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Effect of Stabilizing Solution on Specific Activity and Thermal Stability of Rennet Preparations 稳定溶液对雷尼特制剂比活度和热稳定性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-11
Alexander Prosekov, Anastasiya Grishkova, Aleksandr Belov
Milk coagulation time is one of the main factors in cheese production as it affects both clot formation and final quality. To control this factor, milk producers apply solutions with a specific pH level as part of milk-converting enzyme preparations before the coagulation stage. This measure ensures a more complete transition of chymosin and pepsin into the solution, activates enzyme preparations, and solves the problem of poor-quality water. In this research, a stabilizing solution increased the milk-clotting activity of enzyme preparations and stabilized them against the thermal treatment during the milk coagulation stage of cheese production. Lower amount of enzyme introduced for milk coagulation purposes could reduce the cheese production costs.
牛奶凝固时间是奶酪生产的主要因素之一,因为它会影响凝块的形成和最终质量。为了控制这一因素,牛奶生产商在凝固阶段前使用具有特定 pH 值的溶液,作为牛奶转化酶制剂的一部分。这一措施可确保糜蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶更完全地过渡到溶液中,激活酶制剂,并解决劣质水的问题。在这项研究中,稳定溶液提高了酶制剂的凝乳活性,并使其在奶酪生产的凝乳阶段不受热处理的影响。减少用于凝固牛奶的酶用量可降低奶酪生产成本。
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引用次数: 0
Biotechnological Parameters of Semi Hard Cheese with a High Curd Scalding Temperature 高凝乳焦化温度下半硬奶酪的生物技术参数
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-8
N. Kopaneva, Natalya Gavrilova, N. Chernopolskaya
The State Strategy for Improving Food Quality through 2030 promotes the principles of healthy diet. Cheese is a high-value dairy product with a wide variety of beneficial biological activities. Its unique diversity makes it inherent part of many healthy eating patterns. Expanding the range of cheeses is an urgent task that the domestic food industry has to tackle in order to meet the goals set by the State Strategy, i. e., improving food quality and safety. The research involved raw milk (State Standard GOST 52054-2003), milk-and-protein mix developed by Milkmix Universal (St. Peterburg, Russia), and starter-culture mix purchased from LACTOFERM (Italy), which served as the main biotechnological component to improve cheese quality, safety, and shelf-life. The work was carried out on the premises of the Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies (Barnaul, Russia). The experimental data underwent mathematical and statistical processing to reveal the optimal technological production parameters for a new sort of semi-hard cheese with a high curd scalding temperature. The article introduces the new formulation, chemical composition, nutritional profile, and energy value of the new dairy product. The technology was patented (RF No. 2800825).
到 2030 年提高食品质量国家战略》倡导健康饮食原则。奶酪是一种高价值的乳制品,具有多种有益的生物活性。其独特的多样性使其成为许多健康饮食模式的固有组成部分。为了实现国家战略设定的目标,即提高食品质量和安全,扩大奶酪种类是国内食品行业必须解决的一项紧迫任务。研究涉及原料奶(国家标准 GOST 52054-2003)、Milkmix Universal(俄罗斯圣彼得堡)开发的牛奶和蛋白质混合物,以及从 LACTOFERM(意大利)购买的启动培养混合物,它们是提高奶酪质量、安全性和保质期的主要生物技术成分。这项工作在联邦阿尔泰农业生物技术科学中心(俄罗斯,巴尔瑙尔)进行。实验数据经过数学和统计学处理,揭示了一种新型高凝乳烫热温度半硬奶酪的最佳技术生产参数。文章介绍了这种新型乳制品的新配方、化学成分、营养成分和能量值。该技术已获得专利(RF 编号:2800825)。
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引用次数: 0
Natural Radioprotectors of Plant Origin in Dairy Industry 乳业中的植物源天然防辐射剂
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-7
Galina Donskaya, L. Krekker, Elena Kolosova, Viktor Drozhzhin, Varazdat Karapetyan
Certain dairy products are known for their antiradiation properties. This article opens with some theoretical aspects of long-term radiation exposure and prevention of free radical processes to move on to the methods that counteract oxidative stress and cell damage in the human body. The empirical part of the research featured the radioprotective properties of milk thistle (Silybum), which were determined by conventional analytical and physico-chemical methods. Milk thistle seed flour was studied for antioxidant activity, which appeared to be 2,400 times as high as that of pasteurized milk. The research objective was to develop a dairy product fortified with milk thistle: to reveal the optimal dose of milk thistle flour, to define the technology that would preserve the antioxidant properties, and to select the most efficient introduction method. The mineral composition of milk thistle flour (100 g) included 1006.66 mg Ca, 457.19 mg Mg, 1082.71 mg K; 1.62 mg Cu, 6.07 mg Z, 8.26 mg Fe, and 701.48 mg P. Eggshells served as a source of calcium to fortify the drink. The resulting fermented dairy product with milk thistle flour proved to be functional as it demonstrated alimentary action against radiostrontium. One glass (200 ml) contained 1,000 mg Calcium, which exceeded the daily physiological need. The study also involved microbiological and sensory evaluation, which proved that the samples fermented with acidophilic starter culture had the optimal sensory profile.
某些乳制品具有抗辐射特性。本文从长期辐照和预防自由基过程的一些理论方面入手,进而探讨抵御人体氧化应激和细胞损伤的方法。研究的经验部分以奶蓟草(水飞蓟)的辐射防护特性为特色,这些特性是通过传统的分析和物理化学方法确定的。研究了奶蓟草种子粉的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化活性似乎是巴氏杀菌牛奶的 2,400 倍。研究目标是开发一种添加了奶蓟草的乳制品:揭示奶蓟草粉的最佳剂量,确定保持抗氧化特性的技术,并选择最有效的添加方法。奶蓟草粉(100 克)的矿物质成分包括 1006.66 毫克钙、457.19 毫克镁、1082.71 毫克钾、1.62 毫克铜、6.07 毫克锌、8.26 毫克铁和 701.48 毫克磷。事实证明,添加了奶蓟草粉的发酵乳制品具有抗放射性锶的功能。一杯(200 毫升)中含有 1,000 毫克钙,超过了每日生理需要量。研究还涉及微生物和感官评估,结果证明,用嗜酸启动培养物发酵的样品具有最佳的感官特征。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Physicochemical, Structural, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Cheese 热处理对天然奶酪理化、结构和机械特性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-20
Galina Sviridenko, A. Shishkina, V. Kalabushkin, E. Uskova
The article describes the changes in the physicochemical and rheological parameters of various natural cheeses after their thermomechanical processing. The experimental heat-treated cheeses consisted of natural cheese, citrate-phosphate emulsifying salt, and water. The test parameters involved mass fraction of moisture and fat, active acidity, elastic modulus, dynamic viscosity, and tg δ, i.e., the loss vs. elastic modulus ratio. All these indicators affected the functional properties of the resulting pizza cheeses. Citrate-phosphate emulsifying salts increased the buffer capacity and stabilized the active acidity of the heat-treated cheeses relative to the natural cheese samples, blue cheeses and cheddared cheese masses being the only exceptions. Emulsifying salts and water reduced the fat content. The thermal treatment also lowered such indicators as elastic modulus, dynamic viscosity, and tg δ, which affected the consistency of the final product. After the thermomechanical processing, the natural cheeses became less dense but more elastic, plastic, and loose. Their physicochemical and rheological characteristics changed, which means that the thermal treatment gave the resulting heat-treated pizza cheeses some functionally useful properties.
文章描述了各种天然奶酪在经过热机械加工后理化和流变参数的变化。实验性热处理奶酪由天然奶酪、柠檬酸盐-磷酸酯乳化盐和水组成。测试参数包括水分和脂肪的质量分数、活性酸度、弹性模量、动态粘度和 tg δ(即损失与弹性模量比)。所有这些指标都会影响比萨奶酪的功能特性。与天然奶酪样品相比,柠檬酸盐-磷酸酯乳化盐提高了热处理奶酪的缓冲能力并稳定了其活性酸度,只有蓝纹奶酪和干酪块例外。乳化盐和水降低了脂肪含量。热处理还降低了弹性模量、动态粘度和 tg δ 等指标,从而影响了最终产品的稠度。经过热机械加工后,天然奶酪的密度变小了,但弹性、可塑性和松散性增强了。它们的物理化学和流变特性都发生了变化,这意味着热处理赋予了热处理披萨奶酪一些有用的功能特性。
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引用次数: 0
Let’s talk about permeates 让我们来谈谈渗透剂
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-3
Tat'yana Volkova
The article focuses on the ambiguous interpretation of the term «permeate». The dominant directions of membrane fractionation with the production of various permeates are analyzed.
文章的重点是对 "渗透物 "一词的模糊解释。文章分析了产生各种渗透物的膜分离的主要方向。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Thermal Mechanical Processing on Functional Properties of Natural Cheese 热机械加工对天然奶酪功能特性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-17
Galina Sviridenko, V. Kalabushkin, A. Shishkina, E. Uskova
The research featured the effect of thermal treatment on various types of natural cheeses and their functional properties, i.e., grating and shredding, melting, fat-release, browning, blistering, and elasticity. Natural and preheated samples underwent a point-scale assessment developed specifically for pizza cheeses by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheese-Making (Uglich, Russia). Thermal treatment improved the functional properties of natural cheese. In addition, preheated cheese proved to be a more effective and economical pizza ingredient.
研究的重点是热处理对各种天然奶酪及其功能特性(即磨碎和切丝、融化、脂肪释放、褐变、起泡和弹性)的影响。天然样品和预热样品接受了全俄黄油和奶酪制作科学研究所(俄罗斯乌格里奇)专门为比萨奶酪开发的点尺度评估。热处理改善了天然奶酪的功能特性。此外,预热奶酪被证明是一种更有效、更经济的披萨配料。
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引用次数: 0
The use of wild berries in soft cheese technology 在软奶酪技术中使用野生浆果
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-12
Lyudmila I. Eliseeva, Konstantin Stepanov, Veronida Egorova
A functional soft cheese has been developed with the addition of rosehip fruits, the most common type of rosehip with a wide variety of populations in Yakutia. The objects of the study were cow’s milk, rosehip fruits, sourdough prepared on Bulgarian stick cultures, milk whey, whey that is obtained at the stages of cheese production and ready-made cheese with an additive During the experiments, the effects of additives on organoleptic parameters and the biochemical composition of cheese were studied. According to the results of the study, the expediency of using rosehip fruits in the production technology of soft cheese is justified.
在雅库特最常见的玫瑰果种类中添加了多种多样的玫瑰果,开发出了一种功能性软奶酪。研究对象是牛奶、玫瑰果、用保加利亚棒状培养物制作的酸面团、牛奶乳清、在奶酪生产阶段获得的乳清以及添加了添加剂的现成奶酪。 在实验过程中,研究了添加剂对奶酪感官参数和生化成分的影响。研究结果表明,在软质奶酪生产技术中使用玫瑰果是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Neural Networks in Designing Control Systems for Agro-Industrial Enterprises 神经网络在农工企业控制系统设计中的应用
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-18
Aleksandr Grachev
The paper introduces a comprehensive review of various approaches to using neural networks in the design of control systems for closed-end agricultural facilities. The empirical part of the study featured technical statistics of agro-industrial enterprises. It applied trained neural networks to agricultural enterprise data for prediction purposes. The resulting root mean square error was 0.120, and the standard deviation did not exceed 0.093. Neural networks proved efficient as part of specialized software for monitoring technical objects of the agro-industrial complex and predicting their development.
论文全面回顾了在封闭式农业设施控制系统设计中使用神经网络的各种方法。研究的实证部分以农工企业的技术统计为特色。它将训练有素的神经网络用于农业企业数据的预测。结果均方根误差为 0.120,标准偏差不超过 0.093。事实证明,神经网络作为监测农工综合体技术对象和预测其发展的专用软件的一部分是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Regional Prospects of Cheese Making Industry: Current Status and Development 奶酪制作业的地区前景:现状与发展
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-5
I. Kovaleva, Margarita Kudinova
Cheese is a unique product of animal origin. The history of cheese-making dates back millennia, and every nation has its own traditional cheese formulations. Recent decades have seen a growing public interest in craft cheese-making and national cheese-making. As a multinational country, Russia boasts a wide range of traditional cheeses. However, the domestic cheese market belongs mainly to such popular foreign cheese sorts as Mozzarella, Camembert, Tilsit, Brie, etc. The steady increase in consumer demand for cheese products encourages cheese-makers to expand their product range, and, in their search for new formulations, they often appeal to traditional cheeses, e.g., those produced in the Altai Region. Despite this trend, the average annual per capita consumption of cheese in Russia remains at 6.5 kg while in some other developed countries this criterion is as high as 16 kg. The present development assessment of the Russian cheese-making industry showed a severe shortage in domestic direct-application starter cultures. Russian cheese-makers prefer imported recombinant milk-clotting enzymes, which significantly hampers industrial development. A new domestic production could provide enough raw materials to satisfy the growing demand for rennet products. At present, the raw milk production capabilities cannot meet the ever-increasing needs. The domestic market of dairy raw materials is dominated by cow milk while goat milk and sheep milk are associated mainly with soft cheeses, and buffalo milk occupies a very narrow sector of craft cheese-making.
奶酪是一种独特的动物源性产品。奶酪制作的历史可以追溯到几千年前,每个国家都有自己的传统奶酪配方。近几十年来,公众对手工奶酪制作和民族奶酪制作的兴趣与日俱增。作为一个多民族国家,俄罗斯拥有种类繁多的传统奶酪。然而,国内奶酪市场主要属于莫扎里拉、卡门贝、蒂尔西特、布里等流行的外国奶酪种类。消费者对奶酪产品需求的稳步增长促使奶酪制造商扩大其产品范围,在寻找新配方时,他们通常会选择传统奶酪,如阿尔泰地区生产的奶酪。尽管如此,俄罗斯奶酪的人均年消费量仍保持在 6.5 公斤,而在其他一些发达国家,这一标准高达 16 公斤。目前对俄罗斯奶酪制作业的发展评估显示,国内直接应用的起始培养物严重短缺。俄罗斯奶酪制造商更青睐进口重组牛奶凝固酶,这严重阻碍了工业发展。新的国内生产可以提供足够的原料,满足对凝乳酶产品日益增长的需求。目前,原奶生产能力无法满足日益增长的需求。国内乳制品原料市场以牛奶为主,而山羊奶和绵羊奶主要与软奶酪有关,水牛奶在手工奶酪制作中的份额非常小。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence Of Smoking Modes On Color Formationsausage Processed Cheeses 熏制方式对颜色形成的影响加工奶酪
Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.21603/2073-4018-2023-4-2
Elena Orlova, V. Kalabushkin, Elena Alekseeva
The research established the effect of temperature and smoking time on the color of dairy products with a milk fat substitute, i.e., cheese sausages. It resulted in a color matrix that determines the relationship between the smoking mode and the dynamics of the color spectrum. The article introduces a gradient model of color changes that makes it possible to program the surface color of the finished product in accordance with consumer preferences
这项研究确定了温度和熏制时间对乳脂替代物乳制品(即奶酪香肠)颜色的影响。研究得出了一个颜色矩阵,该矩阵确定了熏制模式与色谱动态之间的关系。文章介绍了一种颜色变化的渐变模型,可以根据消费者的喜好对成品的表面颜色进行编程
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引用次数: 0
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Cheese- and buttermaking
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