Electrocatalyst deactivation poses a significant obstacle to transitioning water electrolysis technology from laboratory-scale to industrial applications. To inspire more effort on this topic, this contribution explores the structural factors contributing to catalyst deactivation, elucidating the underlying mechanisms with detailed case studies of hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. In particular, the in situ assessment and characterization techniques are highlighted, which can offer a collective understanding of catalyst deactivation. Building on these insights, recent advances in mitigating catalyst deactivation are introduced, from innovative catalyst designs to advanced electrode engineering. The review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for universal test protocols for deactivation and integrating evidence from diverse in situ measurements, aiming to provide introductive guidance examining the complexities of electrocatalyst deactivation.
{"title":"Catalyst deactivation during water electrolysis: Understanding and mitigation","authors":"Lijie Du, Weiran Zheng","doi":"10.1063/5.0191316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0191316","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalyst deactivation poses a significant obstacle to transitioning water electrolysis technology from laboratory-scale to industrial applications. To inspire more effort on this topic, this contribution explores the structural factors contributing to catalyst deactivation, elucidating the underlying mechanisms with detailed case studies of hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. In particular, the in situ assessment and characterization techniques are highlighted, which can offer a collective understanding of catalyst deactivation. Building on these insights, recent advances in mitigating catalyst deactivation are introduced, from innovative catalyst designs to advanced electrode engineering. The review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for universal test protocols for deactivation and integrating evidence from diverse in situ measurements, aiming to provide introductive guidance examining the complexities of electrocatalyst deactivation.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140663426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kothalawala, Kosuke Suzuki, Xin Li, Bernardo Barbiellini, J. Nokelainen, I. Makkonen, Rafael Ferragut, Pekka Tynjälä, Petteri Laine, Juho Välikangas, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi, Kodai Takano, N. Tsuji, Yosuke Amada, A. A. Sasikala Devi, Matti Alatalo, Yoshiharu Sakurai, Hiroshi Sakurai, Mohammad Babar, Venkatasubramanian Vishwanathan, H. Hafiz, Arun Bansil
X-ray Compton scattering experiments along with parallel first-principles computations were carried out on LiNiO2 to understand the effects of W doping on this cathode material for Li-ion batteries. By employing high-energy x rays exceeding 100 keV, an insight is gained into the fate of the W valence electrons, which are adduced to undergo transfer to empty O 2p energy bands within the active oxide matrix of the cathode. The substitution of W for Ni is shown to increase the electronic conductivity and to enhance the total magnetization per Ni atom. Our study demonstrates that an analysis of line shapes of Compton scattered x rays in combination with theoretical modeling can provide a precise method for an atomic level understanding of the nature of the doping process.
为了了解掺杂 W 对这种锂离子电池阴极材料的影响，我们对 LiNiO2 进行了 X 射线康普顿散射实验和平行第一原理计算。通过使用超过 100 keV 的高能 X 射线，我们深入了解了 W 价电子的去向，这些电子被诱导转移到阴极活性氧化物基质中的空 O 2p 能带。研究表明，用 W 替代 Ni 可以提高电子传导性，并增强每个 Ni 原子的总磁化率。我们的研究表明，康普顿散射 X 射线的线形分析与理论建模相结合，可以为从原子层面了解掺杂过程的性质提供一种精确的方法。
{"title":"Determining effects of doping lithium nickel oxide with tungsten using Compton scattering","authors":"V. Kothalawala, Kosuke Suzuki, Xin Li, Bernardo Barbiellini, J. Nokelainen, I. Makkonen, Rafael Ferragut, Pekka Tynjälä, Petteri Laine, Juho Välikangas, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi, Kodai Takano, N. Tsuji, Yosuke Amada, A. A. Sasikala Devi, Matti Alatalo, Yoshiharu Sakurai, Hiroshi Sakurai, Mohammad Babar, Venkatasubramanian Vishwanathan, H. Hafiz, Arun Bansil","doi":"10.1063/5.0193527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0193527","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray Compton scattering experiments along with parallel first-principles computations were carried out on LiNiO2 to understand the effects of W doping on this cathode material for Li-ion batteries. By employing high-energy x rays exceeding 100 keV, an insight is gained into the fate of the W valence electrons, which are adduced to undergo transfer to empty O 2p energy bands within the active oxide matrix of the cathode. The substitution of W for Ni is shown to increase the electronic conductivity and to enhance the total magnetization per Ni atom. Our study demonstrates that an analysis of line shapes of Compton scattered x rays in combination with theoretical modeling can provide a precise method for an atomic level understanding of the nature of the doping process.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"151 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140719925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Soref, Francesco De Leonardis, G. Daligou, O. Moutanabbir
Transferring energy without transferring mass is a powerful paradigm to address the challenges faced when the access to, or the deployment of, the infrastructure for energy conversion is locally impossible or impractical. Laser beaming holds the promise of effectively implementing this paradigm. With this perspective, this work evaluates the optical-to-electrical power conversion that is created when a collimated laser beam illuminates a silicon photovoltaic solar cell that is located kilometers away from the laser. The laser is a CW high-energy Yb-doped fiber laser emitting at a center wavelength of 1075 nm with ∼1 m2 of effective beam area. For 20 kW illumination of a solar panel having 0.6 m2 of area, optical simulations and thermal simulations indicate an electrical output power of 3000 W at a panel temperature of 550 K. Our investigations show that thermo-radiative cells are rather inefficient. In contrast, an optimized approach to harvest laser energy is achieved by using a hybrid module consisting of a photovoltaic cell and a thermoelectric generator. Finally, practical considerations related to infrared power beaming are discussed and its potential applications are outlined.
{"title":"Directed high-energy infrared laser beams for photovoltaic generation of electric power at remote locations","authors":"R. Soref, Francesco De Leonardis, G. Daligou, O. Moutanabbir","doi":"10.1063/5.0197277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0197277","url":null,"abstract":"Transferring energy without transferring mass is a powerful paradigm to address the challenges faced when the access to, or the deployment of, the infrastructure for energy conversion is locally impossible or impractical. Laser beaming holds the promise of effectively implementing this paradigm. With this perspective, this work evaluates the optical-to-electrical power conversion that is created when a collimated laser beam illuminates a silicon photovoltaic solar cell that is located kilometers away from the laser. The laser is a CW high-energy Yb-doped fiber laser emitting at a center wavelength of 1075 nm with ∼1 m2 of effective beam area. For 20 kW illumination of a solar panel having 0.6 m2 of area, optical simulations and thermal simulations indicate an electrical output power of 3000 W at a panel temperature of 550 K. Our investigations show that thermo-radiative cells are rather inefficient. In contrast, an optimized approach to harvest laser energy is achieved by using a hybrid module consisting of a photovoltaic cell and a thermoelectric generator. Finally, practical considerations related to infrared power beaming are discussed and its potential applications are outlined.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing development of photothermal techniques in various fields, particularly concentrated solar power (CSP) systems and solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs), the demand for high-performance spectrally selective absorbers (SSAs) has grown significantly. These SSAs are essential in achieving high solar absorption and minimal infrared thermal loss, thereby significantly enhancing solar utilization efficiency. This need becomes particularly critical in CSP systems, where high temperatures are pivotal for improved efficiency. However, the necessity for high temperatures imposes stringent requirements on the fabrication of SSAs, given the inherent trade-off between optical performance and thermal stability. SSAs typically require nanoscale thin films, but they are prone to oxidation and diffusion at high temperatures. Recent developments in photothermal materials, including ceramic composites, MXenes, high-entropy materials, and graphene, offer promising solutions to enhance SSAs’ performance. This review article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the latest advancements in these emerging photothermal materials. We summarize the strategies for integrating these advanced materials with already established nanostructures, which is a highly promising approach for the development of advanced SSAs. Additionally, the review explores the application of SSAs in CSP systems and STEGs to boost power generation efficiency. We conclude by summarizing the challenges and opportunities in the field of high-temperature SSAs, offering valuable insights into the development of high-performance SSAs and their role in solar-thermal power generation systems.
{"title":"Recent advances of spectrally selective absorbers: Materials, nanostructures, and photothermal power generation","authors":"Zhuo-Hao Zhou, Cheng-Yu He, Xiang-Hu Gao","doi":"10.1063/5.0194976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0194976","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing development of photothermal techniques in various fields, particularly concentrated solar power (CSP) systems and solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs), the demand for high-performance spectrally selective absorbers (SSAs) has grown significantly. These SSAs are essential in achieving high solar absorption and minimal infrared thermal loss, thereby significantly enhancing solar utilization efficiency. This need becomes particularly critical in CSP systems, where high temperatures are pivotal for improved efficiency. However, the necessity for high temperatures imposes stringent requirements on the fabrication of SSAs, given the inherent trade-off between optical performance and thermal stability. SSAs typically require nanoscale thin films, but they are prone to oxidation and diffusion at high temperatures. Recent developments in photothermal materials, including ceramic composites, MXenes, high-entropy materials, and graphene, offer promising solutions to enhance SSAs’ performance. This review article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the latest advancements in these emerging photothermal materials. We summarize the strategies for integrating these advanced materials with already established nanostructures, which is a highly promising approach for the development of advanced SSAs. Additionally, the review explores the application of SSAs in CSP systems and STEGs to boost power generation efficiency. We conclude by summarizing the challenges and opportunities in the field of high-temperature SSAs, offering valuable insights into the development of high-performance SSAs and their role in solar-thermal power generation systems.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"117 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140089470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mritunjaya Parashar, Mohin Sharma, D. K. Saini, Todd A. Byers, Joseph M. Luther, I. R. Sellers, A. Kirmani, Bibhudutta Rout
Mixed organic–inorganic halide perovskite-based solar cells have attracted interest in recent years due to their potential for both terrestrial and space applications. Analysis of interfaces is critical to predicting device behavior and optimizing device architectures. Most advanced tools to study buried interfaces are destructive in nature and can induce further degradation. Ion beam techniques, such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), is a useful non-destructive method to probe an elemental depth profile of multilayered perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as well as to study the inter-diffusion of various elemental species across interfaces. Additionally, PSCs are becoming viable candidates for space photovoltaic applications, and it is critical to investigate their radiation-induced degradation. RBS can be simultaneously utilized to analyze the radiation effects induced by He+ beam on the device, given their presence in space orbits. In the present work, a 2 MeV He+ beam was used to probe the evidence of elemental diffusion across PSC interfaces with architecture glass/ITO/SnO2/Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3/spiro-OMeTAD/MoO3/Au. During the analysis, the device active area was exposed to an irradiation equivalent of up to 1.62 × 1015 He+/cm2, and yet, no measurable evidence (with a depth resolution ∼1 nm) of beam-induced ion migration was observed, implying high radiation tolerance of PSCs. On the other hand, aged PSCs exhibited indications of the movement of diverse elemental species, such as Au, Pb, In, Sn, Br, and I, in the active area of the device, which was quantified with the help of RBS.
{"title":"Probing elemental diffusion and radiation tolerance of perovskite solar cells via non-destructive Rutherford backscattering spectrometry","authors":"Mritunjaya Parashar, Mohin Sharma, D. K. Saini, Todd A. Byers, Joseph M. Luther, I. R. Sellers, A. Kirmani, Bibhudutta Rout","doi":"10.1063/5.0193601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0193601","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed organic–inorganic halide perovskite-based solar cells have attracted interest in recent years due to their potential for both terrestrial and space applications. Analysis of interfaces is critical to predicting device behavior and optimizing device architectures. Most advanced tools to study buried interfaces are destructive in nature and can induce further degradation. Ion beam techniques, such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), is a useful non-destructive method to probe an elemental depth profile of multilayered perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as well as to study the inter-diffusion of various elemental species across interfaces. Additionally, PSCs are becoming viable candidates for space photovoltaic applications, and it is critical to investigate their radiation-induced degradation. RBS can be simultaneously utilized to analyze the radiation effects induced by He+ beam on the device, given their presence in space orbits. In the present work, a 2 MeV He+ beam was used to probe the evidence of elemental diffusion across PSC interfaces with architecture glass/ITO/SnO2/Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3/spiro-OMeTAD/MoO3/Au. During the analysis, the device active area was exposed to an irradiation equivalent of up to 1.62 × 1015 He+/cm2, and yet, no measurable evidence (with a depth resolution ∼1 nm) of beam-induced ion migration was observed, implying high radiation tolerance of PSCs. On the other hand, aged PSCs exhibited indications of the movement of diverse elemental species, such as Au, Pb, In, Sn, Br, and I, in the active area of the device, which was quantified with the help of RBS.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"154 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sayak Roy, Ummiya Qamar, A. A. Sasikala Devi, Santanu Das
Newly emerged Janus materials showed the vast potential for catalysis and photocatalysis owing to their multifunctional properties, attracting attention as next-generation functional materials. This Review focuses on various synthesis processes for developing a novel class of Janus materials for applications in electrocatalysis and photo-electrocatalysis via water electrolysis. Starting with summarizing the different designs and preparation of Janus particles, this Review analyzed the compositions and categories of Janus materials. Furthermore, this Review discusses various synthesis processes of Janus materials, followed by classifications of different synthesis routes for Janus materials with a detailed review of the respective process parameters, multifunctional properties, and present status of their development. This Review also summarizes the comprehensive properties of the Janus material, subjected to their applications toward catalytic hydrogen evolution reactions, oxygen evolution reactions, and photo-electrocatalysis. Finally, a thorough summary is presented on the synthesis and applications of Janus particle, while the respective challenges and outlooks are also discussed.
{"title":"Recent progresses on Janus electrocatalysts for water electrolysis: A critical review","authors":"Sayak Roy, Ummiya Qamar, A. A. Sasikala Devi, Santanu Das","doi":"10.1063/5.0176450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0176450","url":null,"abstract":"Newly emerged Janus materials showed the vast potential for catalysis and photocatalysis owing to their multifunctional properties, attracting attention as next-generation functional materials. This Review focuses on various synthesis processes for developing a novel class of Janus materials for applications in electrocatalysis and photo-electrocatalysis via water electrolysis. Starting with summarizing the different designs and preparation of Janus particles, this Review analyzed the compositions and categories of Janus materials. Furthermore, this Review discusses various synthesis processes of Janus materials, followed by classifications of different synthesis routes for Janus materials with a detailed review of the respective process parameters, multifunctional properties, and present status of their development. This Review also summarizes the comprehensive properties of the Janus material, subjected to their applications toward catalytic hydrogen evolution reactions, oxygen evolution reactions, and photo-electrocatalysis. Finally, a thorough summary is presented on the synthesis and applications of Janus particle, while the respective challenges and outlooks are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"91 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140279507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an increasing interest in using indoor photovoltaic (IPV) devices to power Internet of Things applications, low power communications, and indoor environmental sensing. For the commercialization of IPV technologies, device performance measurements need to conform to the relevant standardized specifications. We present a novel IPV device measurement system that incorporates digital light processing (DLP) to deliver a spectrally invariant light source at all required illuminance levels, as specified by the indoor standard testing conditions in IEC TS 62607-7-2:2023. We evaluated the DLP system according to requirements for spectral coincidence, temporal stability, and non-uniformity at the sample plane. We demonstrate the measurements to define the classification status of the system and the unique benefits of the DLP system that allow a stable spectral profile and high levels of uniformity across all illuminance levels. This is the first reported measurement system for IPV device testing based on DLP technology, and the classification methodology of this work can be used as an example for the classification of indoor light simulators in laboratory environments based on the latest IEC TS 62607-7-2:2023.
{"title":"Performance measurements for indoor photovoltaic devices: Classification of a novel light source","authors":"D. E. Parsons, G. Koutsourakis, J. Blakesley","doi":"10.1063/5.0186028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0186028","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing interest in using indoor photovoltaic (IPV) devices to power Internet of Things applications, low power communications, and indoor environmental sensing. For the commercialization of IPV technologies, device performance measurements need to conform to the relevant standardized specifications. We present a novel IPV device measurement system that incorporates digital light processing (DLP) to deliver a spectrally invariant light source at all required illuminance levels, as specified by the indoor standard testing conditions in IEC TS 62607-7-2:2023. We evaluated the DLP system according to requirements for spectral coincidence, temporal stability, and non-uniformity at the sample plane. We demonstrate the measurements to define the classification status of the system and the unique benefits of the DLP system that allow a stable spectral profile and high levels of uniformity across all illuminance levels. This is the first reported measurement system for IPV device testing based on DLP technology, and the classification methodology of this work can be used as an example for the classification of indoor light simulators in laboratory environments based on the latest IEC TS 62607-7-2:2023.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"247 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140272808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixed-halide perovskites enable bandgap engineering for tandem solar cell and light-emitting diode applications. However, photoinduced halide phase segregation introduces a compositional instability, that is, formation of I-rich and Br-rich phases, which compromises photovoltaic efficiency and stability. While optical and structural studies of the photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites have been reported, its impact on the material stability is missing. Here, a detailed compositional analysis of mixed-halide perovskite films using x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was carried out to determine how their stability in various environments depends on the halide ratio. A series of perovskite thin films were fabricated with the composition CH3NH3Pb(IxBr1−x)3, where x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00, and analyzed under different conditions, such as exposure to light in ambient and in nitrogen atmosphere, as well as storage in the dark. From the spectroscopy results, complemented with structural and optical properties, it was found that the deletion of halide ions from the surface is facilitated in mixed-halide perovskites in comparison with pure halide perovskites. A higher stability was found for the mixed-halide perovskite containing less than 25% Br, and it decreases with increasing Br content. This study also established the effect of the Br/I ratio on the energy landscape of the materials. The UPS spectra reveal that photoinduced degradation results in a mismatch of the energy levels at the perovskite/transport layer interface, which may limit the collection of charge carriers. These findings correlate well with the photovoltaic device stability under similar degradation conditions.
混合卤化物过氧化物可用于串联太阳能电池和发光二极管的带隙工程。然而，光诱导卤化物相分离会带来成分不稳定性，即形成富含 I 和富含 Br 的相，从而影响光伏效率和稳定性。虽然对混合卤化物包晶石中光诱导相偏析的光学和结构研究已有报道，但其对材料稳定性的影响还未见报道。在此，我们利用 X 射线和紫外线光电子能谱（UPS）对混合卤化物透镜薄膜进行了详细的成分分析，以确定它们在各种环境中的稳定性如何取决于卤化物的比例。研究人员制备了一系列成分为 CH3NH3Pb(IxBr1-x)3 （其中 x = 0.00、0.25、0.50、0.75 和 1.00）的包晶薄膜，并在不同条件下（如在环境和氮气中暴露于光以及在黑暗中储存）对其进行了分析。光谱结果以及结构和光学特性表明，与纯卤化物包晶相比，混合卤化物包晶有利于从表面去除卤离子。研究发现，卤化物含量低于 25% 的混合卤化物包光体具有更高的稳定性，而且这种稳定性随着卤化物含量的增加而降低。这项研究还确定了 Br/I 比对材料能谱的影响。UPS 光谱显示，光诱导降解导致了包晶/传输层界面能级的不匹配，这可能会限制电荷载流子的收集。这些发现与类似降解条件下的光伏设备稳定性密切相关。
{"title":"Impact of photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskite absorbers on their material and device stability","authors":"Shivam Singh, Ellen Moons","doi":"10.1063/5.0190465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190465","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-halide perovskites enable bandgap engineering for tandem solar cell and light-emitting diode applications. However, photoinduced halide phase segregation introduces a compositional instability, that is, formation of I-rich and Br-rich phases, which compromises photovoltaic efficiency and stability. While optical and structural studies of the photoinduced phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites have been reported, its impact on the material stability is missing. Here, a detailed compositional analysis of mixed-halide perovskite films using x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was carried out to determine how their stability in various environments depends on the halide ratio. A series of perovskite thin films were fabricated with the composition CH3NH3Pb(IxBr1−x)3, where x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00, and analyzed under different conditions, such as exposure to light in ambient and in nitrogen atmosphere, as well as storage in the dark. From the spectroscopy results, complemented with structural and optical properties, it was found that the deletion of halide ions from the surface is facilitated in mixed-halide perovskites in comparison with pure halide perovskites. A higher stability was found for the mixed-halide perovskite containing less than 25% Br, and it decreases with increasing Br content. This study also established the effect of the Br/I ratio on the energy landscape of the materials. The UPS spectra reveal that photoinduced degradation results in a mismatch of the energy levels at the perovskite/transport layer interface, which may limit the collection of charge carriers. These findings correlate well with the photovoltaic device stability under similar degradation conditions.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"84 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140401185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Phirke, S. Gharabeiki, A. Singh, A. Krishna, S. Siebentritt, A. Redinger
Identifying sources of nonradiative recombination and quantifying charge carrier extraction in halide perovskite solar cells are important in further developing this thin-film technology. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), in combination with analytical modeling, have emerged as non-destructive tools to achieve the desired results. However, the exact location of the recombination and charge carrier extraction losses in devices is often obscured by various competing processes when photoluminescence measurements are analyzed. Here, we show via absolute-photon-calibrated hyperspectral photoluminescence and TRPL imaging how surface passivation and inhomogeneities at interfaces impact the photoluminescence quantum yields and minority carrier lifetimes. Laser illumination from the perovskite and glass/TiO2 sides allows us to disentangle changes in surface recombination velocity from the charge carrier extraction at the electron transport layer. We find that charge extraction is spatially modulated due to an inhomogeneous mesoporous (mp)-TiO2 film thickness. Our results show that the mp-TiO2 layer is not fully optimized since the electronic properties are spatially modified, leading to lateral changes in quasi-Fermi-level splitting, minority carrier lifetime and, consequently, a reduction in open-circuit voltage.
{"title":"Quantifying recombination and charge carrier extraction in halide perovskites via hyperspectral time-resolved photoluminescence imaging","authors":"H. Phirke, S. Gharabeiki, A. Singh, A. Krishna, S. Siebentritt, A. Redinger","doi":"10.1063/5.0188166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0188166","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying sources of nonradiative recombination and quantifying charge carrier extraction in halide perovskite solar cells are important in further developing this thin-film technology. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), in combination with analytical modeling, have emerged as non-destructive tools to achieve the desired results. However, the exact location of the recombination and charge carrier extraction losses in devices is often obscured by various competing processes when photoluminescence measurements are analyzed. Here, we show via absolute-photon-calibrated hyperspectral photoluminescence and TRPL imaging how surface passivation and inhomogeneities at interfaces impact the photoluminescence quantum yields and minority carrier lifetimes. Laser illumination from the perovskite and glass/TiO2 sides allows us to disentangle changes in surface recombination velocity from the charge carrier extraction at the electron transport layer. We find that charge extraction is spatially modulated due to an inhomogeneous mesoporous (mp)-TiO2 film thickness. Our results show that the mp-TiO2 layer is not fully optimized since the electronic properties are spatially modified, leading to lateral changes in quasi-Fermi-level splitting, minority carrier lifetime and, consequently, a reduction in open-circuit voltage.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140272122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ferroelectric thin film capacitors have large application potential in pulsed-power electronic and electrical systems due to their high-power density and rapid discharge capabilities. Although lead-based dielectrics are promising, the pursuit of eco-friendly, lead-free alternatives is gaining research attention. Here, the Bi and Li co-doped BaTiO3 thin film exhibiting relaxor ferroelectric properties was investigated for its energy storage properties. The fabricated polycrystalline Ba0.85(Bi0.5Li0.5)0.15TiO3 thin film by pulsed laser deposition revealed good breakdown strength (∼4 MV cm−1), a slim ferroelectric loop, and low leakage characteristics suitable for energy storage applications. The film exhibits a significant value of recoverable energy density (∼70 J cm−3) with better frequency and thermal stability. Notably, the better overall performance parameters of the film, including a sizable power density (261 MW cm−3) and a fast discharge rate (150 ns), along with good energy density and breakdown strength, make the material suitable for pulsed-power energy applications.
铁电薄膜电容器具有高功率密度和快速放电能力，在脉冲功率电子和电气系统中具有巨大的应用潜力。尽管铅基电介质前景广阔，但对环保无铅替代品的追求正日益受到研究人员的关注。在此，研究人员对具有弛豫铁电特性的 Bi 和 Li 共掺杂 BaTiO3 薄膜的储能特性进行了研究。通过脉冲激光沉积法制备的多晶 Ba0.85(Bi0.5Li0.5)0.15TiO3 薄膜具有良好的击穿强度（∼4 MV cm-1）、纤细的铁电回路和低漏电特性，适合于储能应用。该薄膜显示出显著的可恢复能量密度值（∼70 J cm-3）以及更好的频率和热稳定性。值得注意的是，该薄膜具有较好的综合性能参数，包括可观的功率密度（261 MW cm-3）和快速放电速率（150 ns），以及良好的能量密度和击穿强度，使该材料适用于脉冲功率能源应用。
{"title":"Lead-free BaTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectric thin film rendering rapid discharge rate for pulsed power energy application","authors":"Shanmuga Priya Karmegam, P. Murugavel","doi":"10.1063/5.0193955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0193955","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric thin film capacitors have large application potential in pulsed-power electronic and electrical systems due to their high-power density and rapid discharge capabilities. Although lead-based dielectrics are promising, the pursuit of eco-friendly, lead-free alternatives is gaining research attention. Here, the Bi and Li co-doped BaTiO3 thin film exhibiting relaxor ferroelectric properties was investigated for its energy storage properties. The fabricated polycrystalline Ba0.85(Bi0.5Li0.5)0.15TiO3 thin film by pulsed laser deposition revealed good breakdown strength (∼4 MV cm−1), a slim ferroelectric loop, and low leakage characteristics suitable for energy storage applications. The film exhibits a significant value of recoverable energy density (∼70 J cm−3) with better frequency and thermal stability. Notably, the better overall performance parameters of the film, including a sizable power density (261 MW cm−3) and a fast discharge rate (150 ns), along with good energy density and breakdown strength, make the material suitable for pulsed-power energy applications.","PeriodicalId":505149,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140424107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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