Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-394-406
T. Alekseeva, Y. I. Makarov, V. Borodkin, S. Serovetnikov, E. B. Saperstein, Yu. V. Sokolova, V. D. Kotelnikov
Since the middle of the XXth century researchers at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) have been carrying out special ship ice observations in the Arctic and other freezing seas. Field data about main sea ice parameters are necessary for developing and validation of sea ice forecasts and satellite information. In keeping with technological advances and new research and practical tasks this method is ever developing. In spring 2023 sea ice observations were organized by the AARI’s reseachers onboard the nuclear icebreaker 50 let Pobedy in the south-western part of the Kara Sea. This paper presents recommendations concerning the method of special ship ice observations as developed during the expedition: dispatch to the vessel of operative and forecast hydrometeorological information from the AARI with a request for return transfer to the AARI of the processing results of the data obtained in the areas of predicted high deformation of ice cover along the route of navigation and upgrade of the ship television complex to receive information about ice layers and structure.
自二十世纪中叶以来，北极和南极研究所（AARI）的研究人员一直在北极和其他冰冻海域进行特殊的船冰观测。有关海冰主要参数的实地数据对于制定和验证海冰预报和卫星信息十分必要。随着技术的进步以及新的研究和实际任务，这种方法也在不断发展。2023 年春，美国航空航天研究所的研究人员在卡拉海西南部的 50 let Pobedy 号核动力破冰船上组织了海冰观测。本文就考察期间制定的特殊船舶冰层观测方法提出建议：向船舶发送来自美国航空航天研究所的运行和预报水文气象信息，并要求将在航行路线沿线冰盖预测高变形区域获得的数据处理结果返回美国航空航天研究所，以及升级船舶电视综合系统以接收冰层和结构信息。
{"title":"Development of the method of special ship ice observations","authors":"T. Alekseeva, Y. I. Makarov, V. Borodkin, S. Serovetnikov, E. B. Saperstein, Yu. V. Sokolova, V. D. Kotelnikov","doi":"10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-394-406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-394-406","url":null,"abstract":"Since the middle of the XXth century researchers at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) have been carrying out special ship ice observations in the Arctic and other freezing seas. Field data about main sea ice parameters are necessary for developing and validation of sea ice forecasts and satellite information. In keeping with technological advances and new research and practical tasks this method is ever developing. In spring 2023 sea ice observations were organized by the AARI’s reseachers onboard the nuclear icebreaker 50 let Pobedy in the south-western part of the Kara Sea. This paper presents recommendations concerning the method of special ship ice observations as developed during the expedition: dispatch to the vessel of operative and forecast hydrometeorological information from the AARI with a request for return transfer to the AARI of the processing results of the data obtained in the areas of predicted high deformation of ice cover along the route of navigation and upgrade of the ship television complex to receive information about ice layers and structure.","PeriodicalId":505647,"journal":{"name":"Arctic and Antarctic Research","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-501-518
K. Sazonov
The paper deals with studies conducted in Russia and USSR of ice density, a most important characteristic of ice, and spans a period from the late XIXth century to 1940. It is shown that Russian scientists started their investigations of ice density only around the end of the XIX century, and those studies were often performed with specific applications in mind, e. g. works by B.P. Veinberg and his disciples in Tomsk in 1911–1914. In the USSR, there was a revival of interest in this kind of studies in the late 1920s in connection with explorations of the polar seas. Density measurements were mainly performed by hydrostatic weighing. At the request of N.N. Zubov and I.I. Mesyatsev in 1927 V.V. Shuleikin invented a simple instrument to measure ice density without weighing samples. In the early 1930s, ice porosity became an important field of research aimed at finding the causes of variance of experimental data on ice density. Ice porosity and density were studied using innovative devices developed by V.V. Shuleikin and V.I. Arnold-Alyabiev, which allowed studying ice properties in expedition conditions. The device developed by Arnold-Alyabiev found widespread use in field studies. Ice density and porosity are closely related physical quantities, therefore measuring the porosity of ice allowed researchers to estimate its density. By the end of the 1930s the ice density measurements had developed into a standard procedure of ice studies, which was due in large measure to the plans devised at the All-Union Arctic Institute headed by B.P. Veinberg to investigate ice at polar stations, which also included ice density and porosity studies.
{"title":"Studies of ice physical properties in Russia and USSR (late XIXth century – 1940). Ice density and porosity","authors":"K. Sazonov","doi":"10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-501-518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-501-518","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with studies conducted in Russia and USSR of ice density, a most important characteristic of ice, and spans a period from the late XIXth century to 1940. It is shown that Russian scientists started their investigations of ice density only around the end of the XIX century, and those studies were often performed with specific applications in mind, e. g. works by B.P. Veinberg and his disciples in Tomsk in 1911–1914. In the USSR, there was a revival of interest in this kind of studies in the late 1920s in connection with explorations of the polar seas. Density measurements were mainly performed by hydrostatic weighing. At the request of N.N. Zubov and I.I. Mesyatsev in 1927 V.V. Shuleikin invented a simple instrument to measure ice density without weighing samples. In the early 1930s, ice porosity became an important field of research aimed at finding the causes of variance of experimental data on ice density. Ice porosity and density were studied using innovative devices developed by V.V. Shuleikin and V.I. Arnold-Alyabiev, which allowed studying ice properties in expedition conditions. The device developed by Arnold-Alyabiev found widespread use in field studies. Ice density and porosity are closely related physical quantities, therefore measuring the porosity of ice allowed researchers to estimate its density. By the end of the 1930s the ice density measurements had developed into a standard procedure of ice studies, which was due in large measure to the plans devised at the All-Union Arctic Institute headed by B.P. Veinberg to investigate ice at polar stations, which also included ice density and porosity studies.","PeriodicalId":505647,"journal":{"name":"Arctic and Antarctic Research","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-421-434
S. Sakerin, D. M. Tomsk, M. Loskutova, D. D. Rize, D. Chernov, Yu. S. Turchinovich
Atmospheric aerosol plays an important role in the processes of radiative transfers and mass exchange by different substances in the “continent–atmosphere–ocean” system. In this paper we discuss the results of a five-year measurement cycle of the atmospheric aerosol characteristics at the polar station “Ice base Cape Baranov”, located on the Bolshevik Island (the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago). The set of the characteristics analyzed includes: the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere; the ground concentration of aerosol particles in the radius range of 0.15–5 microns; the content of the absorbing substance (soot) in the aerosol in the equivalent of elemental black carbon. The average values of the aerosol characteristics for the general measurement period (from April 2018 to May 2023) were: volumes of submicron and coarse aerosol particles 0.43 and 0.46 μm3/cm3, respectively; mass concentration of black carbon — 45.8 ng/m3; AOT of the atmosphere at a wavelength of 0.5 µm — 0.08; Angstrom selectivity exponent — 1.67. The average annual variation of aerosol and black carbon concentrations is characterized by a maximum in winter (January–March) and a minimum in summer (June–August). A comparison is made against the data from analogous measurements of aerosol characteristics at the polar station in Barentsburg (the Spitsbergen Archipelago) and against the data from model calculations, i. e., MERRA-2 reanalysis. A distinctive feature of the data in the Cape Baranov area is the low content of coarse aerosol — 1.7 less than in Barentsburg. There is agreement with the annual variation of black carbon concentrations at other polar stations, but the opposite nature of the seasonal variability of model (MERRA-2) concentrations: low values in winter and high values in summer. It is shown that the average spectral AODs of the atmosphere at the “Cape Baranov” are intermediate values between the data from polar stations in NyÅlesund and Barentsburg.
{"title":"Characteristics of aerosol at the research base “Ice Cape Baranova” in 2018–2023","authors":"S. Sakerin, D. M. Tomsk, M. Loskutova, D. D. Rize, D. Chernov, Yu. S. Turchinovich","doi":"10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-421-434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-421-434","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric aerosol plays an important role in the processes of radiative transfers and mass exchange by different substances in the “continent–atmosphere–ocean” system. In this paper we discuss the results of a five-year measurement cycle of the atmospheric aerosol characteristics at the polar station “Ice base Cape Baranov”, located on the Bolshevik Island (the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago). The set of the characteristics analyzed includes: the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere; the ground concentration of aerosol particles in the radius range of 0.15–5 microns; the content of the absorbing substance (soot) in the aerosol in the equivalent of elemental black carbon. The average values of the aerosol characteristics for the general measurement period (from April 2018 to May 2023) were: volumes of submicron and coarse aerosol particles 0.43 and 0.46 μm3/cm3, respectively; mass concentration of black carbon — 45.8 ng/m3; AOT of the atmosphere at a wavelength of 0.5 µm — 0.08; Angstrom selectivity exponent — 1.67. The average annual variation of aerosol and black carbon concentrations is characterized by a maximum in winter (January–March) and a minimum in summer (June–August). A comparison is made against the data from analogous measurements of aerosol characteristics at the polar station in Barentsburg (the Spitsbergen Archipelago) and against the data from model calculations, i. e., MERRA-2 reanalysis. A distinctive feature of the data in the Cape Baranov area is the low content of coarse aerosol — 1.7 less than in Barentsburg. There is agreement with the annual variation of black carbon concentrations at other polar stations, but the opposite nature of the seasonal variability of model (MERRA-2) concentrations: low values in winter and high values in summer. It is shown that the average spectral AODs of the atmosphere at the “Cape Baranov” are intermediate values between the data from polar stations in NyÅlesund and Barentsburg.","PeriodicalId":505647,"journal":{"name":"Arctic and Antarctic Research","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139184825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.30758/0555-2648-2023-69-4-435-451
N. Blagoveshchenskaya, T. D. Borisov, A. Kalishin, I. M. Egorov, G. A. Zagorskyi, A. S. Kovalev
Physical experiments in natural free plasma (ionosphere) using controlled injection of powerful HF radio waves (HF pump waves) into the high latitude upper (F-region) ionosphere allow the investigation of various nonlinear phenomena. HF pump waves with ordinary (O-mode) polarization are commonly used for the modification of the upper ionosphere (F-region). This is due to the fact that extraordinary (X-mode) polarized HF pump waves are reflected from altitudes significantly below the reflection altitude of the O-polarized HF pump wave and the altitude of electrostatic plasma waves. Because of that they are not able to generate such waves or, as a consequence, cause artificial plasma turbulence and accompanying phenomena. However, the results of experiments carried out by AARI researchers at the EISCAT/Heating facility (Tromsø, Norway) have clearly demonstrated for the first time that X-polarized HF pump waves are able to produce artificial ionosphere disturbances which may be much stronger compared with O-mode disturbances. This opens up new possibilities for the investigation of nonlinear phenomena and ionospheric disturbances in the upper ionosphere, leading to the development of technologies allowing one to observe the processes in the Arctic zone ionosphere. In contrast to the traditional investigations of artificial ionospheric disturbances induced by O-mode HF pump waves, X-mode disturbances in the upper ionosphere are poorly investigated, the mechanisms of their generation are not understood. Therefore, such investigations require serious experimental and theoretical development. We present investigation results of the influence of the HF Phased Array beam width at the EISCAT/Heating facility (Tromsø, Norway) on the features of artificial disturbances in the high latitude upper (F-region) ionosphere induced by powerful HF radio waves. The paper analyzes the features, behavior, and spatial structure of electron density and temperature (Ne and Te), Langmuir and ion-acoustic plasma waves, artificial field-aligned irregularities (AFAIs), and narrowband (±1кHz relative to heating frequency) stimulated electromagnetic emission (NSEE) induced by X-mode HF pumping by phased Arrays with a narrow beam width of 5–6° (A1) and a wide beam width of 10–12° (at — 3 dB level) (A3). It is shown that the spatial size in the north-south direction of the Neducts and HF-enhanced plasma and ion lines (HFPL and HFIL) depends on the width of the HF Heating facility antenna beam. It corresponds to the angle width of 7° for the A3 antenna and 4° for A1, which is approximately two times less than the width of th pattern of A3 and A1. The relationship between the Ne duct transverse size and the size of the region occupied by the X-mode artificial irregularities is found. It has been established that the intensities of all the discrete components in the NSEE spectra are 10–20 dB higher when a powerful X-wave is emitted to the antenna A1, providing ERP = 820 MW, compared
在天然自由等离子体（电离层）中进行物理实验，利用向高纬度上电离层（F 区）有控制地注入强大的高频无线电波（高频泵波），可以研究各种非线性现象。通常使用普通（O 模）极化的高频泵波来改变上电离层（F 区）。这是由于非凡（X 模）极化高频泵浦波的反射高度大大低于 O 极化高频泵浦波的反射高度和静电等离子体波的高度。因此，它们无法产生这种波，也就无法引起人造等离子体湍流和伴随现象。然而，AARI 研究人员在 EISCAT/加热设施（挪威特罗姆瑟）进行的实验结果首次清楚地表明，X 极化高频泵波能够产生人工电离层扰动，这种扰动可能比 O 模式扰动强得多。这为研究电离层上部的非线性现象和电离层扰动提供了新的可能性，有助于开发能够观测北极区电离层过程的技术。与对 O 模式高频泵波引起的人工电离层扰动的传统研究不同，对上电离层 X 模式扰动的研究很少，对其产生机制也不了解。因此，这类研究需要认真的实验和理论发展。我们介绍了 EISCAT/加热设施（挪威特罗姆瑟）的高频相控阵波束宽度对强力高频无线电波诱发的高纬度上层（F 区）电离层人工扰动特征的影响的研究结果。论文分析了电子密度和温度（Ne 和 Te）、朗缪尔和离子声等离子体波、人工场对齐不规则现象（AFAIs）以及窄带（相对于加热频率为 ±1кHz）刺激电磁辐射（NSEE）的特征、行为和空间结构，这些特征、行为和空间结构是由相控阵（X-mode HF pumping by phased Arrays with a narrow beam width of 5-6° (A1) and a wide beam width of 10-12° (at - 3 dB level) (A3)）诱发的。结果表明，在南北方向上，Neducts 和高频增强等离子体和离子线（HFPL 和 HFIL）的空间大小取决于高频加热设施天线波束的宽度。A3 天线的角宽为 7°，A1 天线的角宽为 4°，大约是 A3 和 A1 图案宽度的两倍。发现了 Ne 管道横向尺寸与 X 模式人工不规则所占区域大小之间的关系。已经确定，与向天线 A3 辐射（ERP = 230 MW）相比，向天线 A1 辐射（ERP = 820 MW）时，NSEE 频谱中所有离散成分的强度要高 10-20 dB。比较了天线 A1 和 A3 的辐射模式宽度对 O 模式和 X 模式高频抽运期间干扰特性的影响。结果表明，在 O 模式加热过程中，频率低于 F2 层临界频率的 Ne 管道和窄带受激电磁发射在天线 A1 和 A3 发射泵波时根本不会受到激励。然而，在 O 模式加热期间，电子温度、AFAI 强度和 AFAI 所占区域大小的扰动要大于 X 模式加热期间。
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