Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072176
Quanwei Liu, Junlong Yan, Hongzhao Li, Peiyuan Zhang, Yankai Liu, Linsheng Liu, Shoujie Ye, Haitao Liu
The classification of surrounding rock is crucial for formulating safe tunnel construction plans and support measures. However, the complex geological environment of tunnels presents a challenge in obtaining accurate drilling parameters for rock mass classification. This paper presents the development of a rock drilling testing system, which includes a propulsion speed acquisition system, oil pressure acquisition system, air pressure acquisition system, and an automatic data acquisition system. This system enables real-time, high-precision automatic collection and storage of parameters such as propulsion speed, with data collected twice per second for each parameter. Leveraging the Qingdao Metro Line 6 as a case study, we conducted rock mass drilling and constructed a rock mass classification database. By employing kernel density estimation and Pearson correlation analysis, we quantified the correlation between rock mass classification and the drilling parameters. The results indicated that relying on a single drilling parameter is insufficient for accurately determining rock mass classification. Both impact pressure and rotational pressure showed the strongest correlation with rock mass classification, each with a correlation coefficient below −0.8 (indicating a strong negative correlation). Outlier values of drilling parameters were excluded using the interval method. Based on the remaining data, we established an intelligent rock mass classification model using the random forest algorithm. This model demonstrated good accuracy and generalization performance, with an average accuracy exceeding 0.9. The proposed rock drilling testing system, combined with the intelligent rock mass classification model, forms an integrated system for the intelligent identification of rock mass grades. This system has significant implications for the intelligent and safe construction of drill-and-blast tunnels.
{"title":"Intelligent Identification of Surrounding Rock Grades Based on a Self-Developed Rock Drilling Test System","authors":"Quanwei Liu, Junlong Yan, Hongzhao Li, Peiyuan Zhang, Yankai Liu, Linsheng Liu, Shoujie Ye, Haitao Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072176","url":null,"abstract":"The classification of surrounding rock is crucial for formulating safe tunnel construction plans and support measures. However, the complex geological environment of tunnels presents a challenge in obtaining accurate drilling parameters for rock mass classification. This paper presents the development of a rock drilling testing system, which includes a propulsion speed acquisition system, oil pressure acquisition system, air pressure acquisition system, and an automatic data acquisition system. This system enables real-time, high-precision automatic collection and storage of parameters such as propulsion speed, with data collected twice per second for each parameter. Leveraging the Qingdao Metro Line 6 as a case study, we conducted rock mass drilling and constructed a rock mass classification database. By employing kernel density estimation and Pearson correlation analysis, we quantified the correlation between rock mass classification and the drilling parameters. The results indicated that relying on a single drilling parameter is insufficient for accurately determining rock mass classification. Both impact pressure and rotational pressure showed the strongest correlation with rock mass classification, each with a correlation coefficient below −0.8 (indicating a strong negative correlation). Outlier values of drilling parameters were excluded using the interval method. Based on the remaining data, we established an intelligent rock mass classification model using the random forest algorithm. This model demonstrated good accuracy and generalization performance, with an average accuracy exceeding 0.9. The proposed rock drilling testing system, combined with the intelligent rock mass classification model, forms an integrated system for the intelligent identification of rock mass grades. This system has significant implications for the intelligent and safe construction of drill-and-blast tunnels.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"30 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072177
Chuanshan Wu, Dongxing Gao, Haonan Shangguan, R. Chen, Changlin Hou
Currently, self-desiccating asphalt mixtures on roads mainly incorporate phase-change materials or salt-based slow-release agents individually for de-icing. However, pure phase-change material mixtures have limited anti-freezing efficiency and short heat-release duration, making them impractical for large-scale snow melting; meanwhile, salt-based slow-release agents suffer from rapid deterioration in de-icing performance. To address these issues encountered, herein, we introduce the phase-change/salt-based slow-release composite materials via the integration of these two materials and investigate their pavement and de-icing performance with the asphalt mixture. For the pavement performance, the optimal asphalt–aggregate ratio for the anti-icing asphalt mixture was found to be 5.1% For anti-bonding and de-icing performance, the electrical conductivity tests, bonding pull-off tests, and interfacial contact melting experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the latent heat of the TH-ME5 (phase-change material) can delay the decrease in environmental temperature and inhibit salt release from T-SEN (salt-based slow-release material), thereby extending the lifespan of the anti-icing asphalt mixture. These results demonstrate that the synergistic effect between the two components of the composite material not only enhance the snow-melting and de-icing performance of the asphalt pavement but also prolong the snow-melting time of the pavement in a low-temperature environment.
{"title":"Phase-Change/Salt-Based Slow-Release Composite Material for Anti-Icing and Snow-Melting","authors":"Chuanshan Wu, Dongxing Gao, Haonan Shangguan, R. Chen, Changlin Hou","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072177","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, self-desiccating asphalt mixtures on roads mainly incorporate phase-change materials or salt-based slow-release agents individually for de-icing. However, pure phase-change material mixtures have limited anti-freezing efficiency and short heat-release duration, making them impractical for large-scale snow melting; meanwhile, salt-based slow-release agents suffer from rapid deterioration in de-icing performance. To address these issues encountered, herein, we introduce the phase-change/salt-based slow-release composite materials via the integration of these two materials and investigate their pavement and de-icing performance with the asphalt mixture. For the pavement performance, the optimal asphalt–aggregate ratio for the anti-icing asphalt mixture was found to be 5.1% For anti-bonding and de-icing performance, the electrical conductivity tests, bonding pull-off tests, and interfacial contact melting experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the latent heat of the TH-ME5 (phase-change material) can delay the decrease in environmental temperature and inhibit salt release from T-SEN (salt-based slow-release material), thereby extending the lifespan of the anti-icing asphalt mixture. These results demonstrate that the synergistic effect between the two components of the composite material not only enhance the snow-melting and de-icing performance of the asphalt pavement but also prolong the snow-melting time of the pavement in a low-temperature environment.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"79 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072171
Huan Gao, Lu Yang, Xinke Wang, Lisha Zhang, Qize Wang, Kang Wu
The effect of energy saving and carbon reduction in the building industry is closely related to the realization of China’s double carbon goal. In this study, a two-dimensional framework for building life cycle carbon emissions was established, which takes into account the early stages of building design such as the feasibility study stage and scheme design stage. Taking 57 residential buildings in Xi’an City as examples, the life cycle carbon emission characteristics of residential buildings in cold areas were introduced. This study found that the life cycle carbon emission intensity is about 45~55 kgCO2/(m2·a). The operation and maintenance stage and building materials production stage accounted for the largest proportion of carbon emissions, and the sum of carbon emissions of the two stages accounted for 92.3% of the total carbon emissions. In addition, based on the probability density function, the carbon emission intensity distributions of the building life cycle, building material production stage, building material transportation stage, and operation and maintenance stage were analyzed, and it was found that each distribution fitting graph was generally in line with a lognormal distribution, and their expected value provided a reference index for carbon emission pre-assessment in the feasibility study stage. Based on the analysis and determination of 11 independent variables that affect the total carbon emissions, such as area, floor number, story height, and number of households, a multiple linear regression model for carbon emission pre-assessment in the design stage of building schemes is proposed. The R2adj of the model is 0.985 and the error is about 10%. The prediction model can provide beneficial guidance for the life cycle carbon emission prediction in the design stage of building projects, so as to reduce carbon emissions by changing building design.
{"title":"Research on Carbon Emission Pre-Assessment of Residential Buildings in Xi’an City during the Scheme Design Stage","authors":"Huan Gao, Lu Yang, Xinke Wang, Lisha Zhang, Qize Wang, Kang Wu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072171","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of energy saving and carbon reduction in the building industry is closely related to the realization of China’s double carbon goal. In this study, a two-dimensional framework for building life cycle carbon emissions was established, which takes into account the early stages of building design such as the feasibility study stage and scheme design stage. Taking 57 residential buildings in Xi’an City as examples, the life cycle carbon emission characteristics of residential buildings in cold areas were introduced. This study found that the life cycle carbon emission intensity is about 45~55 kgCO2/(m2·a). The operation and maintenance stage and building materials production stage accounted for the largest proportion of carbon emissions, and the sum of carbon emissions of the two stages accounted for 92.3% of the total carbon emissions. In addition, based on the probability density function, the carbon emission intensity distributions of the building life cycle, building material production stage, building material transportation stage, and operation and maintenance stage were analyzed, and it was found that each distribution fitting graph was generally in line with a lognormal distribution, and their expected value provided a reference index for carbon emission pre-assessment in the feasibility study stage. Based on the analysis and determination of 11 independent variables that affect the total carbon emissions, such as area, floor number, story height, and number of households, a multiple linear regression model for carbon emission pre-assessment in the design stage of building schemes is proposed. The R2adj of the model is 0.985 and the error is about 10%. The prediction model can provide beneficial guidance for the life cycle carbon emission prediction in the design stage of building projects, so as to reduce carbon emissions by changing building design.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072173
Chaonan Hu, Lei Xu, Xindong Cai, Dongwei Tian, Zhuang Shao
Enhancing the spatial vitality of coastal cities is beneficial for the sustainable development of urban construction. However, how to fully utilize coastal resources and boost urban vitality is an important issue. This study takes the coastal city of Bayuquan in China’s cold region as an example. Firstly, we conducted field investigations and data mining in Bayuquan, utilizing Baidu heat map data to measure the spatial–temporal vitality of different areas in Bayuquan. Secondly, we used Moran’s I test to examine the spatial autocorrelation of coastal spatial vitality. Lastly, with the help of the OLS and GWR models, we explored the factors influencing spatial vitality and the urban built environment. The research findings indicate the following: (1) There are spatial–temporal differences in the vitality of different areas in Bayuquan, heavily influenced by the tourist season. (2) The OLS results show that the impact of the built environment on spatial vitality exhibits spatial heterogeneity during different tourist seasons. However, we found no spatial heterogeneity in the influencing factors in the harbor district. (3) The harbor district and the tourism-driven district re quire differentiated construction guidance. Facility functions and block morphology mainly influence the vitality of the harbor district, while the vitality of the tourism-driven district is primarily affected by its aesthetic characteristics. This study can propose differentiated regional construction guidance and specific feasible coastal urban design strategies for seasonally influenced coastal city construction. It holds significant implications for improving urban living quality and is vital to urban decision-makers, planners, and stakeholders.
{"title":"Research on the Spatiotemporal Pattern and Influencing Mechanism of Coastal Urban Vitality: A Case Study of Bayuquan","authors":"Chaonan Hu, Lei Xu, Xindong Cai, Dongwei Tian, Zhuang Shao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072173","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the spatial vitality of coastal cities is beneficial for the sustainable development of urban construction. However, how to fully utilize coastal resources and boost urban vitality is an important issue. This study takes the coastal city of Bayuquan in China’s cold region as an example. Firstly, we conducted field investigations and data mining in Bayuquan, utilizing Baidu heat map data to measure the spatial–temporal vitality of different areas in Bayuquan. Secondly, we used Moran’s I test to examine the spatial autocorrelation of coastal spatial vitality. Lastly, with the help of the OLS and GWR models, we explored the factors influencing spatial vitality and the urban built environment. The research findings indicate the following: (1) There are spatial–temporal differences in the vitality of different areas in Bayuquan, heavily influenced by the tourist season. (2) The OLS results show that the impact of the built environment on spatial vitality exhibits spatial heterogeneity during different tourist seasons. However, we found no spatial heterogeneity in the influencing factors in the harbor district. (3) The harbor district and the tourism-driven district re quire differentiated construction guidance. Facility functions and block morphology mainly influence the vitality of the harbor district, while the vitality of the tourism-driven district is primarily affected by its aesthetic characteristics. This study can propose differentiated regional construction guidance and specific feasible coastal urban design strategies for seasonally influenced coastal city construction. It holds significant implications for improving urban living quality and is vital to urban decision-makers, planners, and stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"118 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072182
Ji Hyun Oh, Sun Sook Kim
The public sector should reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions from the building stock, thereby serving as a role model for the private sector. In Korea, public buildings are leading the green remodeling business initiative as part of a carbon-neutral strategy. Building envelope retrofitting is essential for the green remodeling of existing buildings because it significantly affects the buildings’ aesthetic appearance, occupant comfort, and energy usage. From the perspectives of constructability and cost, prefabricated envelope systems offer various advantages and can contribute to the growth of the green remodeling business. To develop an effective prefabricated envelope system, a thorough analysis of the existing building stock must be conducted. Therefore, this study aims to investigate existing public office buildings in Korea to obtain a better understanding of the considerations necessary for developing prefabricated envelope systems. The survey utilized the image search and road-view functions of map services, following an appropriate sample design. Based on the survey results, the characteristics of the building types and envelopes, as well as considerations for developing prefabricated envelope systems are discussed. Furthermore, this study quantitatively analyzed the energy conservation potential through building energy simulations.
{"title":"Prefabricated Envelope Green Remodeling Potential of Public Office Buildings in Korea","authors":"Ji Hyun Oh, Sun Sook Kim","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072182","url":null,"abstract":"The public sector should reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions from the building stock, thereby serving as a role model for the private sector. In Korea, public buildings are leading the green remodeling business initiative as part of a carbon-neutral strategy. Building envelope retrofitting is essential for the green remodeling of existing buildings because it significantly affects the buildings’ aesthetic appearance, occupant comfort, and energy usage. From the perspectives of constructability and cost, prefabricated envelope systems offer various advantages and can contribute to the growth of the green remodeling business. To develop an effective prefabricated envelope system, a thorough analysis of the existing building stock must be conducted. Therefore, this study aims to investigate existing public office buildings in Korea to obtain a better understanding of the considerations necessary for developing prefabricated envelope systems. The survey utilized the image search and road-view functions of map services, following an appropriate sample design. Based on the survey results, the characteristics of the building types and envelopes, as well as considerations for developing prefabricated envelope systems are discussed. Furthermore, this study quantitatively analyzed the energy conservation potential through building energy simulations.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"25 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072170
Ilerioluwa Giwa, Ali Kazemian, V. Gopu, T. Rupnow
Large-scale construction 3D printing is a promising platform technology that can be leveraged to fabricate structural elements such as columns, piers, pipes, and culverts. In this study, the axial compression and split tensile performance of 3D-printed steel-fiber-reinforced circular elements fabricated with different configurations (hollow, hybrid, mold-cast, and fully 3D-printed) is evaluated. This study further investigates the performance of multi-material circular hybrid elements (3D-printed shells with different backfilled core materials) in an attempt to assess their suitability as a new construction paradigm. The experimental results revealed that the fully 3D-printed steel-fiber-reinforced circular elements exhibited a higher load capacity (up to 36%) and a distinct crack pattern compared to the other configurations. The void ratio of circular elements has varying effects on its axial load capacity depending on the printing material and significantly influences its splitting tensile load capacity. Furthermore, the compatibility between the 3D-printed shell and the cast-in-place core is identified as an influential factor in the structural performance of the hybrid elements. The results suggest a promising construction approach where low-cement material can be utilized as infill material for a cost-effective 3D-printed permanent formwork, offering a viable solution for specific infrastructure development applications.
{"title":"A Compressive Load Bearing Analysis of 3D-Printed Circular Elements","authors":"Ilerioluwa Giwa, Ali Kazemian, V. Gopu, T. Rupnow","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072170","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale construction 3D printing is a promising platform technology that can be leveraged to fabricate structural elements such as columns, piers, pipes, and culverts. In this study, the axial compression and split tensile performance of 3D-printed steel-fiber-reinforced circular elements fabricated with different configurations (hollow, hybrid, mold-cast, and fully 3D-printed) is evaluated. This study further investigates the performance of multi-material circular hybrid elements (3D-printed shells with different backfilled core materials) in an attempt to assess their suitability as a new construction paradigm. The experimental results revealed that the fully 3D-printed steel-fiber-reinforced circular elements exhibited a higher load capacity (up to 36%) and a distinct crack pattern compared to the other configurations. The void ratio of circular elements has varying effects on its axial load capacity depending on the printing material and significantly influences its splitting tensile load capacity. Furthermore, the compatibility between the 3D-printed shell and the cast-in-place core is identified as an influential factor in the structural performance of the hybrid elements. The results suggest a promising construction approach where low-cement material can be utilized as infill material for a cost-effective 3D-printed permanent formwork, offering a viable solution for specific infrastructure development applications.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"31 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072179
Wenxi Lu, Lei Zhang, Yuqian Liu
In the context of intensive urban development, urban complexes have emerged as crucial public spaces that address the needs of urban populations. However, current research on urban complexes is predominantly qualitative and lacks a rigorous scientific and quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to construct a standardized system encompassing five dimensions: spatial function, spatial perception, architectural style, surrounding environment, and energy-saving technology. The objective is to determine the weights of the indices that influence people’s use of urban complexes under the goal of “humanization”. Additionally, the study quantitatively analyzes key indices using spatial syntax and other analytical methods. Subsequently, we employ multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis to examine three real-world cases in China, aiming to validate further the importance of the AHP + MCDM approach, which incorporates the TOPSIS method based on grey correlation. This methodology considers both the subjective factors of crowd evaluations of urban complex usage and the interrelationships among indicators, ensuring that the statistical calculations of the indicators remain objective and scientifically robust. The results indicate that (1) the degree of facility improvement has the greatest impact on the crowd’s use of urban complexes; (2) there is a discrepancy between the results of the TOPSIS method and the MCDM evaluation model, with the MCDM evaluation method aligning more closely with real-world scenarios; and (3) the Shanghai MOSCHINO received the highest evaluation score, while the Nanjing Central Emporium received the lowest. Finally, we discuss the experimental results and propose targeted strategies for optimizing the design of urban complexes to achieve the goal of “humanization”.
{"title":"Evaluation of Urban Complex Utilization Based on AHP and MCDM Analysis: A Case Study of China","authors":"Wenxi Lu, Lei Zhang, Yuqian Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072179","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of intensive urban development, urban complexes have emerged as crucial public spaces that address the needs of urban populations. However, current research on urban complexes is predominantly qualitative and lacks a rigorous scientific and quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to construct a standardized system encompassing five dimensions: spatial function, spatial perception, architectural style, surrounding environment, and energy-saving technology. The objective is to determine the weights of the indices that influence people’s use of urban complexes under the goal of “humanization”. Additionally, the study quantitatively analyzes key indices using spatial syntax and other analytical methods. Subsequently, we employ multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis to examine three real-world cases in China, aiming to validate further the importance of the AHP + MCDM approach, which incorporates the TOPSIS method based on grey correlation. This methodology considers both the subjective factors of crowd evaluations of urban complex usage and the interrelationships among indicators, ensuring that the statistical calculations of the indicators remain objective and scientifically robust. The results indicate that (1) the degree of facility improvement has the greatest impact on the crowd’s use of urban complexes; (2) there is a discrepancy between the results of the TOPSIS method and the MCDM evaluation model, with the MCDM evaluation method aligning more closely with real-world scenarios; and (3) the Shanghai MOSCHINO received the highest evaluation score, while the Nanjing Central Emporium received the lowest. Finally, we discuss the experimental results and propose targeted strategies for optimizing the design of urban complexes to achieve the goal of “humanization”.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072175
Shipeng Xu, Tao Zhang, Hiroatsu Fukuda, Jiahao He, Xin Bao
Aging in a suitable residential environment is essential for the health and well-being of older adults. This study aims to analyze the residential environment preferences (REPs) of older people in China to create a residential environment suitable for their physical and mental health, enhancing their life satisfaction. This study used a sample questionnaire to identify relevant characteristics and analyze preferences, which were validated using non-parametric tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions on characteristics of the residential environment on a 7-point Likert scale and was administered to 433 older adults aged 60 and over in 28 provinces in China. The results showed that “community safety” was the most important environmental characteristic, with an average importance rating of 5.77 out of 6. Accessible building design (average rating of 4.91), emergency response systems (average rating of 4.49), and indoor thermal comfort (average rating of 4.45) were also key factors in promoting aging in place. There was a positive correlation between the community environment and the indoor environment (e.g., community safety and indoor sound insulation, r = 0.209, p < 0.01), and both were, to some extent, negatively correlated with building features (e.g., public toilets and private courtyards, r = −0.278, p < 0.01; indoor thermal comfort and green building design, r = −0.165, p < 0.01). Age and physical health had a strong influence on preferences, but gender had little influence. This study paves the way for future research and policy development on age-friendly housing to ensure sustainable and supportive residential environments for the aging population.
{"title":"Comprehensive Study of Residential Environment Preferences and Characteristics among Older Adults: Empirical Evidence from China","authors":"Shipeng Xu, Tao Zhang, Hiroatsu Fukuda, Jiahao He, Xin Bao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072175","url":null,"abstract":"Aging in a suitable residential environment is essential for the health and well-being of older adults. This study aims to analyze the residential environment preferences (REPs) of older people in China to create a residential environment suitable for their physical and mental health, enhancing their life satisfaction. This study used a sample questionnaire to identify relevant characteristics and analyze preferences, which were validated using non-parametric tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions on characteristics of the residential environment on a 7-point Likert scale and was administered to 433 older adults aged 60 and over in 28 provinces in China. The results showed that “community safety” was the most important environmental characteristic, with an average importance rating of 5.77 out of 6. Accessible building design (average rating of 4.91), emergency response systems (average rating of 4.49), and indoor thermal comfort (average rating of 4.45) were also key factors in promoting aging in place. There was a positive correlation between the community environment and the indoor environment (e.g., community safety and indoor sound insulation, r = 0.209, p < 0.01), and both were, to some extent, negatively correlated with building features (e.g., public toilets and private courtyards, r = −0.278, p < 0.01; indoor thermal comfort and green building design, r = −0.165, p < 0.01). Age and physical health had a strong influence on preferences, but gender had little influence. This study paves the way for future research and policy development on age-friendly housing to ensure sustainable and supportive residential environments for the aging population.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"25 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072183
Lukas Anselm Wille, Björn Schiricke, Kai Gehrke, Bernhard Hoffschmidt
We study the potential of infrared (IR) heaters in combination with IR reflective walls to reduce heating energy demand in buildings. Using IR heaters increases radiant temperature. Combined with IR reflective walls, less radiant heat is absorbed by the surrounding walls, and more is reflected to and absorbed by the occupants. This allows for lower air temperatures while maintaining constant thermal comfort. Lower air temperatures result in heating energy savings. In simulations, we examine the impact of four parameters on the thermal comfort indicator Predicted Mean Vote (PMV): wall temperature, inlet air temperature, IR heater power, and IR emissivity of the walls. To reduce the number of data points needed, we use a Central Composite Design for the layout of the simulation plan. The results show that the PMV can be changed from 0.15 to 1.16 only by lowering the emissivity of the surrounding walls from 0.9 to 0.1. At high IR heater power and at low wall temperature the impact of the emissivity on the PMV becomes larger. From the simulation data, we derive a response surface function to determine the required IR heating power for any given room conditions, which could be used for automated IR heater control.
{"title":"Reduction of Heating Energy Demand by Combining Infrared Heaters and Infrared Reflective Walls","authors":"Lukas Anselm Wille, Björn Schiricke, Kai Gehrke, Bernhard Hoffschmidt","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072183","url":null,"abstract":"We study the potential of infrared (IR) heaters in combination with IR reflective walls to reduce heating energy demand in buildings. Using IR heaters increases radiant temperature. Combined with IR reflective walls, less radiant heat is absorbed by the surrounding walls, and more is reflected to and absorbed by the occupants. This allows for lower air temperatures while maintaining constant thermal comfort. Lower air temperatures result in heating energy savings. In simulations, we examine the impact of four parameters on the thermal comfort indicator Predicted Mean Vote (PMV): wall temperature, inlet air temperature, IR heater power, and IR emissivity of the walls. To reduce the number of data points needed, we use a Central Composite Design for the layout of the simulation plan. The results show that the PMV can be changed from 0.15 to 1.16 only by lowering the emissivity of the surrounding walls from 0.9 to 0.1. At high IR heater power and at low wall temperature the impact of the emissivity on the PMV becomes larger. From the simulation data, we derive a response surface function to determine the required IR heating power for any given room conditions, which could be used for automated IR heater control.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3390/buildings14072174
Maoliang Zhang, Xiaorong Zhang, Jianwei Li, Yan Ma, Zheyu Zhu, Junxia Liu
The aggregate-to-binders ratio (A/Bs) is an important parameter for the design and preparation of repair mortars. In this paper, the influences of A/Bs on the physical and mechanical properties of red-mud-modified magnesium phosphate repair mortar (RMPM) were systematically investigated. By exploring the capillary absorption characteristics of RMPM, the effect mechanism of A/Bs on its water resistance and mechanical properties was further clarified. The results indicated that the fluidity of fresh RMPM reduced with an increase in A/Bs, and its setting time was first shortened and then prolonged. The compressive strength, flexural strength, interfacial bonding strength, and water resistance of RMPM increased and then decreased with the increasing A/Bs and reached the maximum when the A/Bs was 1.0. The capillary absorption of RMPM was a linear correlation with the square root of the immersion time, and whose slope, that is, the capillary absorption coefficient, and capillary porosity decreased and then increased with the increase in A/Bs. Capillary porosity had a linear relationship with the strength retention rate, which indicated that A/Bs produced a significant effect on the water resistance of RMPM by modifying its capillary pore characteristics. When the A/Bs was 1.0, RMPM had the lowest capillary absorption coefficient and capillary porosity, and thus possesses appropriate mechanical properties and water resistance.
{"title":"Effect of Aggregate-to-Binders Ratio on Water Resistance of Red-Mud-Modified Magnesium Phosphate Repair Mortar","authors":"Maoliang Zhang, Xiaorong Zhang, Jianwei Li, Yan Ma, Zheyu Zhu, Junxia Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14072174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072174","url":null,"abstract":"The aggregate-to-binders ratio (A/Bs) is an important parameter for the design and preparation of repair mortars. In this paper, the influences of A/Bs on the physical and mechanical properties of red-mud-modified magnesium phosphate repair mortar (RMPM) were systematically investigated. By exploring the capillary absorption characteristics of RMPM, the effect mechanism of A/Bs on its water resistance and mechanical properties was further clarified. The results indicated that the fluidity of fresh RMPM reduced with an increase in A/Bs, and its setting time was first shortened and then prolonged. The compressive strength, flexural strength, interfacial bonding strength, and water resistance of RMPM increased and then decreased with the increasing A/Bs and reached the maximum when the A/Bs was 1.0. The capillary absorption of RMPM was a linear correlation with the square root of the immersion time, and whose slope, that is, the capillary absorption coefficient, and capillary porosity decreased and then increased with the increase in A/Bs. Capillary porosity had a linear relationship with the strength retention rate, which indicated that A/Bs produced a significant effect on the water resistance of RMPM by modifying its capillary pore characteristics. When the A/Bs was 1.0, RMPM had the lowest capillary absorption coefficient and capillary porosity, and thus possesses appropriate mechanical properties and water resistance.","PeriodicalId":505657,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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