Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030143
Muhammad Usama Yaseen, Shahzad Ahmad, Maqsood Ahmad, John M. Long, H. A. Raza, Hassan Iftekhar, Sikander Ameer, Dabira Ogunbiyi
The handling of the remnants of rice crops in the field is not an easy operation, and farmers prefer burning, which causes air pollution, smog, and disease. This research reports the development of a novel precision crop seeder by handling the remnants of previous crops through mechanization. The precision seeder performed multiple operations in a single path, viz, chop residues, incorporate into soil, make mini trenches, and sow wheat with fertilizer application. The precision seeder has a 2040 mm working width, and specially designed C-type blades are used to shred the crop residue. A multiple-speed gearbox with a gear ratio of 1:0.52 is installed, with a further set of spur gears with 16, 18, and 20 teeth that provide 225, 250, 310, and 350 RPMs to the main rotor. In the middle of the seeder, after the main rotor shaft, 11 V-shaped trencher plates are fixed on the trencher roller for the making of trenches. The trencher roller is powered by star wheels, which showed good results. A zero-tillage-type sharp tip edge novel seeder unit was developed for the precise placement of seed and fertilizer. Seed and fertilizer were placed into the mini trenches through 11 seeder units through a ground wheel calibration system. The field capacity of the precision seeder was 0.408 ha/h and the operational cost was calculated 40.68 USD/ha. The seeder showed good results, with the production of 5028 kg/ha compared to conventional methods. The precision seeder provides a mechanized solution for wheat sowing with minimal operational costs by enhancing organic matter in soil with 13% more yield.
{"title":"A Multi-Function Novel Crop Seeder for the Management of Residues and Mechanized Sowing of Wheat in a Single Path","authors":"Muhammad Usama Yaseen, Shahzad Ahmad, Maqsood Ahmad, John M. Long, H. A. Raza, Hassan Iftekhar, Sikander Ameer, Dabira Ogunbiyi","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030143","url":null,"abstract":"The handling of the remnants of rice crops in the field is not an easy operation, and farmers prefer burning, which causes air pollution, smog, and disease. This research reports the development of a novel precision crop seeder by handling the remnants of previous crops through mechanization. The precision seeder performed multiple operations in a single path, viz, chop residues, incorporate into soil, make mini trenches, and sow wheat with fertilizer application. The precision seeder has a 2040 mm working width, and specially designed C-type blades are used to shred the crop residue. A multiple-speed gearbox with a gear ratio of 1:0.52 is installed, with a further set of spur gears with 16, 18, and 20 teeth that provide 225, 250, 310, and 350 RPMs to the main rotor. In the middle of the seeder, after the main rotor shaft, 11 V-shaped trencher plates are fixed on the trencher roller for the making of trenches. The trencher roller is powered by star wheels, which showed good results. A zero-tillage-type sharp tip edge novel seeder unit was developed for the precise placement of seed and fertilizer. Seed and fertilizer were placed into the mini trenches through 11 seeder units through a ground wheel calibration system. The field capacity of the precision seeder was 0.408 ha/h and the operational cost was calculated 40.68 USD/ha. The seeder showed good results, with the production of 5028 kg/ha compared to conventional methods. The precision seeder provides a mechanized solution for wheat sowing with minimal operational costs by enhancing organic matter in soil with 13% more yield.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"45 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030142
Hafiz Md-Tahir, H. S. Mahmood, M. Husain, A. Khalil, Muhammad Shoaib, Mahmood Ali, Muhammad Mohsin Ali, Muhammad Tasawar, Yasir Ali Khan, U. Awan, M. J. M. Cheema
In data-scarce regions, prudent planning and precise decision-making for sustainable development, especially in agriculture, remain challenging due to the lack of correct information. Remotely sensed satellite images provide a powerful source for assessing land use and land cover (LULC) classes and crop identification. Applying remote sensing (RS) in conjunction with the Geographical Information System (GIS) and modern tools/algorithms of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has been proven effective for strategic planning and integrated resource management. The study was conducted in the canal command area of the Lower Chenab Canal system in Punjab, Pakistan. Crop features/classes were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m and Landsat 5 TM (thematic mapper) images were deployed for NDVI time-series analysis with an unsupervised classification technique to obtain LULC classes that helped to discern cropping pattern, crop rotation, and the area of specific crops, which were then used as key inputs for agricultural mechanization planning and resource management. The accuracy of the LULC map was 78%, as assessed by the error matrix approach. Limitations of high-resolution RS data availability and the accuracy of the results are the concerns observed in this study that could be managed by the availability of good quality local sources and advanced processing techniques, that would make it more useful and applicable for regional agriculture and environmental management.
{"title":"Localized Crop Classification by NDVI Time Series Analysis of Remote Sensing Satellite Data; Applications for Mechanization Strategy and Integrated Resource Management","authors":"Hafiz Md-Tahir, H. S. Mahmood, M. Husain, A. Khalil, Muhammad Shoaib, Mahmood Ali, Muhammad Mohsin Ali, Muhammad Tasawar, Yasir Ali Khan, U. Awan, M. J. M. Cheema","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030142","url":null,"abstract":"In data-scarce regions, prudent planning and precise decision-making for sustainable development, especially in agriculture, remain challenging due to the lack of correct information. Remotely sensed satellite images provide a powerful source for assessing land use and land cover (LULC) classes and crop identification. Applying remote sensing (RS) in conjunction with the Geographical Information System (GIS) and modern tools/algorithms of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has been proven effective for strategic planning and integrated resource management. The study was conducted in the canal command area of the Lower Chenab Canal system in Punjab, Pakistan. Crop features/classes were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m and Landsat 5 TM (thematic mapper) images were deployed for NDVI time-series analysis with an unsupervised classification technique to obtain LULC classes that helped to discern cropping pattern, crop rotation, and the area of specific crops, which were then used as key inputs for agricultural mechanization planning and resource management. The accuracy of the LULC map was 78%, as assessed by the error matrix approach. Limitations of high-resolution RS data availability and the accuracy of the results are the concerns observed in this study that could be managed by the availability of good quality local sources and advanced processing techniques, that would make it more useful and applicable for regional agriculture and environmental management.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"115 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030141
M. López-Hernández, M. Montealegre, Jenifer Criollo, H. Váquiro, Angélica Sandoval-Aldana
Basil is a highly valued aromatic plant worldwide, and drying is one of the best ways to preserve its leaves. Through a theoretical approach, the microwave drying of basil leaves can be modeled, and the effective diffusivity can be determined. However, using a model that considers moisture diffusion in the presence of intensive microwave energy is crucial. This study proposed a theoretical model to simulate the microwave drying of basil leaves in a thin layer. The model assumed that the material is homogeneous and isotropic, with the effective diffusivity depending on the microwave power. The model was solved numerically and validated with experimental data. The study also examined the effect of the microwave power on the color and bioactive properties during drying. The drying time was reduced by 60%, by increasing the microwave power from 199 W to 622 W. The effective diffusivity was found to be directly proportional to the microwave power. Drying at low powers was found to cause basil pigment degradation. However, drying at a power of 622 W resulted in better preservation of the leaves without browning. Finally, microwave drying negatively affects the bioactive compounds, as the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in all the powers evaluated were significantly lower than in fresh basil leaves.
罗勒是世界上价值极高的芳香植物，干燥是保存其叶子的最佳方法之一。通过理论方法，可以建立罗勒叶微波干燥模型，并确定有效扩散率。然而，使用一个考虑到高强度微波能量下水分扩散的模型至关重要。本研究提出了一个理论模型来模拟薄层罗勒叶的微波干燥。该模型假定材料是均质和各向同性的，有效扩散率取决于微波功率。对模型进行了数值求解，并用实验数据进行了验证。研究还考察了微波功率对干燥过程中颜色和生物活性特性的影响。通过将微波功率从 199 W 提高到 622 W，干燥时间缩短了 60%。在低功率下干燥会导致玄武色素降解。不过，在 622 瓦的功率下干燥，叶片的保存效果更好，不会变褐。最后，微波干燥对生物活性化合物有负面影响，因为在所有评估功率下，酚含量和抗氧化能力都明显低于新鲜罗勒叶。
{"title":"Quality Parameters and the Modeling of the Microwave Drying Kinetics of Basil ‘Nufar’ (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leaves","authors":"M. López-Hernández, M. Montealegre, Jenifer Criollo, H. Váquiro, Angélica Sandoval-Aldana","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030141","url":null,"abstract":"Basil is a highly valued aromatic plant worldwide, and drying is one of the best ways to preserve its leaves. Through a theoretical approach, the microwave drying of basil leaves can be modeled, and the effective diffusivity can be determined. However, using a model that considers moisture diffusion in the presence of intensive microwave energy is crucial. This study proposed a theoretical model to simulate the microwave drying of basil leaves in a thin layer. The model assumed that the material is homogeneous and isotropic, with the effective diffusivity depending on the microwave power. The model was solved numerically and validated with experimental data. The study also examined the effect of the microwave power on the color and bioactive properties during drying. The drying time was reduced by 60%, by increasing the microwave power from 199 W to 622 W. The effective diffusivity was found to be directly proportional to the microwave power. Drying at low powers was found to cause basil pigment degradation. However, drying at a power of 622 W resulted in better preservation of the leaves without browning. Finally, microwave drying negatively affects the bioactive compounds, as the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in all the powers evaluated were significantly lower than in fresh basil leaves.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"17 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Winemaking facilities require specific interior hygrothermal conditions for wine production and aging, often necessitating the use of electromechanical cooling and humidification systems that increase energy consumption costs. This study aimed to assess the potential application of bioclimatic strategies in artisanal wine cellars within the Guadalupe Valley, Baja California, Mexico, using a quantitative theoretical method. Psychrometric charts incorporating estimated and measured meteorological data from the study area were employed to analyze bioclimatic strategies for two key areas of a wine cellar: (1) Production and (2) Aging. Our findings highlight that integrating high thermal mass and shading techniques represents an effective strategy for wine cellar design, offering reduced reliance on active systems and promoting substantial energy savings. This research underscores the viability and benefits of bioclimatic design approaches in enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of wine cellar operations, particularly in regions with specific climatic challenges. like the Guadalupe Valley.
{"title":"A Bioclimatic Approach for Enhanced Wine Cellar Design: General Formulation and Analysis of a Case Study in Mexico","authors":"Verónica Jiménez-López, Anibal Luna-León, Stefano Benni","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030140","url":null,"abstract":"Winemaking facilities require specific interior hygrothermal conditions for wine production and aging, often necessitating the use of electromechanical cooling and humidification systems that increase energy consumption costs. This study aimed to assess the potential application of bioclimatic strategies in artisanal wine cellars within the Guadalupe Valley, Baja California, Mexico, using a quantitative theoretical method. Psychrometric charts incorporating estimated and measured meteorological data from the study area were employed to analyze bioclimatic strategies for two key areas of a wine cellar: (1) Production and (2) Aging. Our findings highlight that integrating high thermal mass and shading techniques represents an effective strategy for wine cellar design, offering reduced reliance on active systems and promoting substantial energy savings. This research underscores the viability and benefits of bioclimatic design approaches in enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of wine cellar operations, particularly in regions with specific climatic challenges. like the Guadalupe Valley.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"117 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030139
J. P. A. R. Cunha, L. D. L. Lopes, Caio Oliveira Rodrigues Alves, C. B. Alvarenga
Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have been increasingly used for crop protection in coffee plantations. However, the applications can result in low spray deposition on leaves and higher product losses between rows compared to ground airblast sprayers. This study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition on the coffee canopy and potential losses to the soil during application with an RPA and an airblast sprayer at varying spray volumes. The experiment comprised four spray treatments: RPA at 10 L ha−1 and 20 L ha−1, and airblast sprayer at 200 L ha−1 and 300 L ha−1. Leaf deposition was quantified by measuring a tracer on leaves from the lower and upper parts of the coffee canopy using spectrophotometry. Spray losses to the soil were measured by analyzing tracer residues on Petri dishes positioned within the inter-rows and beneath the coffee canopy. Statistical process control was used to analyze spray deposition quality in the study area. Ground-based airblast spraying resulted in the highest overall canopy deposition, while RPA spraying led to greater losses within the inter-rows. No significant difference was observed in spray runoff beneath the canopy between ground-based and aerial applications. Leaf deposition exhibited random variability across all application methods. Therefore, application stability, control, and spray quality standards were maintained.
{"title":"Spray Deposition and Losses to Soil from a Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Airblast Sprayer on Coffee","authors":"J. P. A. R. Cunha, L. D. L. Lopes, Caio Oliveira Rodrigues Alves, C. B. Alvarenga","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030139","url":null,"abstract":"Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have been increasingly used for crop protection in coffee plantations. However, the applications can result in low spray deposition on leaves and higher product losses between rows compared to ground airblast sprayers. This study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition on the coffee canopy and potential losses to the soil during application with an RPA and an airblast sprayer at varying spray volumes. The experiment comprised four spray treatments: RPA at 10 L ha−1 and 20 L ha−1, and airblast sprayer at 200 L ha−1 and 300 L ha−1. Leaf deposition was quantified by measuring a tracer on leaves from the lower and upper parts of the coffee canopy using spectrophotometry. Spray losses to the soil were measured by analyzing tracer residues on Petri dishes positioned within the inter-rows and beneath the coffee canopy. Statistical process control was used to analyze spray deposition quality in the study area. Ground-based airblast spraying resulted in the highest overall canopy deposition, while RPA spraying led to greater losses within the inter-rows. No significant difference was observed in spray runoff beneath the canopy between ground-based and aerial applications. Leaf deposition exhibited random variability across all application methods. Therefore, application stability, control, and spray quality standards were maintained.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"92 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030138
Erick Vindas-Reyes, Randall Chacón-Cerdas, William Rivera-Méndez
Trichoderma is one of the most widely used microorganisms in the biological control of plant pathogens. The techniques for its formulation are well known and are commercially distributed in both solid and liquid presentations based on formulations of its reproductive structures. Currently, agricultural systems integrate this type of fungus as an alternative for sustainable production, and even though its traditional formulation still has important limitations, it has a high potential to be combined with new technologies for the development and innovation of products that improve their effectiveness. In response to this, micro- and nanotechnology are presented as alternatives to technify bioagents, promoting greater resistance, viability, and dissemination for both biomass and metabolites through encapsulation and smart delivery techniques. Some works have been developed to achieve this, especially using ionic gelation, with good results for agriculture. In this work, some generalities of the organism are mentioned, including its most common formulations for agricultural applications, information related to encapsulation systems, and the potential for improvement of biologics represented by biomass microencapsulation.
{"title":"Trichoderma Production and Encapsulation Methods for Agricultural Applications","authors":"Erick Vindas-Reyes, Randall Chacón-Cerdas, William Rivera-Méndez","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030138","url":null,"abstract":"Trichoderma is one of the most widely used microorganisms in the biological control of plant pathogens. The techniques for its formulation are well known and are commercially distributed in both solid and liquid presentations based on formulations of its reproductive structures. Currently, agricultural systems integrate this type of fungus as an alternative for sustainable production, and even though its traditional formulation still has important limitations, it has a high potential to be combined with new technologies for the development and innovation of products that improve their effectiveness. In response to this, micro- and nanotechnology are presented as alternatives to technify bioagents, promoting greater resistance, viability, and dissemination for both biomass and metabolites through encapsulation and smart delivery techniques. Some works have been developed to achieve this, especially using ionic gelation, with good results for agriculture. In this work, some generalities of the organism are mentioned, including its most common formulations for agricultural applications, information related to encapsulation systems, and the potential for improvement of biologics represented by biomass microencapsulation.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"33 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030137
F. Cepolina, Leonardo Cirillo, Matteo Zoppi
Cogeneration helps to optimise the energy consumption in modern greenhouse systems. A cogeneration plant produces electrical and thermal energy close to the greenhouse. Thermal energy is used for heating the plants, while electric energy powers the lights. A patent from the University of Genoa proposes to use part of the electricity produced by the cogeneration system to power a low-power microwave heating system that provides additional thermal energy input to the plants. This innovative approach showcases the integration of diverse energy sources for enhanced efficiency. The project aims to create a cost-effective dielectric heating system with feasible installation expenses, underpinned by a comprehensive analysis of power requirements and electric field dynamics that are essential for optimal plant heating. Four microstrip antennas for microwave generation have been designed. Their performance has been compared. A laboratory and an industrial prototype of microwave heaters have been created. The results are discussed. The successful testing of a prototype heater in a small greenhouse environment is a significant step towards the feasibility of this heating solution. The modular heater proposed makes the product suitable for different greenhouse sizes.
{"title":"Use of Dielectric Heating in Greenhouses","authors":"F. Cepolina, Leonardo Cirillo, Matteo Zoppi","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030137","url":null,"abstract":"Cogeneration helps to optimise the energy consumption in modern greenhouse systems. A cogeneration plant produces electrical and thermal energy close to the greenhouse. Thermal energy is used for heating the plants, while electric energy powers the lights. A patent from the University of Genoa proposes to use part of the electricity produced by the cogeneration system to power a low-power microwave heating system that provides additional thermal energy input to the plants. This innovative approach showcases the integration of diverse energy sources for enhanced efficiency. The project aims to create a cost-effective dielectric heating system with feasible installation expenses, underpinned by a comprehensive analysis of power requirements and electric field dynamics that are essential for optimal plant heating. Four microstrip antennas for microwave generation have been designed. Their performance has been compared. A laboratory and an industrial prototype of microwave heaters have been created. The results are discussed. The successful testing of a prototype heater in a small greenhouse environment is a significant step towards the feasibility of this heating solution. The modular heater proposed makes the product suitable for different greenhouse sizes.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"123 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141819943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030136
S. Nukeshev, Dinara Kossatbekova, M. Ramaniuk, Almat Sagitov, Yerzhan Akhmetov, I. Mamyrbayeva, Khozhakeldi Tanbayev, K. Tleumbetov
The development of restoration technology and meadows, improvement of run-down pastures, and productivity improvement of old crops of perennial grasses is an urgent problem in agriculture. The tillage traction force in seeder designing and manufacturing is an important indicator of energy efficiency. The objective of this work is to reduce traction force and ensure seeding depth uniformity by justifying the optimal chisel parameters of a grain–fertilizer–grass seeder for direct seeding in sod. The Box–Behnken method was applied to investigate the traction force dependence on the seeder velocity, seed embedding depth, chisel width, and mounting angle. The obtained optimal parameters of coulters were justified by the finite element method. Structural and technological parameters were checked using the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics method on the deformation and wear of the seeder working body. The revealed optimal coulter parameters were as follows: chisel width was 20–20.97 mm, chisel length was 145–148.9 mm, mounting angle was 75°–81.6°, and achieved minimum traction force was 720 N. These parameters ensure the quality of grass seed embedding in the sod. The theoretical data of traction force (8.27–8.39 kN) are in accordance with the experimental (8.28–8.63 kN) data under field conditions. These findings are efficient in agrotechnical and mechanical predictions regarding the occurrence of chisel residual stresses and the working lifetime of the part.
{"title":"Traction Force, Sowing Quality, and Deformation Characteristics of the Coulter of a Grain–Fertilizer–Grass Seeder","authors":"S. Nukeshev, Dinara Kossatbekova, M. Ramaniuk, Almat Sagitov, Yerzhan Akhmetov, I. Mamyrbayeva, Khozhakeldi Tanbayev, K. Tleumbetov","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030136","url":null,"abstract":"The development of restoration technology and meadows, improvement of run-down pastures, and productivity improvement of old crops of perennial grasses is an urgent problem in agriculture. The tillage traction force in seeder designing and manufacturing is an important indicator of energy efficiency. The objective of this work is to reduce traction force and ensure seeding depth uniformity by justifying the optimal chisel parameters of a grain–fertilizer–grass seeder for direct seeding in sod. The Box–Behnken method was applied to investigate the traction force dependence on the seeder velocity, seed embedding depth, chisel width, and mounting angle. The obtained optimal parameters of coulters were justified by the finite element method. Structural and technological parameters were checked using the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics method on the deformation and wear of the seeder working body. The revealed optimal coulter parameters were as follows: chisel width was 20–20.97 mm, chisel length was 145–148.9 mm, mounting angle was 75°–81.6°, and achieved minimum traction force was 720 N. These parameters ensure the quality of grass seed embedding in the sod. The theoretical data of traction force (8.27–8.39 kN) are in accordance with the experimental (8.28–8.63 kN) data under field conditions. These findings are efficient in agrotechnical and mechanical predictions regarding the occurrence of chisel residual stresses and the working lifetime of the part.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":" 1132","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030135
R. R. S. Sobral, G. P. Mizobutsi, Edson Hydu Mizobutsi, F. S. Aguiar, Luciele Barboza de Almeida, Lucicleia Borges Almeida, Rayane Carneiro dos Santos, Lucas Maciel de Oliveira, Diego Batista Souza, Jéfferson de Oliveira Costa
The high rate of perishability of fruits such as cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea L.), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) and pitomba (Talisia esculenta Radlk.) makes it necessary to develop adequate conservation techniques to increase post-harvest shelf life. The aim of this research was to evaluate the post-harvest quality attributes of cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba fruits stored in different types of packaging during certain periods. The treatments were defined by the combination of three types of packaging (low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and without packaging) and seven storage periods. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, hydrogen potential (pH), fruit firmness and loss of fresh mass were analyzed. Fruits packaged with LDPE presented the lowest values of fresh mass loss: 2.7, 2.3, 4.2 and 1.1% for cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba, respectively. Furthermore, LPDE packaging maintained the quality attributes in all fruits analyzed. PVC packaging was more efficient in maintaining fruit firmness, with average values of 0.03 N. Atmospheric modification techniques, such as LDPE and PVC packaging, make it possible to reduce metabolic activity, ensuring better post-harvest quality and increasing the storage period of fruits that occur in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais.
{"title":"Post-Harvest Fruit Conservation of Eugenia dysenterica DC., Spondias purpurea L., Hancornia speciosa Gomes and Talisia esculenta Radlk","authors":"R. R. S. Sobral, G. P. Mizobutsi, Edson Hydu Mizobutsi, F. S. Aguiar, Luciele Barboza de Almeida, Lucicleia Borges Almeida, Rayane Carneiro dos Santos, Lucas Maciel de Oliveira, Diego Batista Souza, Jéfferson de Oliveira Costa","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030135","url":null,"abstract":"The high rate of perishability of fruits such as cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea L.), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) and pitomba (Talisia esculenta Radlk.) makes it necessary to develop adequate conservation techniques to increase post-harvest shelf life. The aim of this research was to evaluate the post-harvest quality attributes of cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba fruits stored in different types of packaging during certain periods. The treatments were defined by the combination of three types of packaging (low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and without packaging) and seven storage periods. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, hydrogen potential (pH), fruit firmness and loss of fresh mass were analyzed. Fruits packaged with LDPE presented the lowest values of fresh mass loss: 2.7, 2.3, 4.2 and 1.1% for cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba, respectively. Furthermore, LPDE packaging maintained the quality attributes in all fruits analyzed. PVC packaging was more efficient in maintaining fruit firmness, with average values of 0.03 N. Atmospheric modification techniques, such as LDPE and PVC packaging, make it possible to reduce metabolic activity, ensuring better post-harvest quality and increasing the storage period of fruits that occur in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":"101 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering6030133
Efthymios C. Rodias, Vasileios Kilimpas
Apiculture has presented significant growth in the last decades in Europe and worldwide. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there were 25.1 million bee colonies in Europe in 2021, with most of them being located in the southeastern countries. Smart technologies have invaded almost every pillar of agriculture, including apiculture. Modern apiculture is rather more nomadic than sedentary. Nomadism in beekeeping requires monitoring the settlement of bee colonies, in more than one place per year, in order to select more honey and pollen and contribute to the overall growth of the bees. To this scope, it is efficient to monitor and have wide control of bees remotely, in parallel with other smart applications, in order to prevent crises that would affect bee survival and/or yield production. The objectives of this paper are to outline a series of automation systems in apiculture used as a means towards the optimization of bee apiary management processes. Four beekeepers’ case studies were used to demonstrate how sensors and communication means transfer multiple bee-related data from various bee apiary locations to a single control system. The methodology was based on input/output data evaluation, risk prioritization based on real data, and feedback to the beekeeper based on the potential risks. Based on the results, the most significant risks are related to bad weather conditions, varroa mites, and bee colony health. Furthermore, the beekeeper is able to optimize the whole management, operations, and strategic planning throughout the year. Last, it should be noted that the presented remote monitoring system will never substitute the necessity of traditional beekeeper visits, but it contributes to minimizing them based on the monitored daily data.
{"title":"Remote Monitoring of Bee Apiaries as a Tool for Crisis Management","authors":"Efthymios C. Rodias, Vasileios Kilimpas","doi":"10.3390/agriengineering6030133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030133","url":null,"abstract":"Apiculture has presented significant growth in the last decades in Europe and worldwide. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there were 25.1 million bee colonies in Europe in 2021, with most of them being located in the southeastern countries. Smart technologies have invaded almost every pillar of agriculture, including apiculture. Modern apiculture is rather more nomadic than sedentary. Nomadism in beekeeping requires monitoring the settlement of bee colonies, in more than one place per year, in order to select more honey and pollen and contribute to the overall growth of the bees. To this scope, it is efficient to monitor and have wide control of bees remotely, in parallel with other smart applications, in order to prevent crises that would affect bee survival and/or yield production. The objectives of this paper are to outline a series of automation systems in apiculture used as a means towards the optimization of bee apiary management processes. Four beekeepers’ case studies were used to demonstrate how sensors and communication means transfer multiple bee-related data from various bee apiary locations to a single control system. The methodology was based on input/output data evaluation, risk prioritization based on real data, and feedback to the beekeeper based on the potential risks. Based on the results, the most significant risks are related to bad weather conditions, varroa mites, and bee colony health. Furthermore, the beekeeper is able to optimize the whole management, operations, and strategic planning throughout the year. Last, it should be noted that the presented remote monitoring system will never substitute the necessity of traditional beekeeper visits, but it contributes to minimizing them based on the monitored daily data.","PeriodicalId":505370,"journal":{"name":"AgriEngineering","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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