
{"title":"Editor’s Pick: Genetics and Pathophysiology of Co-occurrence of Congenital Heart Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"L. Ong","doi":"10.33590/emj/mkpn4473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/mkpn4473","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence demonstrating that children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have a greater risk of developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in later life. This review aims to summarise the genetics and pathophysiology underlying both conditions. A PubMed search was performed to identify relevant studies exploring the comorbidities of ASD and CHD. The comorbidities of ASD and CHD can be explained by the influence of common and rare variants that contribute to genetic risks. De novo mutations in chromatin remodelling genes, and common genetic loci in the development of brain and heart in utero, can lead to the co-occurrence of ASD and CHD. Furthermore, there are several cases of syndromic ASD with concurrent CHD presentation. Foetuses with CHD may have abnormal haemodynamic changes and alteration of brain circulation in utero, resulting in impaired development of the brain, and increased risk of ASD. Abnormal brain development or brain injury as observed in MRI studies of infants with CHD may also contribute to the risk of ASD. Children with CHD should have regular neurodevelopmental assessment to screen for ASD symptoms for early diagnosis and intervention.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"46 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zinc for Wilson’s Disease: What We Know and What We Don’t Know","authors":"Fabiola Di Dato, Peter Hedera","doi":"10.33590/emj/fumo2589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/fumo2589","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"62 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) can be traumatic and emotionally distressing for both the patients and their families. However, caregivers must also take care of themselves to prevent burnout. They should seek respite when needed, and prioritise self-care activities that maintain their own wellbeing. Aim: This study aimed to explore the caregiver’s burden and resilience in patients experiencing SCARs. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study included patients experiencing SCARs who presented with their caregivers. Patients and their caregivers were enquired about their sociodemographic variables, and were administered the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Caregivers were further given the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers (BSFC) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Quality of life assessment suggested diminished physical and psychological health among the caregivers. Burden grade conferred 27.1% of caregivers experiencing severe burden, while 56.5% and 16.5% of caregivers experienced mild and moderate burden, respectively. Furthermore, 85.9% of caregivers showed low resilience. Increase in reaction severity was associated with greater caregiver burden and low resilience (p=0.001). Higher age and lower socioeconomic strata were also associated with increased burden and lesser caregiver resilience (p<0.001). Conclusion: Providing care for individuals with SCARs can be physically and emotionally demanding, requiring assistance with daily activities, wound care, and medication management. Caregivers may face challenges as they navigate the complexities of the condition; hence, understanding and addressing the challenges faced by caregivers is of utmost importance.
{"title":"Caregiver Burden, Resilience, and Wellbeing in Cases of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions","authors":"Shatavisa Mukherjee, S. Tripathi, Bibhuti Saha","doi":"10.33590/emj/numw4697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/numw4697","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) can be traumatic and emotionally distressing for both the patients and their families. However, caregivers must also take care of themselves to prevent burnout. They should seek respite when needed, and prioritise self-care activities that maintain their own wellbeing.\u0000\u0000Aim: This study aimed to explore the caregiver’s burden and resilience in patients experiencing SCARs.\u0000\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional observational study included patients experiencing SCARs who presented with their caregivers. Patients and their caregivers were enquired about their sociodemographic variables, and were administered the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Caregivers were further given the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers (BSFC) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF).\u0000\u0000Results: Quality of life assessment suggested diminished physical and psychological health among the caregivers. Burden grade conferred 27.1% of caregivers experiencing severe burden, while 56.5% and 16.5% of caregivers experienced mild and moderate burden, respectively. Furthermore, 85.9% of caregivers showed low resilience. Increase in reaction severity was associated with greater caregiver burden and low resilience (p=0.001). Higher age and lower socioeconomic strata were also associated with increased burden and lesser caregiver resilience (p<0.001).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Providing care for individuals with SCARs can be physically and emotionally demanding, requiring assistance with daily activities, wound care, and medication management. Caregivers may face challenges as they navigate the complexities of the condition; hence, understanding and addressing the challenges faced by caregivers is of utmost importance.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Anyagwa, Oluwatoyin Adalia Dairo, R. Tak, Lamia A. Alkodami, Mohammad Azim, Swapnil Ahuja, Kenas Shaji Oommen, Maryam Shakeel, Divine-Blessing Chinwendu Ajah, Shaima Alkodami, Lika Kervalidze, Maha Kassem
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) results from the obstruction or narrowing of the superior vena cava, causing venous congestion and various symptoms such as facial and upper limb swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, and, in severe cases, dizziness and headache. The primary treatment for SVCS is balloon angioplasty with endovascular stenting. Post-procedural complications are influenced by factors such as SVCS aetiology, comorbidities, and the presence of arteriovenous fistulas. This review examined eight clinical studies to assess the effectiveness of percutaneous endovascular stenting and associated complications, focusing on improving patient prognosis. The research, conducted through internet search engines and reputable databases, revealed that percutaneous endovascular stenting demonstrated efficacy ranging from 95–100% in addressing SVCS. Common complications post-procedure included SVC narrowing recurrence, airway constriction, and mortality, often linked to malignancy. The findings emphasise the need to refine therapeutic approaches, especially in addressing the root cause of SVCS, which is frequently malignancy. Consequently, implementing additional protocols to reduce the risk of SVCS development is crucial. This comprehensive review provides insights into the effectiveness of endovascular stenting in treating SVCS, highlighting the importance of tailored approaches and ongoing efforts to enhance patient outcomes.
{"title":"Endovascular Stenting for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome – A Systematic Review","authors":"O. Anyagwa, Oluwatoyin Adalia Dairo, R. Tak, Lamia A. Alkodami, Mohammad Azim, Swapnil Ahuja, Kenas Shaji Oommen, Maryam Shakeel, Divine-Blessing Chinwendu Ajah, Shaima Alkodami, Lika Kervalidze, Maha Kassem","doi":"10.33590/emj/afus6940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/afus6940","url":null,"abstract":"Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) results from the obstruction or narrowing of the superior vena cava, causing venous congestion and various symptoms such as facial and upper limb swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, and, in severe cases, dizziness and headache. The primary treatment for SVCS is balloon angioplasty with endovascular stenting. Post-procedural complications are influenced by factors such as SVCS aetiology, comorbidities, and the presence of arteriovenous fistulas. This review examined eight clinical studies to assess the effectiveness of percutaneous endovascular stenting and associated complications, focusing on improving patient prognosis. The research, conducted through internet search engines and reputable databases, revealed that percutaneous endovascular stenting demonstrated efficacy ranging from 95–100% in addressing SVCS. Common complications post-procedure included SVC narrowing recurrence, airway constriction, and mortality, often linked to malignancy. The findings emphasise the need to refine therapeutic approaches, especially in addressing the root cause of SVCS, which is frequently malignancy. Consequently, implementing additional protocols to reduce the risk of SVCS development is crucial. This comprehensive review provides insights into the effectiveness of endovascular stenting in treating SVCS, highlighting the importance of tailored approaches and ongoing efforts to enhance patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"87 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protecting and Preserving Dystrophic Muscle: The Balance Between Exercise and Contraction-Induced Muscle Injury","authors":"John Vissing, Tanja Taivassalo, Joanne Donovan","doi":"10.33590/emj/xyip3475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/xyip3475","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141349168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Treatment Success in Osteoporosis: Optimising the Use of Teriparatide","authors":"","doi":"10.33590/emj/tfsh3080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/tfsh3080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141391533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Muscle Matters: Protein Requirements for Muscle Preservation During Ageing","authors":"Emj","doi":"10.33590/emj/cibi3508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/cibi3508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141003506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of primary glomerulonephritis. In some patients, it can progress rapidly, leading to proteinuria, kidney failure, and death. Standard of care is traditionally with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), or an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker (ARB). More recently, drugs targeting both endothelin 1 (ET-1) and Ang II receptors have been developed, as overactivation of such is implicated in IgAN. Sparsentan is a dual ET Type A (ETAR) and Ang II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist. The PROTECT study compared sparsentan with the ARB irbesartan, in patients with IgAN and with proteinuria of ≥1 g/day despite stable dose of ACEi/ARB for ≥90 days. Data presented at the 2023 American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week showed that use of sparsentan led to sustained (>110 weeks) decreases in proteinuria, and a significantly greater preservation of kidney function, compared with irbesartan. The ongoing SPARTAN study is investigating the use of sparsentan in recently diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with IgAN. Preliminary data in 12 patients showed rapid and sustained proteinuria reductions, with little change from baseline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body weight, or total body water mean at Week 36. In both studies, sparsentan was generally well-tolerated with, in PROTECT, a comparable safety profile to irbesartan. Data presented at the congress also showed that sparsentan consistently occupies AT1R at levels exceeding ETAR occupancy. This balance is hypothesised to contribute to sparsentan’s limited risk of fluid retention.
免疫球蛋白 A 肾病（IgAN）是原发性肾小球肾炎中最常见的一种。有些患者病情发展迅速，可导致蛋白尿、肾衰竭和死亡。传统的标准治疗方法是使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEi）或血管紧张素 II（Ang II）受体阻滞剂（ARB）。最近，由于内皮素 1（ET-1）和血管紧张素 II 受体的过度激活与 IgAN 有关，针对这两种受体的药物应运而生。Sparsentan 是一种 A 型 ET（ETAR）和 Ang II 1 亚型受体（AT1R）双重拮抗剂。PROTECT研究比较了斯帕生坦和ARB厄贝沙坦对IgAN患者的治疗效果，这些患者在使用稳定剂量的ACEi/ARB≥90天后仍出现蛋白尿≥1克/天。在2023年美国肾脏病学会（ASN）肾脏周上公布的数据显示，与厄贝沙坦相比，使用司帕生坦可持续（>110周）减少蛋白尿，并显著提高肾功能保护水平。目前正在进行的 SPARTAN 研究正在调查斯帕生坦在新近确诊、治疗无效的 IgAN 患者中的应用情况。12例患者的初步数据显示，患者的蛋白尿迅速而持续地减少，但在第36周时，患者的估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、体重或体内总水分平均值与基线相比变化不大。在这两项研究中，斯帕生坦的耐受性普遍良好，在PROTECT研究中，其安全性与厄贝沙坦相当。大会上公布的数据还显示，斯帕生坦对AT1R的占用水平一直超过ETAR的占用水平。据推测，这种平衡有助于斯帕生坦降低体液潴留的风险。
{"title":"Sparsentan, a Dual Endothelin Type A and Angiotensin II Subtype 1 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: Latest Trial Results, Pharmacokinetic Considerations, and Binding Profile","authors":"Eleanor Roberts","doi":"10.33590/emj/11000020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/11000020","url":null,"abstract":"Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of primary glomerulonephritis. In some patients, it can progress rapidly, leading to proteinuria, kidney failure, and death. Standard of care is traditionally with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), or an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker (ARB). More recently, drugs targeting both endothelin 1 (ET-1) and Ang II receptors have been developed, as overactivation of such is implicated in IgAN. Sparsentan is a dual ET Type A (ETAR) and Ang II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist. The PROTECT study compared sparsentan with the ARB irbesartan, in patients with IgAN and with proteinuria of ≥1 g/day despite stable dose of ACEi/ARB for ≥90 days. Data presented at the 2023 American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Kidney Week showed that use of sparsentan led to sustained (>110 weeks) decreases in proteinuria, and a significantly greater preservation of kidney function, compared with irbesartan. The ongoing SPARTAN study is investigating the use of sparsentan in recently diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with IgAN. Preliminary data in 12 patients showed rapid and sustained proteinuria reductions, with little change from baseline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body weight, or total body water mean at Week 36. In both studies, sparsentan was generally well-tolerated with, in PROTECT, a comparable safety profile to irbesartan. Data presented at the congress also showed that sparsentan consistently occupies AT1R at levels exceeding ETAR occupancy. This balance is hypothesised to contribute to sparsentan’s limited risk of fluid retention.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140241926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bone Health Forum is a sponsored standalone event that unites top experts from the JAPAC region.
骨健康论坛是一项由赞助商主办的独立活动，汇聚了来自日本和太平洋地区的顶级专家。
{"title":"Reviewing Advances in Bone Health","authors":"Emj","doi":"10.33590/emj/10305848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/10305848","url":null,"abstract":"The Bone Health Forum is a sponsored standalone event that unites top experts from the JAPAC region.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140242200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tim Brotherton, Maya Mahmoud, Sam Burton, Kamran Qureshi
Background: Liver biopsy, the gold standard for monitoring of methotrexate-induced liver injury, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Transient elastography (TE) has been used as a non-invasive alternative to detect liver stiffness. Aim: To assess the utility of TE in detecting liver fibrosis in patients with methotrexate use. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for 35 patients referred to the liver clinic for evaluation of suspected methotrexate-induced liver injury. Demographic, clinical, histopathological, and elastographic data were collected and interpreted. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter were recorded from TE results. Results: Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 58 years, including 23 females (66%), were included. The median LSM by TE was 10.8 kPa and the median controlled attenuation parameter was 303 dB/m. A total of 12 out of 35 patients (34%) had evidence of clinical and pathological advanced fibrosis. Using a cut-off elastography value of 10 kPa, the TE yielded 92% sensitivity and 93% negative predictive value for ruling out methotrexate-induced advanced liver fibrosis. Using a higher LSM cut-off point of kPa ≥15.0, specificity was calculated at 87% and positive predictive value at 80%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% confidence interval). Conclusion: FibroScan® (Echosens, Paris, France) has a high sensitivity and specificity for kPa 10 and 15, respectively, for detecting advanced liver fibrosis in patients on methotrexate.
{"title":"Liver Elastography for the Detection of Methotrexate-Induced Liver Injury: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Tim Brotherton, Maya Mahmoud, Sam Burton, Kamran Qureshi","doi":"10.33590/emj/10304060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/10304060","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Liver biopsy, the gold standard for monitoring of methotrexate-induced liver injury, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Transient elastography (TE) has been used as a non-invasive alternative to detect liver stiffness.\u0000\u0000Aim: To assess the utility of TE in detecting liver fibrosis in patients with methotrexate use.\u0000\u0000Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for 35 patients referred to the liver clinic for evaluation of suspected methotrexate-induced liver injury. Demographic, clinical, histopathological, and elastographic data were collected and interpreted. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter were recorded from TE results.\u0000\u0000Results: Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 58 years, including 23 females (66%), were included. The median LSM by TE was 10.8 kPa and the median controlled attenuation parameter was 303 dB/m. A total of 12 out of 35 patients (34%) had evidence of clinical and pathological advanced fibrosis. Using a cut-off elastography value of 10 kPa, the TE yielded 92% sensitivity and 93% negative predictive value for ruling out methotrexate-induced advanced liver fibrosis. Using a higher LSM cut-off point of kPa ≥15.0, specificity was calculated at 87% and positive predictive value at 80%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% confidence interval).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: FibroScan® (Echosens, Paris, France) has a high sensitivity and specificity for kPa 10 and 15, respectively, for detecting advanced liver fibrosis in patients on methotrexate.","PeriodicalId":505023,"journal":{"name":"European Medical Journal","volume":"11 11-12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140243751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：